• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 23
  • 10
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 44
  • 44
  • 21
  • 16
  • 15
  • 10
  • 9
  • 8
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

The Longevity of Residual Antibacterial Effect of Dentin Treated with Various Concentrations of Triple Antibiotic Paste

Alyas, Sarmad Mazin January 2016 (has links)
Indiana University School of Dentistry Department of Endodontics / Introduction: Triple antibiotic paste (TAP, 1000 mg/ml) is composed of equal portions of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline and is used as an intracanal dressing to disinfect the infected immature root canal during endodontic regeneration procedures. Lower concentrations of TAP have been recommended to minimize detrimental effects on pulp stem cells. TAP can be retained within the dentin matrix and its continual release confers an antibacterial effect to the dentin. Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the residual antibacterial effect of dentin treated with various concentrations of TAP loaded into a gel system. Materials and Methods: Radicular dentin slabs were prepared from human teeth after obtaining IRB approval. The slabs were sterilized and treated with methylcellulose-based TAP of 100 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 1.5% NaOCl, placebo paste with no TAP, or a positive control group with pure 1000 mg/mL TAP. Samples in each group were treated with the assigned TAP concentration for three weeks or immersed in 1.5% NaOCl for five minutes (n =18 per group). All samples were then irrigated with sterile water followed by 17% EDTA and incubated in phosphate buffered saline for either 2 or 4 weeks. Samples were then inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated for an additional 3 weeks. Biofilm formed on each sample was then dislodged and spiral plated to evaluate the bacterial colony-forming units. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s Exact tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests (α = 0.05). Results: Dentin treated with 10, 100, or 1000 mg/mL of TAP demonstrated significant residual antibacterial effects up to four weeks. However, only 100 mg/mL TAP was able to completely prevent bacterial colonization after four weeks. No considerable residual antibacterial effect was observed in dentin treated with placebo gel, 1 mg/ml TAP or 1.5% NaOCl. Conclusion: At least 10 mg/mL of TAP loaded into a methylcellulose system is required to achieve a substantial residual antibacterial effect for four weeks.
22

Oral and Parenteral Versus Parenteral Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Elective Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery (JMTO PREV 07-01) A Phase 3, Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized Trial / 腹腔鏡下大腸手術における,経口・経静脈投与対経静脈投与の予防抗菌薬に対する第3相・多施設共同・非盲検・無作為化試験 (JMTO PREV 07-01)

Hata, Hiroaki 26 March 2018 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13166号 / 論医博第2153号 / 新制||医||1029(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 一山 智, 教授 松原 和夫, 教授 万代 昌紀 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
23

Antibiotikaordination vid Tandvårdshögskolan i Malmö under åren 2015-2017

Andrén, Elisabet, Nguyen, Carola January 2019 (has links)
Antibiotika är ett viktigt läkemedel vid behandling av orala infektioner orsakade av bakterier. Läkemedelsverkets riktlinjer ska fungera som stöd och vägledning för tandläkare angående ordination av antibiotika. I behandlande syfte rekommenderas antibiotika till patienter med påverkat allmäntillstånd och/eller tecken på infektionsspridning. Vid dessa tillfällen ordineras främst fenoximetylpenicillin (PcV). När det gäller antibiotikaprofylax ordineras det med syfte att minska risken för fjärrinfektioner. Förstahandsvalet vid profylax är amoxicillin. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga tandläkarnas antibiotikaordination för vuxna patienter vid Tandvårdshögskolan i Malmö år 2015-2017 genom att undersöka och analysera på vilka indikationer en ordination gjorts och ifall den överensstämmer med aktuella rekommendationer från Läkemedelsverket.Material och metod: Studien utfördes genom att granska patientjournaler där antibiotika har ordinerats. Journaler togs fram genom en term-sökning i journalsystemet T4. Sökningen omfattade en treårsperiod (2015-2017). Data sammanställdes och analyserades i tabeller och diagram.Resultat: Resultatet visar att majoriteten av antibiotikan ordineras i profylaktiskt syfte och främst i samband med implantatinstallationer. I behandlande syfte ordineras antibiotika till största del till patienter med svullnad, med eller utan abscess, och smärta. Under perioden 2015-2017 är resultatet med behandlande antibiotika nästan oförändrat medan profylaktisk ordination ökat med 44,5 %. Slutsats: Till största del följer Tandvårdshögskolan i Malmö Läkemedelsverkets rekommendationer gällande antibiotikaordinationer men brister när det gäller lokal infektionsbehandling i samband med antibiotikaordination. I framtiden kan det behövas liknande studie vid Tandvårdshögskolan för att undersöka om det skett någon förändring gällande antibiotikaanvändning och journalföring. / Guidelines from the Swedish Medical Products Agency serve as guidance for dental practitioners regarding prescription of antibiotics. For treatment purposes, antibiotics, mainly phenoxymethylpenicillin are recommended for patients with affected general conditions and/or signs of spreading infection. Regarding patients with a risk of remote infections, antibiotic profylaxis with amoxicillin is advised.Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate dental antibiotic prescriptions to adult patients at the Faculty of Odontology in Malmö between 2015-2017 by examining the indications behind an ordination and if it is in accordance with current guidelines.Methods: The study was performed by examining patient records where antibiotics have been prescribed by dentists. Charts between the years were obtained through a term search in the dental practice software T4, with resulting data compiled into tables and charts.Results: Results show that the majority of antibiotics prescribed, is for prophylactic purposes and mainly for implant installations. For treatment purposes, antibiotics are largely prescribed to patients with symptoms of swelling, either with or without abscess, and pain. Prescription of antibiotics with treatment purposes are consistent between 2015-2017, while prophylactic prescription has increased with 44.5 % between the years. Conclusion: The Faculty of Odontology in Malmö are most of the time following the guidelines regarding antibiotic prescriptions although inconsistent regarding local operative infection treatment in association with prescription. In the future, a similar study may be needed at Faculty of Odontology in Malmö to investigate whether difference occurs in prescription of antibiotics and in the quality of patient record documentations.
24

Aplicativo móvel para controle da profilaxia antimicrobiana de infecção de sítio cirúrgico

Velozo, Rodrigo Augusto Peres January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Adriana Polachini do Valle / Resumo: A infecção de sítio cirúrgico é uma das complicações mais importantes e frequentes no cuidado do paciente, gerando grande ônus ao mesmo e à instituição. A profilaxia antimicrobiana é uma das principais ferramentas no combate à essas infecções, contudo, estudos apontam elevadas taxas de erros em seus processos, aumentando o risco de infecção de sítio cirúrgico e o prolongamento da internação e gastos hospitalares. Este estudo objetivou desenvolver e validar um aplicativo para auditoria e controle da profilaxia antimicrobiana em sítio cirúrgico para dispositivos móveis, baseando-se no protocolo adotado pela Comissão de Controle de Infecção Relacionada à Assistência à Saúde (CCIRAS) do Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu e pesquisas recentes da instituição. O desenvolvimento do aplicativo foi realizado utilizando a ferramenta Xamarin, que permite o desenvolvimento de aplicativos de maneira multiplataforma. A validação foi realizada por meio de entrevistas com 10 especialistas de áreas que trabalham diretamente com profilaxia antimicrobiana, onde foram avaliados a usabilidade, apresentação e informações do modelo proposto. Nestas entrevistas, utilizou-se do Índice de Validação de Conteúdo (IVC) e Coeficiente de Kappa para avaliação da concordância entre os juízes, sendo definido como valores mínimos ideais de 0.75 e 0.61, respectivamente. A validação do sistema demonstrou excelentes resultados, onde os itens avaliados apresentaram uma boa classificação, com IVC igual ou superior a ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Surgical site infection is one of the most important and frequent complications in patient care, generating a great burden on the patient and the institution. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is one of the main tools for the prevention of these infections; however, studies indicates that there are high error rates in this process, which can increase the risk of surgical site infection, prolong hospitalization time and increases hospital expenses. This study aimed to develop and validate a mobile application to audit and control antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical site process, based on the protocol adopted by the Infection Control Committee related to Health Care (ICCHC) of the Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu, and recent researches at the institution. The development of the system was carried out using the Xamarin development platform, which allow the development of multiplatform applications. The validation process was conducted with interviews from 10 experts that works directly in areas related to antimicrobial prophylaxis, evaluating the usability, presentation and information of the proposed model. In those interviews, the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Kappa Coefficient were used to evaluate the concordance between the judges, having defined as ideal minimum values of 0.75 and 0.61, respectively. The system’s validation showed excellent results, where all the evaluated items received a good classification, with a CVI equal to or higher than 0.90 and Kappa Coefficient equ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
25

Antibioticoterapia profilática em cirurgia bucomaxilofacial em pacientes com fissuras labiopalatinas / Antibiotic prophylaxis in maxillofacial surgery in patients with cleft lip and palate

Faco, Renato André de Souza 27 May 2011 (has links)
Objetivos: Avaliar os resultados obtidos com a utilização do protocolo de antibioticoterapia profilática do HRAC-USP em cirurgias bucomaxilofaciais. Material e Métodos: Para a realização do presente estudo foram analisados 649 prontuários de pacientes com fissura labiopalatina, devidamente matriculados no HRAC-USP submetidos à cirurgia bucomaxilofacial entre os meses de outubro de 2008 e outubro de 2009, aos quais foi ministrado cefazolina e metronidazol para os pacientes não alérgicos e clindamicina e gentamicina aos pacientes com alergia à penicilina. Resultados: 410 pacientes (63,1%) eram do sexo masculino e 239 (36,9%) eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 18 anos. Somente 13 pacientes (2%) apresentaram infecção pós-cirúrgica. Conclusão: A utilização do protocolo de antibioticoterapia do HRAC-USP em cirurgias bucomaxilofaciais em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina demonstrou ser eficaz, resultando em baixo índice de infecção. / Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes achieved by utilization of the antibiotic prophylaxis protocol of HRAC-USP in maxillofacial surgeries. Material and methods: The study comprised analysis of 649 records of patients with cleft lip and palate, registered at HRAC-USP and submitted to maxillofacial surgery in the period October 2008 to October 2009. The prescriptions comprised cephazolin and metronidazole for non-allergic patients, and clindamycin and gentamicin for patients allergic to penicillin. Results: 410 patients (63.1%) were males and 239 (36.9%) were females, with mean age of 18 years. Only 13 patients (2%) presented postoperative infection. Conclusion: Utilization of the antibiotic prophylaxis protocol of HRAC-USP in maxillofacial surgery in patients with cleft lip and palate demonstrated to be effective, resulting in a low rate of infection.
26

Antibioticoterapia profilática em cirurgia bucomaxilofacial em pacientes com fissuras labiopalatinas / Antibiotic prophylaxis in maxillofacial surgery in patients with cleft lip and palate

Renato André de Souza Faco 27 May 2011 (has links)
Objetivos: Avaliar os resultados obtidos com a utilização do protocolo de antibioticoterapia profilática do HRAC-USP em cirurgias bucomaxilofaciais. Material e Métodos: Para a realização do presente estudo foram analisados 649 prontuários de pacientes com fissura labiopalatina, devidamente matriculados no HRAC-USP submetidos à cirurgia bucomaxilofacial entre os meses de outubro de 2008 e outubro de 2009, aos quais foi ministrado cefazolina e metronidazol para os pacientes não alérgicos e clindamicina e gentamicina aos pacientes com alergia à penicilina. Resultados: 410 pacientes (63,1%) eram do sexo masculino e 239 (36,9%) eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 18 anos. Somente 13 pacientes (2%) apresentaram infecção pós-cirúrgica. Conclusão: A utilização do protocolo de antibioticoterapia do HRAC-USP em cirurgias bucomaxilofaciais em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina demonstrou ser eficaz, resultando em baixo índice de infecção. / Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes achieved by utilization of the antibiotic prophylaxis protocol of HRAC-USP in maxillofacial surgeries. Material and methods: The study comprised analysis of 649 records of patients with cleft lip and palate, registered at HRAC-USP and submitted to maxillofacial surgery in the period October 2008 to October 2009. The prescriptions comprised cephazolin and metronidazole for non-allergic patients, and clindamycin and gentamicin for patients allergic to penicillin. Results: 410 patients (63.1%) were males and 239 (36.9%) were females, with mean age of 18 years. Only 13 patients (2%) presented postoperative infection. Conclusion: Utilization of the antibiotic prophylaxis protocol of HRAC-USP in maxillofacial surgery in patients with cleft lip and palate demonstrated to be effective, resulting in a low rate of infection.
27

Avaliação do consumo de antimicrobianos em um hospital de alta complexidade / Evaluation of antimicrobial consumption in a high complexity hospital

Pereira, Lucas Borges 03 April 2017 (has links)
O descobrimento do primeiro antimicrobiano foi início do desenvolvimento de inúmeros antimicrobianos. No entanto, proporcionalmente a amplitude deste arsenal terapêutico, o seu consumo tornou-se excessivo e inadequado, levando ao quadro atual, no qual a resistência das bactérias a estes medicamentos vem dificultando a farmacoterapia de doenças infecciosas. Assim, o estudo do consumo destes medicamentos deve ser realizados para que estratégias sejam elaboradas no combate ao uso irracional de antimicrobianos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o consumo de antimicrobianos com finalidades terapêuticas e profiláticas em um hospital de alta complexidade por um período equivalente a um ano, bem como de seus respectivos setores de internação. Sendo assim, decidiu-se realizar um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, descritivo com desenho transversal no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP com pacientes adultos internados que receberam prescrição de antimicrobianos durante o ano de 2014. A coleta de dados será realizada por meio dos sistemas eletrônicos de informação do hospital. Assim, os dados coletados consistiram no registro dos pacientes, nas informações sociodemográficas, nas informações sobre a internação do paciente, resultados dos exames de cultura e antibiograma, e informações sobre a prescrição do antimicrobiano. A análise descritiva dos dados sociodemográficos, de internação, dos resultados dos exames, e da prescrição de antimicrobianos foi feita por meio de medidas resumos (média e desvio padrão) e distribuição de frequências absoluta e relativa. A comparação das médias de consumo entre os grupos profilaxia x tratamento e tratamento empírico x direcionado foi feita pelo teste t de Student para amostras dependentes. A Análise de Componentes Principais e análise de agrupamentos por método hierárquico foram ferramentas utilizadas para a análise exploratória do consumo de antimicrobianos profiláticos. Foram encontrados 7287 pacientes com 90475 prescrições de antimicrobianos (entre prescrições profiláticas, terapêutica empírica e direcionada). O consumo de antimicrobianos profiláticos abrange 11,7% de todo o consumo destes medicamentos, sendo que mais da metade deste consumo provém da ortopedia, unidade de terapia intensiva pós-operatória e unidade pós-operatória tórax e cardiovascular, além disso a cefazolina foi o medicamento mais consumido para profilaxia (52,0%). Dentre o consumo para o tratmento, 84% aconteceu de maneira empírica com utilização de antimicrobianos de amplo espectro de ação. Ao observar os antimicrobianos utilizados de maneira direcionada, destaca-se o aparecimento da oxacilina, polimixina B e os aminoglicosídeos. Diante dos resultados, há um elevado consumo profilático de antimicrobianos em alguns setores de internação, além de uma proporção maior de consumo no tratamento empírico, assim maiores investigações devem ser feitas para entender o comportamento deste excesso na utilização destes medicamentos / The discovery of the first antimicrobial was the beginning of the development of numerous antimicrobials. However, proportionately the amplitude of this therapeutic arsenal, its consumption has become excessive and inadequate, leading to the current situation, in which the resistance of bacteria to these drugs has been making difficult the pharmacotherapy of infectious diseases. Thus, the study of the consumption of these drugs must be carried out so that strategies are developed in the fight against the irrational use of antimicrobials. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the consumption of antimicrobials for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in a hospital of high complexity for a period equivalent to one year, as well as of their respective sectors of hospitalization. Therefore, it was decided to carry out a study observational, retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study at Hospital das Clínicas of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - USP with hospitalized adult patients who received antimicrobial prescription during the year 2014. The data collection will be performed through the hospital\'s electronic information systems. Thus, the data collected consisted of patient registration, sociodemographic information, patient hospitalization information, culture and antibiogram examination results, and information on antimicrobial prescription. Descriptive analysis of sociodemographic data, hospitalization, test results, and antimicrobial prescription was done by means of summary measures (mean and standard deviation) and absolute and relative frequency distribution. The comparison of the means of consumption between the prophylaxis vs treatment groups and empirical x direct treatment was done by the Student t test for dependent samples. The Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical grouping analysis were tools used for the exploratory analysis of prophylatic antimicrobial consumption. We found 7287 with 90475 antimicrobial prescriptions (between prophylactic prescriptions, empirical and targeted therapy). The consumption of prophylactic antimicrobials covers 11.69% of all consumption of these drugs, and more than half of this consumption comes from orthopedics, a postoperative intensive care unit and a postoperative chest and cardiovascular unit. In addition, cefazolin was the Most commonly used medication for prophylaxis (52%). Among the consumption for the treatment, 84% happened in an empirical way with the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. When looking at the antimicrobials used in a targeted manner, we highlight the appearance of oxacillin, polymyxin B and aminoglycosides. In view of the results, there is a high prophylaxis of antimicrobial use in some hospitalization sectors, in addition to a greater proportion of consumption in empirical treatment, so further investigations should be made to understand the behavior of this excess in the use of these drugs
28

Características e iniciativas institucionais que aprimoram as práticas de uso de antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica. / Characteristics and institutional initiatives that improve the surgical antibiotic prophylaxis use

Schmitt, Cristiane 02 April 2015 (has links)
Introdução: Os eventos adversos relacionados à assistência à saúde estão associados ao aumento da morbimortalidade e as IRAS correspondem entre 15% a 25% desses eventos. Há escassez de novos antimicrobianos, aumento de cepas resistentes e alto consumo dessas drogas. A adesão às diretrizes de antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica é pouco satisfatória e no Brasil há poucos dados sobre o assunto. Objetivo: reconhecer as características e iniciativas institucionais que aprimoram as práticas de uso de antibioticoprofilaxia em neurocirurgia. Objetivos específicos: identificar a conformidade; verificar a associação da conformidade com características de pacientes, cirurgias, hospitais, SCIH e processos relacionados à prevenção de ISC e uso de antibioticoprofilaxia; reconhecer a percepção de anestesiologistas e neurocirurgiões sobre as diretrizes institucionais. Método: Estudo observacional transversal, com população formada por hospitais, prontuários de pacientes neurocirúrgicos, profissionais dos SCIH, anestesiologistas e neurocirurgiões. A amostra de hospitais, anestesiologistas e neurocirurgiões foi tomada por conveniência e o número de prontuários para cada hospital foi calculado com base em 40% de conformidade geral. Resultados: Entre os nove hospitais avaliados, seis são privados, sete de grande porte e cinco tinham certificação de qualidade em 2010. O tempo médio de existência das CCIH foi de 21,9 anos e o dos SCIH de 19,4 anos. A média de horas semanais de profissionais do SCIH/leito hospitalar e por leito crítico foi 0,7 e 3,8, respectivamente. Oito hospitais divulgavam taxas de ISC, sete estratificada por especialidade cirúrgica. Seis hospitais construíram as diretrizes de antibioticoprofilaxia com anuência dos cirurgiões; em quatro deles as recomendações estavam completamente disseminadas e a taxa de adesão era monitorada e divulgada. As 1.011 neurocirurgias (craniotomias, artrodeses, laminectomias outras cirurgias), foram realizadas predominantemente em pacientes do sexo masculino, sendo a média de idade 49,6 anos. Foram excluídos da análise 38 procedimentos por falta de registro. A conformidade geral foi 10,0%; os maiores índices ocorreram nos hospitais 3 (28,9%), 1 (18,2%) e 8 (16,4%), ficando abaixo de 5% nos demais. No Hospital 9 a conformidade geral foi zero. A via administração estava conforme em 100% das neurocirurgias, dose em 90,6%, indicação em 90,0% e momento de início em 77,1%. Houve menor conformidade quanto à duração (26,1%), em 62,2% dos casos, mais longa que o recomendado. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre horas de profissionais do SCIH/leito de UTI (p 0,048), divulgação das diretrizes de uso de antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica (p 0,035), monitoramento da adesão (p 0,024), divulgação (p 0,015) dos resultados e a conformidade geral; período do dia em que a cirurgia ocorreu, dose (IC 1,72-6,65) e momento de início (IC 1,12-3,01) e tipo de cirurgia, momento de início (IC 1,24-4,25) e duração (IC 1,09-2,59). Foram entrevistados 43 profissionais de seis hospitais. Mais de 80% conheciam e concordavam as diretrizes institucionais e mais da metade referiu sempre segui-las; 37,0% dos anestesiologistas e 50,0% dos cirurgiões acreditavam que as diretrizes eram quase sempre seguidas por outros profissionais. Um cirurgião referiu nunca seguir e acreditar que outros profissionais nunca seguiam as diretrizes. As principais observações dos entrevistados foram falta de disciplina no centro cirúrgico e não divulgação das diretrizes de uso de antibioticoprofilaxia. Foi sugerido ao SCIH realizar treinamentos, disponibilizar amplamente as diretrizes, monitorar e divulgar a adesão às mesmas. Conclusão: O número de profissionais do SCIH/leito crítico, a divulgação das diretrizes, o monitoramento e a divulgação de resultados estão associados a maior conformidade quanto ao uso antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica. As inadequações identificadas parecem ter maior relação com resistência microbiana do que com ISC. Os SCIH tinham estrutura conforme exigido pela legislação, mas apresentavam lacunas quanto ao processo de implantação das diretrizes, monitoramento e divulgação de resultados. É imprescindível maior aproximação dos SCIH, especialmente, com os indivíduos envolvidos no processo cirúrgico, bem como a busca por soluções inovadoras, uma vez que os métodos convencionais de intervenção não estão produzindo os resultados desejados. / Introduction: healthcare-related adverse events are associated with increased morbidity and mortality and the Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI) account for 15% to 25% of these events. There is a shortage of new antimicrobials, increase in resistant strains and high consumption of these drugs. Adherence to surgical antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines is poor and there is little data on the subject in Brazil. Objective: to recognize the characteristics and institutional initiatives to improve antibiotic prophylaxis practices in neurosurgery. Specific objectives: identify adherence; verify the association of adherence with characteristics of patients, surgeries, hospitals, Hospital Infection Control Team (ICT) and processes related to prevention of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and use of antibiotic prophylaxis; recognize the perception of anesthesiologists and neurosurgeons on institutional guidelines. Method: Cross-sectional observational study, carried out with a population consisting of hospitals, medical records of neurosurgical patients, ICT professionals, anesthesiologists and neurosurgeons. The sample of hospitals, anesthesiologists and neurosurgeons was used for convenience and the number of records for each hospital was calculated based on 40% of overall adherence. Results: Among the nine assessed hospitals, six are private, seven are large and five achieved quality certification in 2010. The mean time of Hospital Infection Control Committee (HICC) was 21.9 years and of ICT was 19.4 years. The mean weekly hours of ICT professionals per hospital bed and per critical bed was 0.7 and 3.8, respectively. Eight hospitals disclosed SSI rates, seven stratified by surgical specialty. Six hospitals created the antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines with the surgeons approval; the recommendations were fully disseminated in four and the rate of adherence was monitored and disclosed. The 1,011 neurosurgeries (craniotomy, arthrodesis, laminectomy and other surgeries), were performed predominantly in male patients with a mean age of 49.6 years. A total of 38 procedures were excluded from the analysis due to lack of records. Overall adherence was 10.0%; the highest rates were observed in Hospitals 3 (28.9%), 1 (18.2%) and 8 (16.4%), being <5% in the others. Overall adherence was zero in Hospital 9. The administration route was appropriate in 100% of the neurosurgeries, dose was appropriate in 90.6%, indication in 90.0% and time of onset in 77.1%. There was a lower adherence regarding duration (26.1%), in 62.2% of cases, longer than recommended. There was a statistically significant association between hours of ICT professional / ICU bed (p = 0.048), dissemination of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis use guidelines (p 0.035), adherence monitoring (p 0.024), disclosing of results (p 0.015) and the period of the day when the surgery occurred (CI = 1.7 to 6.6). A total of 43 professionals from six hospitals were interviewed. More than 80% knew about and agreed with the institutional guidelines and more than 50% reported they always followed them; 37.0% of anesthesiologists and 50.0% of surgeons believed that the guidelines were almost always followed by other professionals. One surgeon reported he never followed and believed that other professionals never followed the guidelines. The main observations of the respondents were lack of discipline in the operating room and lack of dissemination of antibiotic prophylaxis use guidelines. It was suggested to the ICT to carry out training, make the guidelines broadly available, monitor and promote adherence to them. Conclusion: The number of ICT professionals/critical bed, dissemination of guidelines, monitoring and disclosing of results are associated with higher adherence regarding antibiotic prophylaxis use; period of surgery, dose (IC 1,72-6,65) and initial time (IC 1,12-3,01) and surgery type, initial time (IC 1,24-4,25) and duration (IC 1,09-2,59). The identified inadequacies seem more related to microbial resistance than with SSI. The ICT had structure as required by law, but had shortcomings regarding the process of guideline implementation, monitoring and dissemination of results. It is of the utmost importance to promote better approach to ICT, especially with the individuals involved in the surgical process as well as the search for innovative solutions, as the conventional methods of intervention are not yielding the expected results.
29

Perioperative Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei angeborenen Herzfehlern

Boschnakow, Anett 19 April 2002 (has links)
In den letzten Jahren haben sich die Empfehlungen für eine Antibiotikaprophylaxe in der Herzchirurgie bezüglich Antibiotikawahl und Applikationsdauer verändert und gehen nicht speziell auf die Kinderherzchirurgie ein. Im Deutschen Herzzentrum Berlin wurde seit 1988 bei Operationen aufgrund angeborener Herzfehler die Kombinationsprophylaxe mit Piperacillin und Cefotaxim angewandt. Neue internationale Empfehlungen schlagen jedoch ein Cephalosporin der I. oder II. Generation vor. Fragestellung dieser prospektiven Beobachtungsstudie ist deshalb, ob eine Umstellung der im DHZB üblichen Kombinationsprophylaxe auf eine Monoprophylaxe mit Cefotiam gerechtfertigt ist. Vom 1.3. - 31.8. 1995 wurden 180 Patienten mit Operationen am offenen Herzen in die Studie eingeschlossen. 99 Patienten erhielten die bisher im DHZB etablierte Kombinationsprophylaxe mit Cefotaxim und Piperacillin (Cx/P-Gruppe). 81 Patienten bekamen eine Monoprophylaxe mit Cefotiam (Ct-Gruppe). Die postoperative Infektionsrate betrug in der Ct-Gruppe 14,8 % und in der Cx/P-Gruppe 17,2 %. Die Prophylaxe erfolgte für beide Gruppen durchschnittlich 103 Stunden bzw. 110 Stunden. Die Studie konnte aufgrund geringer Patientenanzahl aus statistischer Sicht keinen Beweis für einen Unterschied erbringen. Dafür zeigte die Metaanalyse, daß auch bei einer großen Patientenanzahl (n=4177) kein statistischer Unterschied zwischen einer Schmalspektrum- und einer Breitspektrumprophylaxe besteht. Es wurde ferner gezeigt, daß Cefotiam den Anforderungen einer effektiven Prophylaxe gerecht wird und Vorteile gegenüber der Kombinationsprophylaxe aufweist. Die Studie hat dazu beigetragen, daß seit 1996 in der Kinderherzchirurgie im DHZB eine Monoprophylaxe mit einem Cephalosporin der I. Generation - Cefazolin - durchgeführt wird und hat weiterhin eine Verkürzung der Prophylaxedauer bewirkt. / Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with congenital heart diseases Recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis regarding the choice of antibiotics and the application time have changed and do not include cardiac surgery for infants. A combination of piperacillin and cefotaxim has been used since 1988 in the German Heart Institute of Berlin. Updated recommendation now propose the use of a I. or II. generation cephalosporin. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate whether a change from the so long used combined prophylaxis towards a monoprophylaxis with cefotiam is justified. From 1st of March until 31st of August 1995 a total number of 180 patients with an open heart surgery were included into the study. 99 patients received a combination with cefotaxim and piperacillin (cx/p-group), which was the standard combination in the German Heart Institute of Berlin. 81 patients received a monoprophylaxis with cefotiam (ct-group). The postoperative rate of infections was 14,8 % in the ct-group and 17,2 % in the cx/p-group. For both groups the duration of prophylaxis was on average 103 respectively 110 hours. Due to a relatively small number of patients the study could not show a statistically significant difference between both prophylactic regimes. The performed meta-analysis comparing the postoperative infections in small spectrum and broad spectrum prophylaxis in the open heart surgery did not find a significant difference in a large group of patients (n=4177). Our study supports the fact, that cefotiam meets the criteria of an effective antibiotic prophylaxis and has additional benefits compared to the combined prophylaxis scheme. The results of this study have led to a replacement of the old perioperative prophylaxis regime by cefotiam for open heart surgery for infants in the German Heart Institute of Berlin since 1996 and have led to a reduction of the application time during the prophylaxis.
30

Avaliação do uso de trombolíticos, antibióticos e analgésicos em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica em hospital público de Porto Alegre / Brasil

Fischer, Maria Isabel January 2014 (has links)
Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de trombolíticos, antibióticos e analgésicos e a ocorrência de complicações pós-cirúrgicas em pacientes obesos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica (CB) no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição/RS. Método: Foi conduzida uma coorte prospectiva, não controlada no período de junho de 2011 a outubro de 2013. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os pacientes durante o período de internação, 15 e 30 dias após a cirurgia. Para avaliação da profilaxia antibiótica os desfechos foram infecção de ferida operatória (IFO) e óbito. Eventos tromboembólicos foram os desfechos estudados para investigação da tromboprofilaxia, sendo também analisados custos associados. Os dados relativos ao paciente, à cirurgia e aos fármacos utilizados foram coletados a partir do prontuário do paciente. A dor foi avaliada nos três primeiros dias pós-cirurgia por dois instrumentos independentes. Resultados: Um total de 149 pacientes fez parte do estudo da profilaxia antibiótica, sendo predominantemente mulheres (89,3%). A idade média foi de 41,6 anos e o índice de massa corporal médio foi de 51,7 kg/m2. Comorbidades como diabetes e hipertensão foram observadas em 40,3% e 59,7% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Todos os pacientes receberam profilaxia antimicrobiana (cefazolina 73,8%, cefoxitina 25,5% e gentamicina 0,67%). IFO foi constatada em 9 (6,04%), 4/110 (3,64%) e 5/38 (13,2%) dos pacientes recebendo cefazolina e cefoxitina, respectivamente (RR=3.62 - 95% IC 1,02-12,8, p=0,049). A vigilância pós-alta detectou 4/9 (44,4%) dos casos de IFO. O estudo da tromboprofilaxia contou com 134 pacientes. Enoxaparina 40 ou 60 mg foi administrada em todos os pacientes, sete tiveram doses flutuantes e seis receberam heparina sódica em adição. Um paciente (0,75%) apresentou evento tromboembólico. O custo total da tromboprofilaxia foi de US$ 3,346.89. No estudo que avaliou a medicação para dor pós-operatória, foi observado que morfina + dipirona foi o esquema analgésico mais freqüente nos dois primeiros dias (69.9% e 61,4% dos pacientes, respectivamente), sendo dipirona isolada mais frequente no terceiro dia. Quando a escala analógica visual foi empregada para avaliação da dor 54,8% e 41,4% dos pacientes apresentaram dor moderada ou intensa nos dois primeiros dias, respectivamente. De acordo com esta escala não foram encontradas diferenças nas doses médias de morfina e dipirona para as categorias de dor leve, moderada ou intensa. Contudo, usando-se o questionário como instrumento para avaliação da dor, foram observadas doses mais altas de morfina em pacientes com escores de dor mais elevados (p<0,01). Conclusões: A escolha do antimicrobiano isoladamente não garante a profilaxia, uma vez que outras variáveis podem influenciar. Os dados demonstram falta de uniformidade na profilaxia antimicrobiana e sugerem a superioridade da cefazolina sobre a cefoxitina na prevenção da infecção de ferida operatória. Em relação aos tromboliticos utilizados na profilaxia foi observado que as diretrizes do hospital estudado não são seguidas. Os custos desta profilaxia variam com o medicamento empregado e indicam a necessidade de uma reavaliação nas diretrizes da instituição. Para analgesia, não observamos diferenças nas doses médias de morfina e dipirona. Uma proporção elevada de pacientes apresentou dor moderada ou intensa nos primeiros dois dias após a cirurgia, sugerindo inadequação da analgesia. O estudo contribui para desenvolvimento de protocolos para profilaxia de IFO e de eventos tromboembólicos, assim como para melhor manejo da dor pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à CB. / Aim: To study the use of antimicrobials, thrombolytic agents and analgesics and the occurrence of post-surgical complications in patients submitted to bariatric surgery (BS). Method: A prospective, non-controlated cohort was carried on in the period June 2011-October 2013. Patients’ records and interviews during hospitalization and 15 and 30 days after surgery were used as source of data. Outcomes for antibiotic prophylaxis were surgical site infection (SSI) and death. Thromboembolic events were the outcomes studied in the investigation of thromboprophylaxis. Costs associated to thrombolytic agents were also considered. Pain was evaluated in the first three days after surgery by two independent instruments. Results: A total of 149 patients were included in the suty of antibiotic prophylaxis, predominantly women (89.3%). Average age was 41.6± 8.88 years and body mass index was 51.7 kg/m2. Diabetes was identified in 40.3% of the patients and hypertension in 59.7%. All patients received antibiotic prophylaxis (cefazolin 73.8%, cefoxitin 25.5%, and gentamicin 0.67%).The timing of antibiotic administration, redose, and use during 24 hours after surgery were not uniform.SSI was confirmed in 9(6.04%) patients, 4/110 (3.64%) and 5/38 (13.2%) receiving cefazolin and cefoxitin, respectively, (RR=3.62 - 95% CI 1.02-12.8, p=0.049). Four patients had SSI detected after hospital discharge. Among 134 individuals analyzed in the study about thromboprophylaxis, enoxaparin 40mg or 60mg was administered to all patients, seven patients had dose fluctuations between 40 and 80 mg and six patients also received heparin sodium, the drug recommended by hospital guideline for prophylaxis. One patient (0.75%) developed deep vein thrombosis. The total cost of prophylaxis was US$ 3,346.89. In the evaluation of post surgery pain, we observed that morphine + dipirone was the most frequent analgesic scheme employed in the first two days (69.9% and 61.4%, respectively), while dipirone was predominant in the third day. When the visual analogical scale was used, 54.8% and 41.4% of patients presented moderate or intense pain in the first and second day after surgery, respectively. Also, using this instrument differences were not observed in the average doses for both analgesics for patients presenting light, moderate or severe pain. Having the questionnaire as reference, we observed higher average doses of morphine in patients with higher scores (p<0.01) in the first day. Conclusions: Antibiotic prophylaxis in BS remains controversial and antibiotic choice does not guarantee the prophylaxis; there is also influence of other variables. Our data has shown lack of uniformity on this regard and suggests that cefazolin presented better results over cefoxitin to prevent SSI. Thrombolytic agents were used not accordingly to the hospital guideline, with one related outcome detected. The cost of prophylaxis might, depending on the drug product of heparin used indicating the importance of defining the medication in the guideline of the institution. We did not observe differences in the average dosages for both analgesics. A considerable proportion of patients presented moderate to intense pain during the first two days after surgery, suggesting that the analgesia was inadequate. This study contributes in developing analgesia protocol and points out the importance of pain assessment in these patients. This study contributes to a better use and standardization of antibiotic prophylaxis, thromboprophylaxis, and pain management in patients submitted to BS.

Page generated in 0.0703 seconds