Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1998. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1994.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 288 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1998. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 210 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10645.pdf: 540710 bytes, checksum: 5f5de7e771c848ceae0f6cfc22f8c4e2 (MD5) / A imunização gênica pode contornar alguns problemas encontrados na imunização protéica, quais sejam as dificuldades na obtenção do antígeno purificado e a reatividade da resposta imune (r.i.) com a forma nativa do antígeno. O gene que codifica o antígeno de interesse, carregado por um vetor, é injetado no animal e a proteína é expressa in vivo, com a estrutura tridimensional apropriada, favorecendo a produção de anticorpos específicos. Entretanto, o esquema de imunização gênica pode determinar a eficácia da vacina de DNA. No presente estudo, comparamos quatro protocolos de imunização gênica, usando três antígenos diferentes: dois deles guardam grande homologia na escala filogenética, human vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (hVEGF165) e human fibroblast growth factor-2 (hFGF-2), e um de origem vegetal, o inibidor de serina protease extraído de Bauhinia bauhinioides (BbKi). Para tanto, grupos de camundongos Balb/c foram imunizados com DNA plasmideal carregando o gene hVEGF165, hFGF-2 ou BbKi. No primeiro protocolo, imunizamos os animais via intraesplênica (i.s.); no segundo, via intramuscular (i.m.); no terceiro, via i.m. seguida de eletroporação (ep); e no quarto, via i.m. seguida de ep em animais préimunizados com células modificadas para expressar os respectivos antígenos. Soros de animais imunizados foram analisados por ELISA para detecção da presença de anticorpos anti-hVEGF165, anti-hFGF-2 ou anti-BbKi. Os resultados mostraram que a imunização i.s. não provocou r.i. humoral detectável em nossas condições. Por outro lado, análises estatísticas indicaram que a ep melhorou muito a r.i. à imunização i.m. e que três imunizações gênicas seguidas de ep produzem o mesmo efeito que duas da mesma forma em animais pré-imunizados com células transfectadas para expressar o antígeno correspondente. Nossos resultados mostraram que todos os protocolos funcionaram de maneira similar para os três antígenos estudados e que a imunização gênica via i.m. seguida de ep foi o esquema de imunização mais vantajoso. Ainda, a r.i. à imunização i.m. seguida de ep foi comparável à obtida por imunização protéica no caso da proteína vegetal. Finalmente, esses achados permitiram selecionar um protocolo eficiente de imunização gênica que torna possível a obtenção de anticorpos na falta da proteína purificada. / Gene immunization may bypass some difficulties found with protein immunogen, such as the obtainment of purified antigen and the immune response reactivity to its native conformation. Thus, antigen encoding DNA inserted into a vector is inoculated into animal and the protein expressed in vivo with the appropriate three-dimensional structure stimulates the production of specific antibodies. However, the gene immunization methods may determine the efficacy of DNA vaccine. The present study compared four protocols of DNA immunization, using three different antigens: two of them phylogenetically conservative, human vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (hVEGF165) and human fibroblast growth factor-2 (hFGF-2), and other from vegetal origin, Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from Bauhinia bauhinioides (BbKi). For this, Balb/c mice were immunized with plasmid DNA encoding hVEGF165, hFGF-2 or BbKi genes. In the first protocol, animals were immunized by intrasplenic (i.s.) pathway; in the second, intramuscularly (i.m.); in the third, i.m. injections were followed by electroporation (ep); and in the fourth, i.m. injections followed by ep were performed in animals pre-immunized with antigen-transfected cells. Sera were analyzed by ELISA to detect the presence of anti-hVEGF165, -hFGF-2 or -BbKi antibodies. Results showed that i.s. immunization did not elicit detectable humoral immune response in our conditions. On the other hand, statistical analyses revealed that the ep improved the immune response to i.m. immunization and that three DNA immunizations followed by ep elicited the same effect obtained by two i.m. immunizations followed by ep in pre-immunized animals with antigentransfected cells. Our results showed that all protocols worked similarly for the three studied antigens and that i.m. gene immunization followed by ep was the more advantageous protocol. In addition, the immune response to i.m. immunization followed by ep was comparable to that obtained by protein immunization. Finally, these data allowed us select an efficient DNA immunization protocol that makes possible the antibody obtainment in the lack of purified protein. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

In DNA immunization a plasmid expressing an antigen of interest is inoculated into an animal and antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses are raised. In this dissertation we sought to further our understanding of antibody responses raised following DNA inoculation. Specifically, we examined the role of lymphoid tissue in the initiation and maintenance of the long-term antibody response, the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the DNA-raised antibody response, the longevity of functional antigen expression, and the nature of the antigen presenting cell. In all of these studies mice were immunized with an influenza hemagglutinin-expressing plasmid and plasmid was delivered by either the gene gun or intramuscular routes of inoculation. To examine the role of lymphoid tissue in the initiation and maintenance of the long-term antibody response, responses raised in gene gun immunized mice were compared to responses raised in mice primed with an influenza infection. Antibody and antibody secreting cell (ASC) responses were analyzed at various times following immunization or sublethal infection for as long as 1.5 years. We found that the antibody response raised with a single gene gun immunization was similar in longevity to that raised in infection-primed mice. The long-term maintenance of the antibody response was associated with the localization of the majority of antibody secreting cells to the bone marrow. The kinetics of ASC bone marrow localization was 4-to-8 weeks slower in DNA-immunized than infection primed mice. This corresponded to a slower rise in the antibody response to plateau levels in DNA-immunized mice. We hypothesize that it is possible that the difference in kinetics may be linked to differences in the time course and dose of antigen expression following DNA immunization and a natural infection. Antibody and ASC responses were also compared following a challenge influenza virus infection. We found that DNA-immunized and infection-primed mice responded similarly in the acute post challenge phase with increases in antibody secreting cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes. While only DNA-immunized mice had post challenge increases in antibody, the antibody response remained 3-to-4 fold lower than post challenge responses in infection primed mice. We suggest that despite post challenge increases in these responses in DNA-immunized mice that the immune response raised with DNA immunization efficiently limited replication of the challenge virus and thus limited the post challenge antibody response. We also addressed the role that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells played in the ability to prime and boost the DNA-raised antibody response. To answer this question mice were in vivo depleted of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells for 3 weeks prior to through 2 weeks following DNA immunization or boost. Antibody responses were measured 4 and 8 weeks after DNA prime and 2 weeks after DNA boost. For both the gene gun and intramuscular routes of inoculation, the antibody response was independent of CD8+ T cells, but dependent on CD4+ T cells. The presence of CD4+ T cells was required at the time of DNA immunization, but not at the time of DNA boost. The absence of CD4+ T cells at the time of DNA delivery resulted in a four week delay in the appearance of antibody. Since influenza hemagglutinin has been characterized as a T-dependent antigen the requirement for CD4+ T cells at the time of DNA prime was not surprising, but the appearance of a delayed H1-specific antibody response suggested that DNA-expressed antigen had continued to be available to prime CD4+ T cells as they reappeared following the disappearance of depleting antibody. The independence of the antibody response on the presence of CD8+ T cells suggested that DNA-primed H1-specific CD8+ T cells did not limit the plateau level of response or the ability to boost a suboptimal response. The results from our CD4+ T cell depletion experiment suggested that DNA-expressed antigen continued to be available for an extended period of time following immunization. To examine the duration of functional antigen expression for raising an antibody response, mice lacking α/β T cells (TCR-/-) were immunized with DNA or immunized with hemagglutinin protein. Naive T cells from TCR+/+ mice were transferred into the immunized TCR-/- mice on various days post DNA or protein immunization. The results from these studies show that antigen is available to raise antibody longer following DNA immunization than following a protein immunization. This result is likely due to continued expression of plasmid DNA. We found differences in the longevity of antigen expression following gene gun and intramuscular routes of inoculation. For gene gun immunizations, not intramuscular immunizations, approximately 90% of functional antigen was lost within one week of immunization. We suggest that this is consistent with a role for antigen expression by transfected cells within the target site, the epidermis, which is largely lost by 1-2 weeks following gene gun immunization. We also found that following intramuscular immunization the dominant IgG isotype changed with time of TCR+/+ T cell transfer. By contrast, there was no change in the dominant isotype following gene gun immunizations. These results suggest that the factor(s) that contribute to the development of the Th1-bias seen following intramuscular DNA immunizations are lost early. To examine the nature of the antigen presenting cell following DNA immunization, dendritic cells were sorted from the inguinal lymph nodes and spleens of gene gun or intramuscularly immunized mice on various days following DNA delivery. The dendritic cell (CD11c+) and non-dendritic cell (CD11c-) populations were used in restimulation assays with H1-specific T cell clones. Despite similar titers of raised antibody in gene gun and intramuscularly immunized mice, H1-specific antigen presenting dendritic cells were isolated from the inguinal lymph nodes and spleens of gene gun, but not intramuscularly immunized mice. Antigen presentation by dendritic cells was detected for as long as 21 days following gene gun delivery. We hypothesize that the inability to detect dendritic cell presentation of antigen following intramuscular DNA delivery may be due to a more broad distribution of antigen presenting cells, different properties of antigen presenting cells, and/or the contribution of other non-dendritic cells to antigen presentation following intramuscular, but not gene gun, immunizations. We present our results within a model for the initiation and maintenance of DNA-raised antibody responses. Within this model our data specifically contribute to understanding the initiation and generation of the DNA-raised antibody response within lymphoid tissue and the maintenance of the DNA-raised antibody response.

In an attempt to more fully understand the generation of antibody diversity to carbohydrate antigens, we produced and characterized a panel of hybridoma cell lines specific for group A streptococcal carbohydrate from mice injected with the intact bacteria (minus the hyaluronic acid capsule and cell wall protein antigens). We have analyzed the use of heavy and light chain variable region genes in the early (day 7) and late response (hyperimmune) and have determined the nucleotide sequence of the dominant VH gene used in several of our hybridomas. Our data allowed us to assess the extent to which the recombination of various V, D, and J gene segments and somatic mutation contribute to antibody diversification in this system. In this report we confirm that a minimum of two VH and four VK gene segments are used to encode this response. We extend this analysis to show that multiple D and J gene segments are used and that a significant amount of junctional variability is tolerated in CDR 3. Our results also suggest that there is a positive selection for somatic mutation in CDR 1 during the hyperimmune response to group A streptococcal carbohydrate.

A doença pneumocócica invasiva é importante causa de morbi-mortalidade em crianças infectadas pelo HIV. A vacina pneumocócica conjugada 7-valente já teve sua segurança, eficácia e imunogenicidade comprovadas em crianças saudáveis, porém pouco se sabe sobre sua resposta humoral em crianças HIV-positivas. O trabalho avaliou quantitativamente a resposta com anticorpos aos 7 sorotipos pneumocócicos da vacina em um grupo de 40 crianças com infecção pelo HIV. A dosagem de anticorpos IgG contra os polissacárides da cápsula pneumocócica foi realizada através de ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Os anticorpos foram dosados imediatamente antes e um mês após a aplicação da segunda dose da vacina. Utilizaram-se dois diferentes critérios para avaliar a resposta à vacina: títulos de anticorpos > 1.3 µg/mL na sorologia pós-imunização e aumento > 4 vezes nos títulos da sorologia pós em relação à pré-imunização. Observou-se aumento estatisticamente significante dos títulos geométricos médios (TGM) pós-vacinais em relação aos pré-vacinais para todos os sorotipos estudados. Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante quando se comparou as crianças que haviam recebido a vacina polissacarídea 23-valente e as que não haviam recebido a vacina polissacarídea anteriormente. As crianças menores de 5 anos não apresentaram TGMs pós-imunização significativamente maiores para os sorotipos 6B e 19F. Não foi possível avaliar a interferência do CD4 na resposta sorológica à vacina conjugada pois 95% das crianças apresentavam CD4> 25% no momento da inclusão. Vinte e sete crianças (67.5%) tiveram resposta considerada satisfatória à vacina para 4 ou mais sorotipos vacinais quando se utilizou o valor 1.3 µg/mL como critério de resposta, enquanto, para o critério ascensão de títulos pós-imunização em relação aos pré-imunização de 4 vezes ou mais para pelo menos 4 sorotipos, a resposta foi inadequada (37.5%). / Pneumococcal invasive disease is a important cause of death in HIV-infected children. Heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has been shown to be safe, effective and immunogenic in healthy children but little is known about it when it comes to HIV-infected children. We evaluated the quantitative antibody response to the 7 pneumococcal serotypes of the vaccine in a group of 40 HIV-infected children. An enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) was used to measure the IgG antibody response. Antibodies were measured immediately before and 1 month after the second dose of the vaccine. Two criteria of response were used: IgG titers > 1.3µg/mL in the post-immunization serology and an increase of at least 4-fold comparing the post-immunization with the pre-immunization serology. Statistically significant rises in the post-immunization geometric mean titers were observed for the seven serotypes studied. We did not find a statistically significant diference when we compared 2 groups: one that had been previously immunized with the polissacaride vacine and one that had never been immunized with that vaccine before. Children under 5 years of age did not show statiscally diferent median geometric titers for serotypes 6B and 19F when compared to the children > 5 years of age. We could not show CD4 count interference once 95% of the children had CD4 counts > 25%. Twenty-seven (67.5%) of the children were considered to respond satisfactorily to at least 4 of the serotypes included in the conjugate vaccine when the criteria was post-immunization titers > 1.3 µg/mL. When a increase of at least 4-fold between post-immunization and pre-immunization for at least 4 serotypes was used as criteria, our patients did not respond satisfactorily.

A doença pneumocócica invasiva é importante causa de morbi-mortalidade em crianças infectadas pelo HIV. A vacina pneumocócica conjugada 7-valente já teve sua segurança, eficácia e imunogenicidade comprovadas em crianças saudáveis, porém pouco se sabe sobre sua resposta humoral em crianças HIV-positivas. O trabalho avaliou quantitativamente a resposta com anticorpos aos 7 sorotipos pneumocócicos da vacina em um grupo de 40 crianças com infecção pelo HIV. A dosagem de anticorpos IgG contra os polissacárides da cápsula pneumocócica foi realizada através de ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Os anticorpos foram dosados imediatamente antes e um mês após a aplicação da segunda dose da vacina. Utilizaram-se dois diferentes critérios para avaliar a resposta à vacina: títulos de anticorpos > 1.3 µg/mL na sorologia pós-imunização e aumento > 4 vezes nos títulos da sorologia pós em relação à pré-imunização. Observou-se aumento estatisticamente significante dos títulos geométricos médios (TGM) pós-vacinais em relação aos pré-vacinais para todos os sorotipos estudados. Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante quando se comparou as crianças que haviam recebido a vacina polissacarídea 23-valente e as que não haviam recebido a vacina polissacarídea anteriormente. As crianças menores de 5 anos não apresentaram TGMs pós-imunização significativamente maiores para os sorotipos 6B e 19F. Não foi possível avaliar a interferência do CD4 na resposta sorológica à vacina conjugada pois 95% das crianças apresentavam CD4> 25% no momento da inclusão. Vinte e sete crianças (67.5%) tiveram resposta considerada satisfatória à vacina para 4 ou mais sorotipos vacinais quando se utilizou o valor 1.3 µg/mL como critério de resposta, enquanto, para o critério ascensão de títulos pós-imunização em relação aos pré-imunização de 4 vezes ou mais para pelo menos 4 sorotipos, a resposta foi inadequada (37.5%). / Pneumococcal invasive disease is a important cause of death in HIV-infected children. Heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has been shown to be safe, effective and immunogenic in healthy children but little is known about it when it comes to HIV-infected children. We evaluated the quantitative antibody response to the 7 pneumococcal serotypes of the vaccine in a group of 40 HIV-infected children. An enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) was used to measure the IgG antibody response. Antibodies were measured immediately before and 1 month after the second dose of the vaccine. Two criteria of response were used: IgG titers > 1.3µg/mL in the post-immunization serology and an increase of at least 4-fold comparing the post-immunization with the pre-immunization serology. Statistically significant rises in the post-immunization geometric mean titers were observed for the seven serotypes studied. We did not find a statistically significant diference when we compared 2 groups: one that had been previously immunized with the polissacaride vacine and one that had never been immunized with that vaccine before. Children under 5 years of age did not show statiscally diferent median geometric titers for serotypes 6B and 19F when compared to the children > 5 years of age. We could not show CD4 count interference once 95% of the children had CD4 counts > 25%. Twenty-seven (67.5%) of the children were considered to respond satisfactorily to at least 4 of the serotypes included in the conjugate vaccine when the criteria was post-immunization titers > 1.3 µg/mL. When a increase of at least 4-fold between post-immunization and pre-immunization for at least 4 serotypes was used as criteria, our patients did not respond satisfactorily.