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A erliquiose monocítica canina (EMC) é uma doença infecciosa de ocorrência mundial e transmitida pelo carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus. As manifestações clínicas são inespecíficas e multissistêmicas. Pode apresentar as fases aguda, assintomática e crônica, as quais podem cursar com alterações hematológicas como trombocitopenia, discreta anemia e leucopenia durante a fase aguda, discreta trombocitopenia na fase assintomática, e pancitopenia nos casos crônicos graves. O estabelecimento de indicadores prognósticos para a doença pode ser de grande valia para o direcionamento do tratamento clínico. O estudo do título de anticorpos em cães infectados poderia auxiliar no diagnóstico da EMC bem como no monitoramento do tratamento. A fim de identificar as principais alterações clínicas, hematológicas e sorológicas de cães infectados por E. canis, foram selecionados 82 animais com diagnóstico etiológico de EMC (positivos a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase PCR). Os cães foram subdivididos em grupos de animais assintomáticos (n=12), doentes e sobreviventes (n=51) e doentes e não sobreviventes (n=19). Foi realizado ainda acompanhamento clínico, hematológico e sorológico de 28 animais tratados com medicação preconizado, no período de até 180 dias após o tratamento. Na análise clínica, não houve predisposição sexual ou racial, porém cães maiores de 8 anos de idade apresentaram maior frequência. Os sintomas observados mais frequentemente em todos os cães, exceto nos assintomáticos, foram palidez de mucosas, apatia, hiporexia, letargia e gastrenterite. As alterações hematológicas encontradas no grupo dos cães doentes foram anemia e trombocitopenia, que variaram apenas na intensidade quando da comparação dos animais sobreviventes com os não sobreviventes, porém apenas a anemia e a leucopenia apresentaram-se como fatores prognósticos negativos para a doença. Altos títulos de anticorpos (≥ 2.560) foram observados em grande parte dos animais infectados, porém não puderam ser considerados indicadores de persistência da infecção. Em dois dos 28 animais com monitoramento pós tratamento houve reinfecção, face aos resultados novamente positivos na pesquisa de material genético para E.canis, associados à recidiva de alterações hematológicas em um dos dois animais, e abrupto novo aumento do título de anticorpos. Em outros animais, apesar da rápida ascensão do título concomitante à recidiva de alterações hematológicas, não houve amplificação de DNA erliquial, sugerindo diagnóstico molecular falso negativo. Concluiu-se que alterações clínicas e hematológicas sugestivas da doença foram encontradas nos animais doentes, apenas a anemia e leucopenia podem ser indicadores prognósticos da doença, e que a interpretação do título de anticorpos deve ser feita em consonância com alterações clínicas e hematológicas do cão suspeito. / The canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is an infectious disease occurring worldwide and is transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The clinical manifestations are nonspecific and multisystemic. It may present acute, asymptomatic and chronic phases, which may be presented with haematological changes such as thrombocytopenia, mild anemia and leukopenia during the acute phase, mild thrombocytopenia in asymptomatic phase, and pancytopenia in severe chronic cases. The establishment of prognostic indicators for the disease may be of great value to guide clinical treatment. The study of antibodies titer in infected dogs could help in the diagnosis of CME and in monitoring treatment. In order to identify the main clinical, hematological and serological changes in dogs infected with E. canis, 82 animals were selected with etiologic diagnosis of a CME (positive to Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR). The dogs were subdivided into groups of asymptomatic animals (n = 12), sick and survivors (n = 51) and sick and non-survivors (n = 19). It was also conducted clinical, hematological and serological monitoring of 28 animals treated with recommended medication for the period until 180 days after treatment. In clinical analysis, there was no racial or sexual predisposition, however dogs older than 8 years of age had a higher frequency. The most frequently reported symptoms in all dogs except the asymptomatic patients were pale mucous membranes, apathy, appetite loss, lethargy and gastroenteritis. Hematological changes found in the group of sick dogs were anemia and thrombocytopenia, which varied only in intensity when comparing the survivors to the nonsurvivors, but only anemia and leukopenia were presented as negative prognostic factors for the disease. High titers of antibodies (2560 ≥) were observed in most infected animals, but they could not be considered indicators of persistent infection. In two out of the 28 monitored animals after treatment there was reinfection, compared to positive results back on the research of genetic material to E.canis, associated with relapse of hematological changes in one of the two animals, and sudden new increase in antibody titer. In other animals, despite the rapid rise of the concurrent title of relapse hematological changes, there was no erliquial DNA amplification, suggesting molecular diagnostic to be false negative. It was concluded that clinical and hematologic changes suggestive of the disease were found in sick animals, only anemia and leukopenia may be prognostic indicators of the disease, and that the interpretation of antibody titers should be done in line with clinical and hematologic changes of the suspect dog.

A erliquiose monocítica canina (EMC) é uma doença infecciosa de ocorrência mundial e transmitida pelo carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus. As manifestações clínicas são inespecíficas e multissistêmicas. Pode apresentar as fases aguda, assintomática e crônica, as quais podem cursar com alterações hematológicas como trombocitopenia, discreta anemia e leucopenia durante a fase aguda, discreta trombocitopenia na fase assintomática, e pancitopenia nos casos crônicos graves. O estabelecimento de indicadores prognósticos para a doença pode ser de grande valia para o direcionamento do tratamento clínico. O estudo do título de anticorpos em cães infectados poderia auxiliar no diagnóstico da EMC bem como no monitoramento do tratamento. A fim de identificar as principais alterações clínicas, hematológicas e sorológicas de cães infectados por E. canis, foram selecionados 82 animais com diagnóstico etiológico de EMC (positivos a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase PCR). Os cães foram subdivididos em grupos de animais assintomáticos (n=12), doentes e sobreviventes (n=51) e doentes e não sobreviventes (n=19). Foi realizado ainda acompanhamento clínico, hematológico e sorológico de 28 animais tratados com medicação preconizado, no período de até 180 dias após o tratamento. Na análise clínica, não houve predisposição sexual ou racial, porém cães maiores de 8 anos de idade apresentaram maior frequência. Os sintomas observados mais frequentemente em todos os cães, exceto nos assintomáticos, foram palidez de mucosas, apatia, hiporexia, letargia e gastrenterite. As alterações hematológicas encontradas no grupo dos cães doentes foram anemia e trombocitopenia, que variaram apenas na intensidade quando da comparação dos animais sobreviventes com os não sobreviventes, porém apenas a anemia e a leucopenia apresentaram-se como fatores prognósticos negativos para a doença. Altos títulos de anticorpos (≥ 2.560) foram observados em grande parte dos animais infectados, porém não puderam ser considerados indicadores de persistência da infecção. Em dois dos 28 animais com monitoramento pós tratamento houve reinfecção, face aos resultados novamente positivos na pesquisa de material genético para E.canis, associados à recidiva de alterações hematológicas em um dos dois animais, e abrupto novo aumento do título de anticorpos. Em outros animais, apesar da rápida ascensão do título concomitante à recidiva de alterações hematológicas, não houve amplificação de DNA erliquial, sugerindo diagnóstico molecular falso negativo. Concluiu-se que alterações clínicas e hematológicas sugestivas da doença foram encontradas nos animais doentes, apenas a anemia e leucopenia podem ser indicadores prognósticos da doença, e que a interpretação do título de anticorpos deve ser feita em consonância com alterações clínicas e hematológicas do cão suspeito. / The canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is an infectious disease occurring worldwide and is transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The clinical manifestations are nonspecific and multisystemic. It may present acute, asymptomatic and chronic phases, which may be presented with haematological changes such as thrombocytopenia, mild anemia and leukopenia during the acute phase, mild thrombocytopenia in asymptomatic phase, and pancytopenia in severe chronic cases. The establishment of prognostic indicators for the disease may be of great value to guide clinical treatment. The study of antibodies titer in infected dogs could help in the diagnosis of CME and in monitoring treatment. In order to identify the main clinical, hematological and serological changes in dogs infected with E. canis, 82 animals were selected with etiologic diagnosis of a CME (positive to Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR). The dogs were subdivided into groups of asymptomatic animals (n = 12), sick and survivors (n = 51) and sick and non-survivors (n = 19). It was also conducted clinical, hematological and serological monitoring of 28 animals treated with recommended medication for the period until 180 days after treatment. In clinical analysis, there was no racial or sexual predisposition, however dogs older than 8 years of age had a higher frequency. The most frequently reported symptoms in all dogs except the asymptomatic patients were pale mucous membranes, apathy, appetite loss, lethargy and gastroenteritis. Hematological changes found in the group of sick dogs were anemia and thrombocytopenia, which varied only in intensity when comparing the survivors to the nonsurvivors, but only anemia and leukopenia were presented as negative prognostic factors for the disease. High titers of antibodies (2560 ≥) were observed in most infected animals, but they could not be considered indicators of persistent infection. In two out of the 28 monitored animals after treatment there was reinfection, compared to positive results back on the research of genetic material to E.canis, associated with relapse of hematological changes in one of the two animals, and sudden new increase in antibody titer. In other animals, despite the rapid rise of the concurrent title of relapse hematological changes, there was no erliquial DNA amplification, suggesting molecular diagnostic to be false negative. It was concluded that clinical and hematologic changes suggestive of the disease were found in sick animals, only anemia and leukopenia may be prognostic indicators of the disease, and that the interpretation of antibody titers should be done in line with clinical and hematologic changes of the suspect dog.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21683号 / 医博第4489号 / 新制||医||1036(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 河本 宏, 教授 玉木 敬二, 教授 髙折 晃史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Re-vaccinations against canine distemper virus (CDV) are commonly performed in 3-year intervals. The study’s aims were to determine anti-CDV antibodies in healthy adult dogs within 28 days of vaccination against CDV, and to evaluate factors associated with the presence of pre-vaccination antibodies and with the antibody response to vaccination. Ninety-seven dogs, not vaccinated within 1 year before enrollment, were vaccinated with a modified live CDV vaccine. A measurement of the antibodies was performed before vaccination (day 0), on day 7, and 28 after the vaccination by virus neutralization. A response to vaccination was defined as a ≥4-fold titer increase by day 28. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine factors associated with a lack of antibodies and vaccination response. In total, 94.8% of the dogs (92/97; CI 95%: 88.2–98.1) had antibodies (≥10) prior to vaccination. A response to vaccination was not observed in any dog. Five dogs were considered humoral non-responders; these dogs neither had detectable antibodies before, nor developed antibodies after vaccination. Young age (<2 years) was significantly associated with a lack of pre-vaccination antibodies (p = 0.018; OR: 26.825; 95% CI: 1.216–1763.417). In conclusion, necessity of re-vaccination in adult healthy dogs should be debated and regular vaccinations should be replaced by antibody detection.

Le titre sérique d'anticorps anti-hémagglutinine (HA) est reconnu comme corrélat de la protection à l'infection grippale. Cette thèse examine le rôle du titre d'anticorps HA comme corrélat de protection dans le contexte d'une seule infection, puis considère l'effet des expositions répétées sur la réponse immunitaire.Premièrement, l'association entre l'infection grippale par le virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et 167 variables a été explorée. Cette étude montre l'interaction complexe de facteurs qui influent sur le risque d'infection: les titres d'anticorps pré-épidémiques sont protecteurs, mais des facteurs tels que les comportements collectifs peuvent avoir un rôle important. Deux travaux réalisés dans le cadre de ce projet de thèse se basent sur les sérologies d'une cohorte française. Nous avons trouvé un association entre le titre d'anticorps dirigés contre le virus circulant 2007 A(H1N1) et le risque d'infection, la protection associée à ce titre variant avec l'âge. Une étude sur l'évolution du titre d'anticorps montre que celui-ci peut rester élevé jusqu'à deux ans après l'infection. Afin d'étudier les conséquences des expositions aux virus grippaux, nous avons modélisé les titres d'anticorps en fonction de l'âge des sujets lors de la circulation initiale de virus: la réponse immunitaire la plus importante concernant les souches A(H1N1) auxquelles les sujets ont été exposés pendant l'enfance. Ces études soutiennent l'utilisation du titre d’anticorps comme corrélat immunitaire de protection et suggèrent que d'autres facteurs peuvent influencer l'immunité anti-grippale. L'interprétation de la sérologie et les sérologiques d'homologation du vaccin devraient être indépendants de l'âge. / Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer is widely recognized as the main immune correlate of protection against influenza infection. This thesis examines the role of HI titer as a correlate of protection in the context of a single infection, and then considers the effect of repeated exposures on the immune response.HI titer was first studied among 167 covariates in an exploratory analysis to identify determinants of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection using data from a cohort of 601 households representative of the general population. This study shows the complex interaction of factors influencing risk of infection; results suggest that pre-epidemic HI titers are protective and factors such as collective behaviors may also have an important role.Two studies were based on data from a cohort investigating determinants of recurrent influenza infection. The relationship between HI titer and protection against natural seasonal 2007 A(H1N1) infection was explored; the age-adjusted model suggests differences in the HI protection curve according to age group. Longitudinal analysis suggests that recent seasonal infection may have protected against A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. We also investigated the effects of repeated influenza exposures on HI titer: our results show evidence of a strong immune response to A(H1N1) strains circulating in early childhood. These studies support the use of HI titer as the main immune correlate of protection against influenza infection and suggest that other factors may have influence on immunity to infection. Age should be considered in interpretation of serology and serological criteria for influenza vaccine licensure.

Background: Re-vaccination against canine adenovirus (CAV) is performed in ≤3-year-intervals but its necessity is unknown. The study determined anti-CAV antibodies within 28 days of re-vaccination and factors associated with the absence of antibodies and vaccination response. Methods: Ninety-seven healthy adult dogs (last vaccination ≥12 months) were re-vaccinated with a modified live CAV-2 vaccine. Anti-CAV antibodies were measured before vaccination (day 0), and after re-vaccination (day 7, 28) by virus neutralization. A ≥4-fold titer increase was defined as vaccination response. Fisher’s exact test and multivariate regression analysis were performed to determine factors associated with the absence of antibodies and vaccination response. Results: Totally, 87% of dogs (90/97; 95% CI: 85.61–96.70) had anti-CAV antibodies (≥10) before re-vaccination. Vaccination response was observed in 6% of dogs (6/97; 95% CI: 2.60–13.11). Time since last vaccination (>3–5 years, OR = 9.375, p = 0.020; >5 years, OR = 25.000, p = 0.006) was associated with a lack of antibodies. Dogs from urban areas were more likely to respond to vaccination (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Many dogs had anti-CAV pre-vaccination antibodies, even those with an incomplete vaccination series. Most dogs did not respond to re-vaccination. Based on this study, dogs should be re-vaccinated every 3 years or antibodies should be determined.

Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), a devastating disease in the channel catfish industry. Our research group has developed several E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates (EiΔevpB, EiΔevpBΔfur, EiΔevpBΔhfq, EiΔevpBΔfurΔhfq), which were able to stimulate an immune response in vaccinated channel catfish and reduce ESC. However, innate, and adaptive immune responses in the lymphoid tissues of channel catfish to these LAVs are not known well. The overall goal of the project is to determine the role of adaptive and innate immune responses in catfish after vaccination with LAVs. Analysis of innate and adaptive immune-related gene expressions showed that the LAVs induced expression of adaptive immune-related genes in lymphoid tissues with less inflammation compared to wild type control. Also, the LAVs induced the expression of IgM in the sera of catfish.

Soybean oil (SBO), menhaden fish oil (FO), chicken fat (CF) or hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO) were incorporated at 5% of the total diet to study changes in the immunological status of both Japanese quail (JAP) and Bobwhite quail (BOB). The SBO diet, in which 66% of the total fatty acids were polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), was rich in linoleic acid (LA 18:2 n-6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA 18:3 n-3) and low in saturated fatty acid (SFA). The FO diet which contained about 50% PUFA, had only 40% n-6 fatty acids and 8% n-3 PUFA. The trans fatty acid isomers and other monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were high in the HSBO diet. The diet containing CF provided a relatively balanced fatty acid composition with 18% SFA, 31% MUFA and 50% PUFA. Plasma fatty acid and hepatic fatty acid profiles consistently reflected their respective dietary lipid treatments. There were no differences in the fatty acid profile between blood and liver within respective dietary treatments in the two species. Dietary fatty acids had no effect on antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) at 1, 2 and 8 months following the start of dietary lipid treatment in JAP. However, female JAP fed FO had a significantly (p< 0.05) higher antibody production compared to the other dietary lipid treatments at 4 months following the start of fatty acids supplementation. BOB fed either FO or SBO diets had a higher immunoglobulin G production compared to birds fed the CF diet. The total antibody titer was significantly higher in BOB fed SBO compared to CF. Dietary fatty acids had a significant effect on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) as accessed by toe web thickness 24 hours post intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) in both JAP and BOB. In general, birds fed a FO diet had a significantly higher CMI response than those fed HSBO. A diet high in n-3 PUFA increased the index of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), while the high trans fatty acid isomers suppressed the CBH response. By observing a CBH response over a 72-hour period in JAP, it was concluded that quail fed CF or SBO had a different peak response time (12 hours post PHA challenge) and amplitude compared with those fed FO or HSBO (24 hours post PHA challenge). Phagocytic ability was not affected by dietary lipid treatments in BOB while the quail fed FO diet had a faster carbon clearance rate. The FO fed JAP had a significantly higher response (p< 0.05) to concanavalin A ensiformis (CONA) compared to HSBO fed birds. There was no difference in B lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by lipopolysacchride (LPS) in female JAP, whereas it was significantly higher in male JAP fed SBO compared to those fed FO and HSBO. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin calcium salt (PMA/ION) was used to nonspecifically stimulate cell proliferation by increasing chromosome mitosis. Dietary FO or HSBO suppressed cell proliferation stimulated by PMA/ION. However, JAP fed SBO or CF had a significantly higher PMA/ION stimulated lymphocyte proliferation compared those fed FO or HSBO. In male BOB, the FO fed birds had the highest response to all mitogens. In contrast, female BOB did not show any dietary effects by lymphocyte proliferation. Consistent with JAP, BOB fed HSBO had depressed lymphocytes proliferation in response to various mitogens stimulation. In general, female birds had a higher plasma total protein (PTP) and lower pack cell volume (PCV) compared to their males counterparts in both BOB and JAP. In summary, in in vivo experiments, feeding a diet high in menhaden fish oil that is rich in n-3 PUFA enhanced the CMI. There was a minimal effect on antibody production caused by feeding n-3 PUFA in JAP since a significant treatment effect was only found at one sampling period, while BOB were more sensitive to dietary lipid manipulation and had a higher antibody production with SBO or FO treatments. Dietary lipids exerted different effects in the two species in in vitro experiments. While both BOB and JAP fed FO had higher lymphocyte proliferation to CON A mitogen compared to those fed HSBO, only male BOB showed a higher proliferation to LPS. Feeding HSBO that contained a higher content of trans fatty acid isomers, MUFA, but lower PUFA content resulted in the lowest lymphocyte proliferation to various mitogens in both BOB and JAP. / Ph. D.