Copper (Cu) is a heavy metal that is essential for life but toxic at high concentrations. This toxic effect is used on boats to prevent biofouling on boat hulls by painting the hulls with antifouling paint that contain high levels of Cu. The Cu is slowly diffused out in the water and accumulated by animals higher up in the food chain. In order to test the effects of marinas on Cu bioaccumulation in invertebrates, I sampled molluscs at seven marinas and seven shore sites on the Swedish west coast. Two molluscs with different feeding behaviours, one grazer, the periwinkle (Littorina littorea) and one filter feeder, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) were used as study organisms. Both species were sampled at each location within 50 m from each other. Body Cu concentration of both species was measured with a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS). Cu concentration of periwinkle soft body tissue was generally higher than in mussel soft body tissue. In addition, periwinkle tissue Cu concentration reacted strongly positively to the presence of marinas, whereas mussel tissue Cu concentrations did not. This shows that contamination from marinas affects the grazing periwinkle but not the filter feeding blue mussel. Thus, for biomonitoring purposes, grazers may be more suited as indicator organisms.

<p></p><p>The antifouling paint Fabi 3959 is painted on the hulls of vessels to avoid fouling caused by marine organisms attached to surfaces. The paint is registered for use on pleasure boats and other vessels weighing over 200 kg which are mainly running on the Swedish west coast (www.kemi.se).</p><p>Fabi 3959 contains copper as its active component, which is highly toxic to marine organisms and thus classified as a biocide.</p><p>Fabi antifouling paint was tested under laboratory conditions on the red macro alga <em>Ceramium tenuicorne</em>, in natural brackish water taken from the Baltic Sea. The <em>Ceramium</em> growth inhibition-test was performed using cloned algae exposed to leakage water with and without sediment. The samples containing only water held concentrations in the range of 0.11% of volume-18% of volume per liter, while the samples using sediment held doses measuring between 0.11% of volume-36% of volume leakage water per liter.</p><p>The study showed a growth inhibiting effect on the <em>Ceramium</em> in both water and sediment samples down to the lowest concentration used in the test. There was a difference between the water series and the sediment series in the EC₅₀ values of the leakage water. The mean EC₅₀value was almost 10 times lower within the sediment series compared to the water series (0.114±0.10 and 1.024±0.75, respectively). This indicates that the sediment series are more toxic to <em>Ceramium</em> than the water series. However, if the mean values of EC₅₀ are expressed as copper-concentration, there is no clear difference between the two series (0.59 ± 0.13µg/l for the sediment series and 0.62 ± 0.12 µg/l for the water series). Apparently, the test did not indicate that the sediment was absorbing the copper. Instead it cannot be excluded that another substance involved could have a growth inhibiting impact on <em>Ceramium</em>.</p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p>Båtbottenfärgen Fabi 3959 målas på fartygsskrov för att undvika påväxt av marina organismer. Färgen är registrerad att användas på fritidsbåtar och andra fartyg med en egenvikt på över 200 kg och med huvudsaklig fart på Västkusten (www.kemi.se). Den aktiva komponenten i Fabi 3959 är koppar, vilket är mycket giftigt för marina organismer och därför klassificeras den som en biocid.</p><p>Fabi båtbottenfärg testades i laborativ miljö, på den röda makroalgen <em>Ceramium tenuicorne</em> i naturligt brackvatten från Östersjön. Ett tillväxthämningstest utfördes på <em>Ceramium</em>-kloner vilka exponerades för lakvatten i bägare med och utan sediment. Proverna endast innehållande vatten bestod av koncentrationer i intervallen 0,11-18 volym% per liter medan proverna med sedimentvatten hade koncentrationer på 0,11-36 volym% per liter.</p><p>Studien visade på en signifikant tillväxthämningseffekt på <em>Ceramium</em> i både vatten och sediment, ner till den lägsta använda koncentrationen. Det förelåg en tydlig skillnad mellan vattenserierna och sedimentserierna med avseende på resultaten av EC₅₀-värdena på lakvattnet; EC₅₀-värdena av den toxiska nivån för lakvattnet visade sig ligga tio gånger lägre i sedimentserierna än i vattenserierna (0,114 ± 0,10 i sediment och 1,024 ± 0,75 i vatten). Medelvärdena av EC₅₀för koppar visar inte någon påtaglig skillnad mellan serierna (0,59 ± 0,13µg/l för sediment 0,62 ± 0,12 µg/l för vatten). Testet indikerade därmed inte att sedimentet absorberade koppar. Istället föreligger en möjlighet att en annan substans orsakade tillväxthämning på<em> Ceramium.</em></p><p> </p>

<p>Antifouling paints are applied on vessels to prevent growth of fouling organisms such hasbarnacles. Presently, there are a number of different paints available on the Swedish marketwith different strategies and active substances. The paints might work by either continuouslyreleasing biocides or physically by peeling off or provide an easily cleansed surface whereorganisms cannot attach. The physically working paints do not need to register an activesubstance since its purpose is not to affect living organisms by a chemical or biological modeof action. In this study, two commercially available paints, the copper-based Fabi 3959(International Paint Ltd) and physically eroding, biocide-free labelled Mille Light (HempelFärg AB) were compared to Hard Racing superior, containing copper and the forbiddensubstance Tributyltin. Fabi International is only allowed to be used on the Swedish west coastdue to 6% added as active substance while the biocide-free Mille Light is eligible for eastcoast usage. The toxic effect from respective paint was investigated by assembling a growthinhibition test with the red macro alga Ceramium tenuicorne. The results show that all thestudied paints had a negative effect on growth and therefore leaked substances inconcentrations high enough to be harmful to the alga. The toxic response differed with theeffect on growth being in the following order, Hard racing superior>Fabi >Mille Light.Implications regarding the current legalization involving biocide-free labelled antifoulingpaints are discussed.</p>

In order to prevent algae, barnacles and sea poppies from growing on boat bottoms, the hull is painted with antifouling paint each year. Most antifouling paint contains environmentally hazardous, chemically active substances, such as copper. The environmentally hazardous substances then leak into the environment and accumulate in the harbor's bottom sediment. During resuspension through boat traffic and wave action, these substances spread further into the ocean where they may affect other organisms such as fish and algae negatively. In order to detect copper leakage from the boat industry and to increase knowledge about the fate of copper in the sediments on the Swedish west coast our study examined ten ports and marinas along the Swedish west coast and analyzed its copper content in the bottom sediment. In addition, ten bathing areas were investigated as control group. Sediment samples were taken and analyzed in the laboratory for copper content per dry weight of bottom sediment.  Laboratory analyses were conducted using the atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Results were analyzed for statistical significance using the IBS SPSS Statistics 24 software. In addition, the measured copper concentration from the various sites were compared with Norwegian copper thresholds in marine waters, as Sweden has no guideline value for the marine environment. The result shows a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between ports / marinas and bathing areas. Furthermore, a connection between copper concentration in the sediments in marinas and number of berths per marina was found.

The antifouling paint Fabi 3959 is painted on the hulls of vessels to avoid fouling caused by marine organisms attached to surfaces. The paint is registered for use on pleasure boats and other vessels weighing over 200 kg which are mainly running on the Swedish west coast (www.kemi.se). Fabi 3959 contains copper as its active component, which is highly toxic to marine organisms and thus classified as a biocide. Fabi antifouling paint was tested under laboratory conditions on the red macro alga Ceramium tenuicorne, in natural brackish water taken from the Baltic Sea. The Ceramium growth inhibition-test was performed using cloned algae exposed to leakage water with and without sediment. The samples containing only water held concentrations in the range of 0.11% of volume-18% of volume per liter, while the samples using sediment held doses measuring between 0.11% of volume-36% of volume leakage water per liter. The study showed a growth inhibiting effect on the Ceramium in both water and sediment samples down to the lowest concentration used in the test. There was a difference between the water series and the sediment series in the EC50 values of the leakage water. The mean EC50 value was almost 10 times lower within the sediment series compared to the water series (0.114±0.10 and 1.024±0.75, respectively). This indicates that the sediment series are more toxic to Ceramium than the water series. However, if the mean values of EC50 are expressed as copper-concentration, there is no clear difference between the two series (0.59 ± 0.13µg/l for the sediment series and 0.62 ± 0.12 µg/l for the water series). Apparently, the test did not indicate that the sediment was absorbing the copper. Instead it cannot be excluded that another substance involved could have a growth inhibiting impact on Ceramium. / Båtbottenfärgen Fabi 3959 målas på fartygsskrov för att undvika påväxt av marina organismer. Färgen är registrerad att användas på fritidsbåtar och andra fartyg med en egenvikt på över 200 kg och med huvudsaklig fart på Västkusten (www.kemi.se). Den aktiva komponenten i Fabi 3959 är koppar, vilket är mycket giftigt för marina organismer och därför klassificeras den som en biocid. Fabi båtbottenfärg testades i laborativ miljö, på den röda makroalgen Ceramium tenuicorne i naturligt brackvatten från Östersjön. Ett tillväxthämningstest utfördes på Ceramium-kloner vilka exponerades för lakvatten i bägare med och utan sediment. Proverna endast innehållande vatten bestod av koncentrationer i intervallen 0,11-18 volym% per liter medan proverna med sedimentvatten hade koncentrationer på 0,11-36 volym% per liter. Studien visade på en signifikant tillväxthämningseffekt på Ceramium i både vatten och sediment, ner till den lägsta använda koncentrationen. Det förelåg en tydlig skillnad mellan vattenserierna och sedimentserierna med avseende på resultaten av EC50-värdena på lakvattnet; EC50-värdena av den toxiska nivån för lakvattnet visade sig ligga tio gånger lägre i sedimentserierna än i vattenserierna (0,114 ± 0,10 i sediment och 1,024 ± 0,75 i vatten). Medelvärdena av EC50 för koppar visar inte någon påtaglig skillnad mellan serierna (0,59 ± 0,13µg/l för sediment 0,62 ± 0,12 µg/l för vatten). Testet indikerade därmed inte att sedimentet absorberade koppar. Istället föreligger en möjlighet att en annan substans orsakade tillväxthämning på Ceramium.

Antifouling paints are applied on vessels to prevent growth of fouling organisms such hasbarnacles. Presently, there are a number of different paints available on the Swedish marketwith different strategies and active substances. The paints might work by either continuouslyreleasing biocides or physically by peeling off or provide an easily cleansed surface whereorganisms cannot attach. The physically working paints do not need to register an activesubstance since its purpose is not to affect living organisms by a chemical or biological modeof action. In this study, two commercially available paints, the copper-based Fabi 3959(International Paint Ltd) and physically eroding, biocide-free labelled Mille Light (HempelFärg AB) were compared to Hard Racing superior, containing copper and the forbiddensubstance Tributyltin. Fabi International is only allowed to be used on the Swedish west coastdue to 6% added as active substance while the biocide-free Mille Light is eligible for eastcoast usage. The toxic effect from respective paint was investigated by assembling a growthinhibition test with the red macro alga Ceramium tenuicorne. The results show that all thestudied paints had a negative effect on growth and therefore leaked substances inconcentrations high enough to be harmful to the alga. The toxic response differed with theeffect on growth being in the following order, Hard racing superior&gt;Fabi &gt;Mille Light.Implications regarding the current legalization involving biocide-free labelled antifoulingpaints are discussed.