O presente trabalho busca analisar os diferentes tratamentos dispensados à marca no âmbito do controle preventivo e no controle repressivo de condutas. A análise da função social das marcas demonstrou que esta é uma propriedade que se realiza na concorrência e pela concorrência. Nesse sentido, não há dúvidas de que está sujeita aos princípios do Direito Concorrencial. Todavia, a maneira como esses princípios balizam a marca no controle de atos de concentração, de um lado, e no controle repressivo de condutas, de outro, difere. No âmbito do controle de atos de concentração, a atuação da autoridade concorrencial é orientada por uma variante do princípio da precaução, o que a autoriza a tomar decisões e impor restrições aos direitos marcários mesmo em um contexto de incerteza. No âmbito do controle repressivo de condutas, todavia, a intervenção do CADE está sujeita aos princípios do Processo Administrativo Sancionador. Neste contexto, as condutas que envolvem o uso de direitos de propriedade intelectual, incluindo as marcas, devem ser analisadas à luz do princípio da estrita legalidade. Um critério jurídico objetivo é necessário para distinguir o lícito do ilícito, sobretudo em um cenário no qual estão em jogo duas políticas públicas distintas: a de proteção à concorrência e a de proteção à direitos de propriedade industrial. Sendo essas duas políticas instrumentais e parciais, voltadas a um fim maior de política econômica, devem harmonizar-se, e não sobrepor-se uma a outra. Ademais, o escopo de atuação da autoridade concorrencial em processos que investiguem o uso abusivo de direitos marcários e atos de concorrência desleal deve ser esclarecido. O direito concorrencial, enquanto ramo autônomo do direito, com princípios e métodos interpretativos próprios, pode analisar institutos e figuras de outros ramos que com ele guardem relação sem ter de ficar adstrito ao posicionamento de outras instâncias. / This work has the purposes of analyzing the different treatments trademarks are subject in the fields of merger control and antitrust infringement proceedings. The analysis of the social function of trademark showed that it is a property that becomes effective in and by means of competition. In this sense, there is no doubt that it is subject to the principles of Antitrust Law. However, the way these principles limits trademark rights in the context of merger control, on one side, and, antitrust infringement proceedings, on the other, varies. In the field of merger control, the antitrust authority is guided by a variant of the precautionary principle, which empowers it to make decisions and impose restrictions to trademark rights even in a context of uncertainty. However, under antitrust infringement proceedings, CADEs intervention is subject to the principles of the Sanctioning Administrative Procedure. As a result, the conducts that involve intellectual property rights, including trademark rights, must be analyzed in view of the principle of strict legality. An objective legal criterion is necessary to distinguish licit from illicit behaviors especially under a scenario where two different public policies are at stake: the one relating to competition defense and the other concerning the protection to intellectual property rights. Since these two policies are instrumental, partial and targeted to a higher objective connected with economic policy, they should be harmonized and not overlap each other. In addition, the scope of the competition authoritys jurisdiction in antitrust infringement proceedings which investigate the abuse of trademark laws and acts of unfair competition should be clarified. Antitrust law, as an independent legal field, which contains its own principles and interpretation methods, can analyze institutes from other legal fields to which it is related without being bound by the positioning of other instances.

Na presente dissertação, o setor petroquímico é utilizado como mote para um estudo sobre os contornos do direito antitruste nacional, sua interpretação e aplicação à luz das especificidades da economia brasileira. O pano de fundo deste trabalho é o debate, levantado durante os anos 1990, sobre a disciplina da concorrência nos países em desenvolvimento dever ou não seguir as tendências mais contemporâneas das instituições de países de economia mais avançada e com tradição na matéria antitruste. Além da revisão dos conceitos e práticas da regulação da concorrência nos países centrais (e de alguns dos desafios apontados pela literatura acerca da sua aplicação em economias em desenvolvimento), são descritos os traços gerais atribuídos a esse ramo do direito, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, focalizando as disposições referentes ao controle das estruturas de mercado. Para contextualizar a pesquisa empírica sobre os atos de concentração apreciados pela autoridade de defesa da concorrência (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa da Concorrência - CADE) envolvendo a petroquímica, abordam-se as características do setor e a trajetória da atuação estatal nesse ramo. Os resultados encontrados apontam que o direito da concorrência complementa, mas não substitui outros instrumentos de política pública necessários à coordenação dos mercados e à promoção de sua competitividade, os quais são especialmente relevantes para as economias em desenvolvimento. / In this study, petrochemical industry plays the framework for the research about the boundaries of Brazilian competition law, its interpretation and application in the light of the singularities of Brazilian economy. This subject is concerned with the debate raised during the 1990\'s about the adequacy of the model of competition law and policy advocated by advanced economies for developing countries. In addition of revising the leading concepts and practices on competition law, the main features of Brazilian antitrust law are also described, focusing on the provisions for the control of mergers and acquisitions. With the aim of contextualizing the empirical research about the cases entailing petrochemical firms submitted to the Brazilian Competition Law Council, the characteristics of this industry and the role of public regulation in this field are approached. The results obtained indicate that competition law complements, but does not substitute other instruments of public policy, which are necessary to market coordination and industrial competitiveness. These policies are especially important for the economies of developing countries.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KELLY_SOUZA_DIR.pdf: 931828 bytes, checksum: aad7517dfc565fbffa7ea7a5619fd8e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-29 / Based on bibliographic research, this paper used doctrines, legislations, case laws, as well as information transmitted by several sources, aiming to identify the real purpose of the antitrust law in the Brazilian economic system. Therefore, it started with analyses of the Brazilian economic order, because the antitrust law makes part of this economic order. Furthermore, the antitrust law was studied, by analyzing several unfair trade practices, such as unfair competition, abuse of economic power, cartels, dumping and predatory pricing. International antitrust law, as well as the relevant market and the national legislation competition matters were also mentioned. In the end, it was made a confrontation between the Brazilian legislation competition system and the national economic model, asking the purpose and the significance of the decisions of the antitrust authorities. The analysis of those considerations enables the interpretation of the Brazilian antitrust law and to identify its function in the Brazilian economic system. / Este trabalho, realizado a partir de pesquisas bibliográficas, utilizou doutrinas, legislação e casos concretos, assim como informações veiculadas em diversas outras fontes, com o objetivo de identificar a finalidade da legislação antitruste na ordem econômica brasileira. Para tanto, o processo de pesquisa iniciou-se com uma abordagem da ordem econômica nacional, eis que a legislação antitruste integra essa ordem; em seguida, ingressou-se no estudo do direito antitruste, analisando práticas atentatórias à concorrência, como a concorrência desleal, o abuso do poder econômico, o cartel, o dumping, os preços predatórios etc. Abordou-se também o direito antitruste no cenário internacional, o mercado relevante, o sistema brasileiro de defesa da concorrência e infrações contra a ordem econômica. Por fim, confrontou-se o sistema de defesa da concorrência brasileira com o modelo econômico nacional, questionando o fim e o alcance das decisões proferidas pelas autoridades antitruste nos processos administrativos. A análise dessas considerações possibilitou interpretar a legislação antitruste e identificar sua função na ordem econômica brasileira.

Abstract The thesis is trying to find out if Czech republic disposes really big companies in the manufacturing industry and analyze attitude of czech government towards important companies. Situation in Czech republic compares with Finland and Slovakia. Theoretical part describes certain types of market structures and their effect to competition. Reports competition concepts by chosen economic schools as well as antitrust policy and unfair competition. In the end it shows company types by size and interest groups that are connected not only with big companies. Analytical part research market concentration in czech manufacturing industry with special focus on market concentration -- company size relationship. Following part compares world largest companies with biggest czech, slovak and finnish ones. Last part points government attitude towards big companies by examples Škoda Auto, a.s., ČEZ, a.s., Slovenský plynárenský priemysel, a.s. and Nokia.

Diploma thesis evaluates the effectiveness of legal instruments to prevent the use of aggressive commercial practices. Thesis is divided into two main chapters, the first is the protection against aggressive commercial practices in business to consumer market and the second part is dedicated to the protection against aggressive practices in the business to business market. Each section compares the European protection of aggressive commercial practices (and also through European legislation implemented in Czech law) with the protection of those practices in U.S. law. The first part of thesis deals with the protection of consumers against aggressive commercial practices. In European law it mainly regulated by Directive on unfair commercial practices. The Directive is implemented in Czech Republic in mainly in Consumer Protection Code and in the Advertising Code. Private protection against aggressive commercial practices is embodied in provision of unfair competition of the Commercial Code. Protection of personality, privacy and personal data is another form of protection against aggressive practices. In U.S. law, public consumer protection is represented by Federal Trade Commission. In private law, consumers seek redress in court through actions for torts. In relations between competitors is the protection against aggressive commercial practices regulated by unfair competition and by antirust law. Antitrust law in European Union is represented by 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. Unfair Competition Law in the U.S. in the B2B market is the part of business torts. Antitrust law is represented by Federal Trade Commission and the Ministry of Justice. The last part of Diploma Thesis is concerned with aggressive commercial practices that very often are accompanying the offers in time-sharing field and with children aggressive commercials, as a example of aggressive commercial practices in practice.

The United States and the European Union operate in the world’s two most powerful systems of competition law and policy, whose enforcement and judicial institutions employ similar concepts and legal language. Nevertheless, the two systems have reached different results across a number of significant antitrust issues. One such issue is the approach taken towards vertical price fixing and, in particular, the practice referred to as resale price maintenance. Resale price maintenance generally includes the predetermination of a fixed or minimum retail price in a vertical distribution agreement.   In European competition law, resale price maintenance is considered a hardcore restriction of competition and is thereby presumed to infringe Article 101(1) TFEU by its object. The presumption is strong and has proved difficult to rebut in practice. In the United States, the US Supreme Court changed its approach towards resale price maintenance in its 2007 landmark decision Leegin. The majority overturned its nearly century old precedent regarding resale price maintenance, concluding that the practice is no longer to be treated as a per se violation of antitrust law but should instead be subject to a rule of reason analysis. The judgment was the last in a series of different cases, all demonstrating a complete reversal in the approach towards both price and non-price vertical restraints. The change of approach in the United States was largely influenced by developments in economic thinking addressing the potential pro-competitive effects of resale price maintenance. Even though the European Union has modernised and renewed its competition rules to be more in line with economic theory, some uncertainties and difficulties seem to remain regarding the scope of the prohibition on anti-competitive agreements and the possible efficiencies resulting from vertical price fixing. These issues have constituted the main focus for this thesis, which aims to examine vertical price fixing and the prohibition on anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1) TFEU.   The policy view towards resale price maintenance in the European Union has been subject to great discussion and debate, and it has been argued that the approach towards the restriction is too strict. The legal framework for vertical agreements is now up for review and it is of interest to examine the appropriateness of the prohibition on resale price maintenance, especially in the light of two recent judgments. The thesis shows that there might be sufficient arguments for a change of approach towards resale price maintenance also in the European Union.

No description available.

Il s'agira de démontrer dans quelle mesure les réformes récentes relatives à l'action en réparation du dommage résultant de pratiques anticoncurrentielles influencent la stratégie de l'entreprise. Outre les stratégies destinées à contenir ce risque nouveau, cette dernière pourrait également tirer parti du contentieux privé afin d'améliorer ses performances sur le marché. / Following the recent reforms regarding anticompetitive practices private enforcement, my research aims at studying the influence of these new rules on companies' legal strategies. If companies will have to adapt their strategy to avoid legal exposure, they can also use those very same rules as a tool to improve their performance.

Theses / The Competition Act no.89 of 1998 coupled with its amendments ushered in a new era in the competition analysis and merger approval process in South Africa. This research paper's purpose is to intimately explore the emergent doctrine of "public interest" institutionalized in this new dispensation of competition legislation. In particular this report places under the spotlight the treatment of public issues in case law jurisprudence as developed in the consideration and determination of large and notifiable mergers under the auspices of the competition tribunal of the Republic of South Africa since the inception of the said new legislative order. The efficacy of the determination of socio-political issues and pure competitive efficiency issues separately but under and by the same entity are also examined. The contrast between the South African approach to the application of the doctrine of the public interest and that of some other competition jurisdictions abroad is also explored.

No description available.