A evolução da margem continental do sudeste do Brasil tem sido discutida por diversos autores desde meados do século passado até os dias atuais, especialmente no contexto da origem e evolução dos escarpamentos e das bacias tafrogênicas. Buscou-se contribuir com novos dados sobre a evolução da área a partir da aplicação da termocronologia de baixa temperatura (U-Th)/He em apatita, que oferece uma sensibilidade significativa para registrar movimentações tectônicas na crosta superior. Foi possível obter idades em 107 cristais de apatita de 18 amostras do embasamento coletadas no perfil com orientação NW-SE, numa seção entre a Serra da Mantiqueira e o Gráben da Guanabara. As idades corrigidas variam entre 250,1 8,7 Ma e 43,5 1,9 Ma (2 σ) e as não corrigidas entre 174,13 3,03 Ma e 27,07 0,60 Ma (1 σ). O Neocretáceo, o Eocretáceo e o Paleoceno são os principais registros no conjunto de dados, em ordem de importância. No Neocretáceo, o intervalo entre 83,6 e 72,1 Ma (Campaniano) representa o maior destaque nos registros termocronológicos, embora os outros registros (Maastrichtiano e Santoniano) também estejam presentes e sejam importantes. As idades do Neocretáceo destacam a importância dos eventos tectonomagmáticos e soerguimento regional na história térmica dessa área, inclusive com idades (~86 Ma) atribuídas ao contexto de soerguimento da Serra do Mar. As idades do Eocretáceo indicam o registro de eventos térmicos mais antigos, vinculados à evolução pré-rifte. Já os dados do Paleoceno estariam associados ao evento de reativação responsável pela implantação do sistema de riftes continentais (~65 Ma) e as idades do Eoceno, restritas à borda de falha da bacia de Resende (49,7 Ma e 43,5 Ma), à reativação do sistema de riftes nessa área. A dispersão de idades foi interpretada como efeito dos danos de radiação já que muitos grãos apresentam correlação entre idade e concentração de urânio (eU). Os padrões de tempo-temperatura (t-T), definidos a partir dos modelos HeFTy calibrados para o modelo de difusão que considera os efeitos de danos de radiação nos cristais, registraram eventos de resfriamento rápido, os quais mostram correlação direta com episódios de reativação e soerguimento na margem continental e com registros nas bacias continentais e marginais. O padrão de aumento das idades com a elevação, assim como da costa em direção ao interior é observado, mas mostra-se alterado pela ocorrência de idades mais jovens associadas à complexa evolução dessa margem continental com desnivelamentos de blocos vinculados à tectônica pós-rift, numa situação que ressalta a influência dos episódios de reativação. As estimativas de denudação total variam entre 1,2 e 2,8 km. As taxas de erosão variam entre 15,2 e 35,3 m/Ma. A evolução da área indica não apenas a influência de um evento específico mas, possivelmente, uma combinação de episódios que se alternaram e/ou atuaram em conjunto em determinados períodos. Os eventos de reativação mais antigos, combinados com os mais recentes, exibem os seus remanescentes na paisagem (serras da Mantiqueira e do Mar e os grábens e bacias sedimentares) e assumem papel fundamental na evolução da área. Os registros de tais episódios podem ser observados nas histórias térmicas das rochas e nos depósitos correlativos nas bacias sedimentares marginais e intracontinentais. / This doctoral dissertation involves low-temperature thermochronologic investigations to constrain the Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic reactivation of the continental margin of southeast Brazil. The study area is located in a segment of the Neoproterozoic Ribeira belt in southeastern Brazil, which occupied a central position in Western Gondwana. Lately, during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, fault zones related to the development of the continental rifts in southeast Brazil reactivated. Using apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology (AHe), we have presented the results of analysis on 107 apatite crystals of basement samples collected from a NWSE transect in the Mantiqueira Mountains to the Guanabara Graben, as well as from the NESE transverse faults. The data range from 27.07 0.60 Ma to 174.13 3.03 Ma (1 σ) for uncorrected ages, and from 43.5 1.9 Ma to 250.1 8.7 Ma (2 σ) for corrected ages. The Neo-Cretaceous, Eo-Cretaceous, and Paleocene are the main recorded AHe ages, in order of importance. The Eo-Cretaceous ages indicate the occurrence of older thermal events related to a pre-rifting phase (~121 Ma). The Neo-Cretaceous ages signify the importance of tectonic and magmatic events, and regional uplifting for the thermal history of the study area, including ages related to the Serra do Mar Mountains uplift (~86 Ma). Paleocene ages seem to be related to the reactivation (~65 Ma), which was responsible for the continental rifts in the southeastern Brazil. Finally, the Eocene ages (49.7 Ma and 43.5 Ma), which are from samples restricted to the Resende Basin border faults, indicate a continental rift reactivation. We investigated the age dispersion data, which were interpreted as an effect of radiation damage. Several samples show correlations between apatite (U-Th)/He age and effective U concentration (eU). We have applied HeFTy thermal modeling to obtain timetemperature (t T) paths using a radiation damage diffusion model. Inverse modeling of (U-Th)/He age data suggests rapid cooling episodes for all samples. The main thermal events recorded by the HeFTy models show a direct correlation with the timing of regional tectonic events: reactivation phases, continental margin uplift, and the sedimentary record. Apatite (U-Th)/He ages increase with distance from the coast and with elevation. However, these patterns are discontinued by samples of younger ages as a result of the reactivation process of pre-existing structures in the Brazilian continental margin. The total estimated denudation range from 1.2 to 2.8 km. The erosion rates range from 15.2 to 35.3 m/My. Thus, the multi-episodic thermal events, which led to the formation of important regional tectonic and geomorphological features (Mantiqueira Mountains, Serra do Mar Mountains, grabens, and sedimentary basins), seem to play a fundamental role in the evolution of the Brazilian continental margin. The records can be found in the thermal history of rocks and its correlated deposits in the continental margin.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) coatings are used in orthopaedic surgery for bone regeneration. Current methods of phase quantification of HAP coatings suffer from drawbacks. A novel methodology of quantitative phase analysis of HAP coatings has been devised and validated. This method, based on whole pattern fitting with a fundamental parameters approach, incorporates amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and apatite phases into structural refinements. A comparison of the structural and chemical properties of plasma sprayed (PS) and novel electrodeposited (ED) HAP coatings has been conducted. ED coatings contained less ACP and more preferred orientation than the PS coatings, although the stoichiometry was similar. In vitro investigations of PS and ED coatings in simulated body fluid and foetal calf serum revealed that both are bioactive. A carbonated apatite layer produced on the ED coatings was -0.7μm thick with a stoichiometry and chemical constituents similar to that of natural bone apatite. PS coatings produced a nanocrystalline carbonated apatite layer (-4μm). For the first time it has been possible to model crystalline HAP and nanocrystalline apatite as independent phases and obtain accurate lattice parameters for each. A positive linear correlation has been made between microstrain and the solubility of HAP and carbonated apatites. Dissolution studies have shown that the behaviour of HAP and carbonated apatite is dominated by crystallite size at low undersaturation and by crystallite size and microstrain at high undersaturation for crystallites between -30OA- 1000A. Metastable equilibrium occurred for crystallites <_400A at low undersaturation. Carbonate content did not affect the solubility or dissolution behaviour. A novel technology for coating polymeric tape with HAP for potential use in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has been devised. Mechanical tests have demonstrated that no adverse properties are induced by the coating technology. Cell culture studies have shown that the HAP layer is capable of enhanced attachment, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells compared to uncoated tape.

Submitted by Marcos Wanderley (marcos.wanderley@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-19T21:46:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FABRÍCIO FERNANDES VIEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO(PPGEPM) 2017.pdf: 2744244 bytes, checksum: c3940283d95c033e09e2e8fc64643fa8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T21:46:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABRÍCIO FERNANDES VIEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO(PPGEPM) 2017.pdf: 2744244 bytes, checksum: c3940283d95c033e09e2e8fc64643fa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-20 / As apatitas da região de Sumé, cidade localizada no Cariri paraibano, estão inseridas nos skarnitos da Província Borborema, mais precisamente no Complexo Sumé do terreno geotectônico Alto Moxotó, correlacionado à orogênese Brasiliana. As apatitas da região já foram alvo de pesquisas para exploração do minério fosfato e atualmente é estudada para fins gemológicos. Após tratamento térmico, a apatita apresenta cor azul neon, que tem grande aceitação no mercado e, consequentemente, valor agregado. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a apatita verde bruta e a apatita azul tratada, através de análises laboratoriais físicas e/ou químicas. As análises físicas apresentaram índice de refração e densidade compatível com a literatura que são 1,635 a 1,641 e 3,16 e 3,23g/cm3 respectivamente. Para o tratamento térmico da apatita verde natural, a faixa de temperatura de 700ºC é a que resulta na cor azul artificial mais intensa. Os resultados das análises químicas de fluorescência e microfluorescência mostraram que se trata de uma fluorapatita, apresentando concentrações de Neodímio e Praseodímio e alta anomalia de Tório. As análises de UV-Visível constataram as bandas dos terras raras Neodímio e Praseodímio. Os espectros de Infravermelho evidenciaram nas amostras tratadas a perda de agua e os carbonatos de substituição. A mudança de cor após tratamento térmico das apatitas verdes naturais para as apatitas azuis artificiais é creditada à substituição do íon (PO4)3, pelo íon Mn5+. As apatitas azuis tratadas apresentam coloração violeta quando estão submetidas à radiação UV, enquanto as apatitas verdes naturais não alteram sua cor. / Apatite crystals of the Sumé region, occur in the Cariri region, inserted in skarns of the Sumé Complex, of the Alto Moxotó Terrane, Borborema Province, which is correlated to the Brasiliano orogeny. Such minerals, has already been focus of exploitation research, being currently studied for gemological purposes. After the heat treatment, the apatite show blue neon color, which has great acceptance in the market and, consequently, economic value. The objective of this work is to characterize the crude green apatite and the treated blue apatite, through physical and / or chemical laboratory analyzes. The physical analyses presented refractive index and density compatible with the literature data that are 1,635 to 1,641 and 3,16, besides 3,23 g/cm³, respectively. For the heat treatment of natural green apatite, the temperature range of 700ºC resulted in the most intense artificial blue color. The results of the chemical analyses of fluorescence and microfluorescence showed that it corresponds to a fluorapatite, presenting considerable concentrations of Neodymium and Praseodymium and high thorium anomaly. UV-Visible analyses showed the rare earth bands neodymium and praseodymium. Infrared spectra revealed in loss of water and carbonate replacement in the treated samples. Color changing after heat treatment of the natural green apatites to the artificial blue ones is credited to the substitution of the ion (PO4)3 by the ion Mn5+. Treated blue apatites showed violet coloration when subjected to UV radiation, while natural green apatites do not alter their color.

Diante de um cenário de expansão do agronegócio e do aumento do consumo de fertilizantes em função do crescimento exponencial da população, torna-se necessário um melhor aproveitamento das reservas minerais existentes, através da obtenção de produtos de melhor qualidade e em quantidades adequadas para atender à demanda nacional. No Complexo de Mineração de Tapira, da Vale Fertilizantes, é produzido o concentrado fosfático com teor de 35,0% de P2O5 a partir do minério com teor de P2O5 da ordem de 8,0% de P2O5, que são destinados ao suprimento do Complexo Industrial de Uberaba e do Complexo Minero químico de Araxá para fabricação de fertilizantes. A flotação industrial, etapa responsável pela recuperação do P2O5 e, consequentemente, pela viabilidade do negócio, é dividida nos circuitos friável, granulado e ultrafino, sendo que, o concentrado friável e granulado compõem o concentrado convencional. Hoje somente 14,7% da massa que alimenta a usina se torna produto, sendo o restante considerado perdas no processo, sendo que, as maiores perdas de massa estão localizadas no rejeito das flotações, representando 42,3%. De 2012 a 2014, a recuperação mássica global diária da usina de beneficiamento variou de 12,4 a 15,9% enquanto a recuperação metalúrgica diária de P2O5 de 48,7 a 82,4%. Pelo grau de variabilidade, é visível que a usina operou em diferentes condições. Visto isto, este trabalho teve como objetivos analisar a influência das variáveis operacionais e de processo nas recuperações mássica e metalúrgica de P2O5 da flotação industrial dos circuitos granulado, friável e ultrafino. E adicionalmente foi feito uma análise do efeito das variáveis do minério, tais como teores, dureza e percentual de minério da frente 02, nas recuperações globais da usina de beneficiamento e do efeito das dosagens de reagentes nas recuperações obtidas na flotação de bancada, utilizando a metodologia de planejamento de experimentos. Todo trabalho foi realizado utilizando o banco de dados histórico da Vale Fertilizantes de Tapira-MG, onde todas as variáveis independentes foram adimensionalizadas conforme a faixa experimental utilizada. Para fazer as análises estatísticas foi utilizada a técnica de superfície de respostas e os valores das variáveis independentes que maximizam as recuperações foram encontrados através da análise canônica. No estudo da flotação industrial do circuito friável foram obtidos 41,3% de recuperação mássica e 91,3% de recuperação metalúrgica de P2O5, valores bons para o circuito, sendo que as maiores recuperações ocorrem para concentração de sólidos da alimentação nova da flotação entre 45 e 50%, cujos valores estão atribuídos ao tempo de residência da polpa nas células e colunas de flotação industriais. Quanto maior o número de pilhas de minério retomadas no dia, maior a recuperação mássica, porém, neste cenário, a flotação se torna instável, pois há enorme variação de massa na alimentação. Maiores recuperações mássicas são obtidas para dosagem de depressor superior a 120 g/t e para dosagem de coletor sintético de 11,6%. No estudo da flotação industrial do circuito granulado foram obtidos 28,3% de recuperação mássica e 79,4% de recuperação metalúrgica de P2O5, sendo considerados valores bons para o circuito. Maiores recuperações são obtidas quando o percentual de minério da frente 02 se encontra acima de 90%, pelo fato do minério desta frente possuir apatitas mais recuperáveis na flotação. Da mesma forma as recuperações aumentam quando o nível de polpa da etapa rougher está mais alto em função da elevada massa de cargas circulantes que a etapa recebe. Já na análise da flotação industrial do circuito ultrafino, foram obtidos 23,95% de recuperação mássica, sendo que a mesma é maximizada para dosagem de depressor e coletor superior a 420 e 300 g/t, respectivamente. Na análise da influência das variáveis do minério, foi observado que maiores recuperações são obtidas para minérios com teor de P2O5 acima de 8,0%, teor de Fe2O3 na ordem de 28% e percentual de minério da frente 02 de 83%. O percentual de minério duro apresentou forte influência nas recuperações, devido à divisão de massas no circuito que está atrelada a esta variável. No entanto, o percentual de minério duro que maximiza as recuperações ficou bastante próximo da capacidade de projeto da usina de beneficiamento, que é de 20%. Finalmente, no estudo da flotação de bancada, foi notado que nos circuitos friável e granulado as maiores recuperações são atingidas para uma dosagem de coletor superior a 250 g/t e que o aumento simultâneo da dosagem de coletor e do percentual de coletor sintético contribui para o aumento de recuperação na flotação. Porém, neste cenário, está propício a produzir um concentrado mais pobre em termos de teor de P2O5, mostrando que nem sempre a maior recuperação representa o cenário ideal. Desta forma, os resultados apresentados mostraram os valores das variáveis que propiciam maiores recuperações na flotação e, consequentemente, menores perdas no rejeito. / Faced with an agribusiness expansion scenario and the increase in fertilizer consumption due to the exponential growth of the population, it is necessary to make better use of existing reserves, by obtaining products of better quality and in adequate quantities to meet demand national. In Tapira Mining Complex, Vale Fertilizantes, the phosphate concentrate is produced with content of 35.0% P2O5 from ore with content of about 8.0% P2O5, which are intended to supply Complex Industrial Uberaba and Araxá Minero Chemical Complex for the production of fertilizers. The industrial flotation step responsible for the recovery of P2O5 and hence the viability of the business is divided into the crumbly, grainy and ultrathin circuits, and, friable and granular concentrate comprise the conventional concentrated. Today only 14.7% of the mass which feeds the mill product becomes, the remainder being considered losses in the process, and the larger mass losses are located in the waste of flotation, representing 42.3%. From 2012 to 2014, the daily global mass recovery processing plants varied from 12.4 to 15.9% while the daily metallurgical recovery of P2O5 from 48.7 to 82.4%. By the degree of variability, it appears that the plant operated under different conditions. Seen this, this study aimed to analyze the influence of operational and process variables in P2O5 mass and metallurgical recoveries of industrial flotation circuits of grainy, crumbly and ultrathin. And besides was made an analysis of the effect of ore variables, as degrees, hardnesse and the ore front 02 percentage, in global recoveries of processing plant and the effect of dosages of reagents in the recoveries obtained from the bench flotation using the experimental design methodology. All work was performed using the historical database of Vale Fertilizantes of Tapira-MG, where all independent variables were dimensionless as the experimental range used. To make the statistical analysis it used the response surface technique and the values of the independent variables that maximize recoveries were found by canonical analysis. In the study of industrial flotation circuit crispy were obtained from 41.3% mass recovery and 91.3% metallurgical recovery P2O5, good values for the circuit, and the highest recoveries occur for solids concentration of the new flotation power between 45 and 50%, which values are assigned to the residence time of the pulp in cells and industrial flotation columns. The greater the number of ore heaps resumed on the higher the mass recovery, but in this scenario flotation becomes unstable because there is enormous weight variation in the feed. Higher recoveries are obtained for mass depressant dosage exceeding 120 g / t for synthetic collector dosage of 11.6%. In the study of industrial flotation circuit of the granulate were obtained 28.3% to 79.4% mass recovery and metallurgical recovery of P2O5 being considered good values for the circuit. Higher recoveries are obtained when the front ore 02 percentage is above 90%, because the ore of this front have more clear apatite. Likewise recoveries increase when the level of pulp rougher step is highest due to the high mass of circulating step receives loads. In the analysis of industrial flotation circuit of the ultrafine were obtained 23.95% of mass recovery, and the same is maximized to depressant dosage and the top collector 420 and 300 g / t, respectively. The analysis of the influence of variables ore, it was observed that higher recoveries are obtained for ores with P2O5 content above 8.0%, Fe2O3 content in the order of 28% forward and 02 of ore percentage of 83%. Hard ore percentage has strong influence on recoveries due to mass division in the circuit that is linked to this variable. However, the hard ore percentage that maximizes recoveries was very close to the design capacity of the processing plant, which is 20%. Finally, the study of the bench flotation, has noted that in friable and granular circuits the highest recoveries are achieved for a collector dosage exceeding 250 g / t and the simultaneous increase of collector dosage and synthetic collector percentage contributes to the increase recovery in the flotation, but this scenario is suitable to produce a concentrate poorer in terms of P2O5 content, showing that higher recovery is not always the ideal scenario. Thus, the results show the values of variables that provide higher recoveries in the flotation and hence lower losses in the waste. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

The Krasno deposit is only one active mine at Slavkovsky les. Mined are feldspars raw materials with high quality, commonly used in ceramic and glass industry. Mined raw material has a lot of additional components, which has influence on quality of raw material. Main additional components are unwanted coloring Fe oxides. Another additional components are apatite and topaz, which dont have influence on quality of raw material. The most interesting additional components of raw material are Ta - Nb, Li - Rb minerals. Currently the processing of raw material is under modernization for maximal separation high quality of feldspar material. The result of semi-processing operation shows the concentrate can be potential source of strategic raw materials as Nb - Ta or Li - Rb mineralization. For separation of these minerals and elements must be realized detailed research of selected processing and properties of these minerals. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The Northern Norrbotten ore district hosts a multitude of Sweden’s mineral deposits including world class deposits such as the Malmberget and Kirunavaara Iron oxide apatite deposits, the Aitik Iron oxide copper gold deposit, and a multitude of smaller deposits. Northern Norrbotten has been shaped by tectonothermal events related to the evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield and is a geologically complex environment. Without extensive rock outcropping and with most drilling localized to known deposits the regional to local scale of mineralization is not fully understood. To better understand the evolution and extent of the mineralization’s cross-disciplinary geosciences must be applied, where geophysical methods allow for interpretations of the deep and non-outcropping subsurface. Common earth modelling is a term describing a joint model derived from all available geoscientific data in an area, where geophysical models provide the framework.This study describes the geophysical modeling of two IOA deposits in Norrbotten, the Malmberget deposit in Gällivare and the Per-Geijer deposit in Kiruna. To better put these two deposits into a semi-regional setting magnetotelluric (MT) measurements have been conducted together with LKAB. LTU and LKAB have measured more than 200 MT stations in the two areas from 2016-2023. These measurements have then been robustly processed into magnetic transfer functions (impedances) for the broadband MT frequency spectrum (1000Hz,1000s). Then, all processed data judged to be of sufficient quality have been used for 3D inversion modelling using the ModEM code. The resulting conductivity/resistivity models reveals the local conductivity structure of the area, believed to be closely tied to the mineralization due to the conductive properties of the iron bearing minerals. Both areas yielded believable models which pinpointed known mineralization’s at surface as conductive anomalies and their connections to deeper regional anomalies.During modelling a robust iteratively re-weighted least square (IRLS) scheme has been implemented in the inversion algorithms. This scheme allows for objective re-weighting of data errors based on the ability for a given model discretization to predict individual datums. This, to better identify measurements which have been contaminated by local electromagnetic noise due to anthropogenic sources (mainly the power grid and railway). Due to the mathematical properties of the scheme, it allows for models which minimizes the L1 data error-norm instead of usual L2 minimization. This has yielded models whit sharper contrasts in resistivity and successfully emphasizes data believed to be reliable. Results indicate that the scheme was implemented successfully and the tradeoffs in data-fit are deemed acceptable.In addition, in the Kiruna study potential field data (magnetic total field and gravimetry) have been 3D modelled for the same area. These data sets have been inversion modelled in 3D using the MR3D-code developed at LTU with partners. Resulting 3D models have then been interpreted collectively both traditionally and with the use of machine learning methods. To guide interpretations more than 100 rock samples have been collected in the area and their petrophysical properties (density, magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity) have been measured at LTU. These petrophysical properties have been used to guide the machine learning methods for the 3D models by first using K-mean clustering on normalized petrophysical data and then using the resulting centroid vectors as input for a Gaussian mixture model of the similarly normalized 3D models. Resulting clusters show potential in being able to pick up sharp geological boundaries but expectedly is unable to fully capture geological structures one to one.

The Per Geijer iron oxide-apatite deposits are important potential future resources for Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB), which has been continuously mining magnetite/hematite ores in northern Sweden for almost 130 years. The Per Geijer deposits reveal a high phosphorus content and vary from magnetite-dominated to hematite-dominated ores, respectively. The high phosphorus concentration of these ores results from highly elevated content of apatite as gangue mineral. Reliable, robust, and qualitative characterization of the mineralization is required as these ores inherit complex mineralogical and textural features. The precise mineralogical information obtained by optical microscopy, SEM-MLA and Raman improves the characterization of ore types and will benefit future processing strategies for this complex mineralization. The different approaches demonstrate advantages and disadvantages in classification, imaging, discrimination of iron oxides, and time consumption of measurement and processing. A comprehensive mineral-chemical dataset of magnetite, hematite and apatite obtained by electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) and LA-ICP-MS from representative drill core samples is presented. Magnetite, four different types of hematite and five types of apatite constitute the massive orebodies: Primary and pristine magnetite with moderate to high concentrations of Ti (∼61–2180 ppm), Ni (∼11–480 ppm), Co (∼5–300 ppm) and V (∼553–1831 ppm) indicate a magmatic origin for magnetite. The presence of fluorapatite and associated monazite inclusions and disseminated pyrite enclosed by magnetite with high Co:Ni ratios (> 10) in massive magnetite ores are consistent with a high temperature (∼ 800°C) genesis for the deposit. The different and abundant types of hematite, especially hematite type I, state subsequent hydrothermal events. Chromium, Ni, Co and V in both magnetite and hematite have low concentrations in terms of current product regulations and thus no effect on final products in the future. In terms of a possible future hematite product, titanium seems to be the most critical trace element due to very high concentrations in hematite types I and IV, of which type I is most abundant in zones dominated by hematite. Further interest on other products is generated due to the high variability of hematite and apatite in some of these ores. Information obtained from comminution test works in the laboratory scale can be utilized to characterize ore types and to predict the behavior of ore during comminution circuit in the industrial scale. Comminution tests with a laboratory rod and ball mill of 13 pre-defined ore types from the Per Geijer iron-oxide apatite deposits were conducted in this study. The highest P80 values were obtained by grinding in the rod mill for 10 minutes only (step A). Grinding steps B (25 min ball mill) and C (35 min ball mill) reveal very narrow P80 values. Ore types dominated by hematite have significantly higher P80 values after the primary grinding step (A), which indicates different hardness of the ore types. P80 values are generally lowest after the secondary grinding step C ranging between 26 µm (ore type M1a) and 80 µm (ore type H2a). Generally, Fe content increases in the finer particle size classes while CaO and P contents decrease. The influence of silica or phosphorus seems to be dependent on the dominant iron oxide. Magnetite-dominated ore types are more likely to be affected in their comminution behavior by the presence of the silicates. Contrary, hematite-dominant ore types are rather influenced by the presence of apatite. The difference in the degree of liberation of magnetite and hematite between ore types depends rather on size fractions than the amount of gangue in the ore. Davis tube data indicates that magnetite can be separated from gangue quite efficiently in the magnetite-dominated ore types. Contrary to magnetite ore, hematite-dominated ore types cannot be processed by DT. It is favored to use strong magnetic separation in order to achieve a desirable hematite concentrate. The magnetic material recovered by DT is most efficiently separated at an intensity current of 0.2 A, whereas above 0.5 A the separation process is neglectable. Based on comminution and magnetic separation tests a consolidation to eight ore types is favored which supports possible future mining of the Per Geijer deposits.:Contents ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………… I CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………… II LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ……………………………………………… IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………… V 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Background and motivation of study ……………………………… 2 1.2 Previous and current work on the Per Geijer deposits ……………… 3 1.3 The need for mineral processing and in-situ ore description ……………… 4 1.4 General and generic aspects on iron oxide apatite deposits ……………… 5 Chapter A 2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY ………………………………………………. 7 2.1 Local geology of the Kiruna area ……………………………………… 7 2.2 Geology of the Per Geijer deposits ……………………………………… 9 3 METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………… 12 3.1 Core sampling and preparation ……………………………………… 12 3.2 SEM – MLA in-situ ore ……………………………………………… 14 3.3 Electron Probe Microanalyses (EPMA) ……………………………… 15 3.3.1 Iron oxide measurements ……………………………………… 15 3.3.2 Apatite measurements ……………………………………… 15 3.4 In-situ LA-ICP-MS ……………………………………………………… 16 3.5 Whole-rock geochemistry ……………………………………………… 18 3.5.1 Exploration drill core assays ……………………………… 18 3.5.2 Chemical assays of rock chips ……………………………… 18 4 RESULTS ……………………………………………………………… 19 4.1 Pre-definition of ore types ………………………………...……………. 19 4.2 Mineralogy of in situ ore ……………………………………………… 21 4.2.1 Ore Type M1a ……………………………………………… 21 4.2.2 Ore Type M1b ……………………………………………… 22 4.2.3 Ore Type M2a ……………………………………………… 23 4.2.4 Ore Type M2b ……………………………………………… 25 4.2.5 Ore Type HM1b ……………………………………………… 26 4.2.6 Ore Type HM2a ……………………………………………… 27 4.2.7 Ore Type HM2b ……………………………………………… 28 4.2.8 Ore Type H1a ……………………………………………… 29 4.2.9 Ore Type H1b ……………………………………………… 30 4.2.10 Ore Type H2a ……………………………………………… 31 4.2.11 Ore Type H2b ……………………………………………… 32 4.2.12 Comparison of ore types ……………………………………… 33 4.3 Geochemistry of in situ ore types ……………………………… 36 4.3.1 Whole-rock chemical assays of drill cores ……………………… 36 4.3.2 Whole-rock geochemistry of rock chips ……………………… 39 4.4 Mineral chemistry of iron oxides ……………………………………… 42 4.4.1 Iron oxides and associated minerals ……………………………… 42 4.4.2 Mineral chemistry of magnetite from Per Geijer ……………… 43 4.4.3 Mineral chemistry of hematite from Per Geijer ……………… 47 4.5 Mineral chemistry of apatite ……………………………………… 51 4.5.1 Apatite and associated minerals ……………………………… 51 4.5.2 Mineral chemistry of apatite from Per Geijer ……………… 53 Chapter B 5 COMMINUTION TESTS ……………………………………………… 58 5.1 Methodology of comminution tests ……………………………………… 59 5.1.1 Sampling for comminution tests ……………………………… 59 5.1.2 Comminution circuit ……………………………………………… 61 5.1.3 Energy consumption calculation ……………………………… 62 5.1.4 SEM – MLA ……………………………………………………… 64 6 MAGNETIC SEPARATION TESTS ……………………………… 65 6.1 Methodology of magnetic separation by Davis magnetic tube ……… 66 6.2 Davis magnetic tube tests for characterization of the Per Geijer ore types 66 6.3 Separation analysis based on the Henry-Reinhard charts .……………... 67 7 RESULTS OF COMMINUTION OF ORE TYPES ……………………… 69 7.1 General characteristics of magnetite-dominated ore types ……………… 69 7.2 General characteristics of hematite-dominated ore types ……………… 72 7.3 General characteristics of magnetite/hematite-mixed ore types ……… 75 7.4 General characteristics of low-grade ore types ……………………… 77 7.5 Mineral liberation characteristics of magnetite-dominated ore types 79 7.6 Mineral liberation characteristics of hematite-dominated ore types 83 7.7 Mineral liberation characteristics of magnetite/hematite-mixed ore types 87 7.8 Mineral liberation characteristics of low-grade ore types ……………… 90 7.9 Total energy consumption of ore types from the Per Geijer deposits 94 8 RESULTS OF MAGNETIC SEPARATION OF ORE TYPES ……… 95 8.1 Magnetic separation of magnetite-dominated ore types ……………… 95 8.2 Magnetic separation of hematite-dominated ore types ……………… 96 8.3 Magnetic separation of magnetite/hematite-mixed ore types ……………… 97 8.4 Magnetic separation of low-grade ore types ……………………………… 98 8.5 Henry-Reinhard charts ……………………………………………… 99 9 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………… 101 9.1 Mineralogy of the in-situ ore types from the Per Geijer deposits ……… 101 9.2 Geochemistry of the in-situ ore types from the Per Geijer deposits ……… 103 9.3 Mineral chemistry of iron oxides from the Per Geijer deposits ……… 105 9.4 Mineral chemistry of apatite from the Per Geijer deposits ……………… 114 9.5 Comminution of ore types from Per Geijer ……………………… 119 9.6 Magnetic separation of ore types from Per Geijer ……………………… 120 9.7 Issues with process mineralogy of in-situ and grinded ore types ……… 121 10 CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………… 128 11 IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ……………………………… 131 12 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………… 134

The Aegean is a classic setting for studying exhumation of high-pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks. Two end-member models are proposed to explain the uplift of these rocks: core-complex style extension along low-angle normal faults and extrusion-wedge uplift. Extrusion-wedge underplating is the mechanism that exhumed HP rocks on Evia whereas Tinos hosts several detachments varying in age from 30-9 Ma. Andros, situated between them, may be the geological manifestation of the interplay of these processes and provides an opportunity to test these models. Detachments on NW Tinos and on Andros and the enigmatic low-angle Makrotantalon Unit contact on Andros were insufficiently dated prior to this study. Geo- and thermochronometrycombined with structural observations from sampling transects in the transport direction from (1) lower plate Cycladic Blueschist Unit on Andros and Tinos, (2) middle plate Makrotantalon Unit on Andros, and (3) hanging wall Upper Unit address these issues. Maximum depositional ages from detrital zircon U-Pb geochronometry and structures reveal Paleocene-Eocene syn-HP metamorphism thrusting resulted in an inversed-age relationship between the Permian Makrotantalon Unit and the underlying Triassic-Eocene Cycladic Blueschist Unit on Andros. The Makrotantalon Unit has an internal inversed stratigraphy whereas the Cycladic Blueschist Unit on Andros and Tinos appear stratigraphically intact. Structures and zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He ages in transects from NW Tinos (~12-8 Ma) and central Andros Cycladic Blueschist Unit (~13-7 Ma) indicate rapid cooling due to exhumation associated with the Livada Detachment. Older cooling ages (~16-10 Ma) and structures in the Makrotantalon Unit indicate later brittle strain localization on the Makrotantalon Thrust contact is accommodated by rheologically weaker serpentinites and calc-schists, resulting in slivering of the footwall under the Livada Detachment on Andros. Estimated mean cooling slip rates of the Livada Detachment on Andros of ~3.8 (+1.2/-1.3) km/Myr and 2.1 (+0.2/-0.2) km/Myr on NW Tinos resulted in minimum vertical exhumations of 15 km and 4 km, respectively. The NCDS here accommodated ~12-25% of 60 km of HP-rock exhumation from ~30-7 Ma. We present a tectonic model to elucidate the evolution of the Makrotantalon Unit and the magnitude, temporal, and spatial variability of exhumation via detachments on these islands. / text

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Functional materials, particularly metal oxides, have been the focus of much attention in solid state chemistry for many years and impact every aspect of modern life. The approach adopted in this thesis to access desirable functionality for enhanced fundamental understanding is via modifying existing materials by deploying reducing synthetic procedures. This work spans several groups of inorganic crystalline materials, but is unified by the development of new properties within host compounds of particular relevance to solid oxide fuel cell technology, which allow interstitial oxide ion conduction at elevated temperatures. The Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₂e₂ electride was successfully synthesized by replacing the mobile extra-framework oxygen ions with electrons acting as anions. The high concentration of electrons in the C12A7 electride gives rise to an exceptionally high electronic conductivity of up to 245 S cm⁻¹ at room temperature. Making use of the high density of electrons in Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₂e₂ electride, the strong N-N bonds in N₂ was found to be broken when heating Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₂e₂ in a N₂ atmosphere. A reaction between silicate apatites and the titanium metal yielded another completely new electride material La₉.₀Sr₁.₀(SiO₄)₆O₂.₄e₀.₂ which was found to be a semiconductor. To fully understand the role of oxygen interstitials in silicate apatites, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was employed as the main technique in probing how the oxygen nonstoichiometry is accommodated at the atomic level. Atomic-resolution imaging of interstitial oxygen in La₉.₀Sr₁.₀(SiO₄)₆O₂.₅ proved to be a success in this thesis. Substitution of oxygen in 2a and interstitial sites with fluoride ions in La[subscript(8+y)]Sr[subscript(2- z)](SiO₄)₆O[subscript(2+(3y-2z)/2)] (0<y<2, 0<z<2) could be an approach to enriching the functionalities in the apatite structure. A wide range of fluoride substitution levels was tolerated in La[subscript(10-x)]Sr[subscript(x)](SiO₄)₆O[subscript(3-1.5x)]F[subscript(2x)] (x= 0.67, 1, 1.5, 2) and AC impedance measurements were found in support of a tentative conclusion that fluoride ions could be mobile in fluorinated apatites. The last part of this thesis was focused on a new class of fast oxide ion conductors based on Ge₅P₆O₂₅ whose performance was superior to both La₉.₀Sr₁.₀(SiO₄)₆O₂.₅ and Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ in the low temperature range.