Orientador: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Banca: Dagoberto Martins / Banca: Antonio Sergio Ferraudo / Banca: Ricardo Victoria Filho / Banca: Robert Deuber / Abstract: The aquatic weeds are essentially important in water bodies under strong antropic influence, especially in hydropower water reservoirs built-up in highly urbanized regions. In the energy generation system of hydropower company “Light Serviços de Eletricidade”, the Santana reservoir historically has more problems with aquatic weeds. Aiming to solve these problems the company periodically promotes a mechanical harvesting cleaning up the reservoir, but after some time it is completely re-colonized by the macrophytes and the 4 problems are back. Aiming to understand the macrophytes re-colonization dynamics, fields surveys were done monthly, identifying and quantifying the aquatic weed populations in 91 sampling sites. The weeds quantification was done by means of a colonization scale changing from 0 (no plants) to 4 (high colonization, more than 80% of the sampling site). The evolution of colonization area and the geographic distribution pattern were studied for aquatic weed populations, while diversity and equitability coefficients, several similarity index and multivariate analysis were applied to study the macrophyte communities between sampling times. There was a well defined colonization succession process, characterized by variation in the relative size of the different populations and some seral stages could be established, at least for mechanical harvesting planning and some biotic conditions of the macrophyte community. It was not possible to detect a succession of populations, but a succession of colonization conditions since there were no expressive increments or extinctions of species in the reservoir during the year. The exotic species to the reservoir and with early colonization were the predominant ones in the macrophyte community with special attention to Egeria densa and Brachiaria arrecta. For some species, as Eichhornia crassipes and Myriophyllum aquaticum, the biotic pressures of natural enemies probably had decisive effects on. / Doutor

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas em trechos do rio Monjolinho e alguns de seus tributários, avaliando a sua riqueza e distribuição. Além disso, variáveis físicas e químicas da água e sedimento de alguns locais de amostragem foram relacionadas com a ocorrência e distribuição das macrófitas aquáticas. Foram realizadas duas campanhas de coleta, uma em janeiro de 2004, no período chuvoso e outra em julho de 2004, em época de estiagem. Para a análise física e química da água e do sedimento foram realizadas amostragens em 9 pontos. Para o levantamento das macrófitas aquáticas e sua distribuição foram considerados 19 pontos ao longo do rio Monjolinho, enquanto para a análise da relação das macrófitas com as variáveis físicas e químicas do rio foram selecionadas 5 áreas, incluindo a nascente e foz do rio Monjolinho e três tributários. Os resultados mostraram que o rio Monjolinho encontra-se altamente impactado após a passagem pela área urbana, apresentando alguma capacidade de depuração em direção a sua foz. Comparados com outros trabalhos já realizados no período de 1989-1999, os dados demonstraram que muito pouco foi feito para a melhoria da qualidade deste rio. Com relação à comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas, a riqueza total foi relativamente baixa, comparada a de outros estudos realizados em ambientes lóticos brasileiros. Uma maior riqueza de espécies e maiores índices de diversidade foram encontrados na região mais próxima a nascente, nos dois períodos de coleta, diferindo do que foi verificado na área urbana. Além disso, intervenções antrópicas no rio, incluindo obras, podas e a invasão de espécies exóticas, a exemplo da gramínea Pennisetum purpureum, possivelmente influenciaram na distribuição de macrófitas aquáticas dentro da área urbana e ao longo do rio Monjolinho, respectivamente. Por outro lado, não foi evidenciada estatisticamente uma relação entre variáveis físicas e químicas e macrófitas aquáticas no rio Monjolinho, em parte devido à predominância de espécies emersas e anfíbias, as quais são citadas na literatura como espécies que apresentam maior amplitude ecológica, não sendo, assim, consideradas boas indicadoras de qualidade da água / The present work aimed to study the aquatic macrophyte community along Monjolinho river and some of its tributaries, assessing their richness and distribution. In addition, the water and sediment physical and chemical variables of the selected sampling points were related with the macrophyte occurrence and distribution. The data for this study were collected in January 2004, in a rainy period and July 2004, a dry period. Chemical and physical analyses were carried out at 9 sampling points. For the aquatic macrophytes survey, 19 points were selected in the Monjolinho river, while for the analysis of the macrophyte relation with chemical and physical characteristics, 5 areas were selected, including the Monjolinho river spring and the river mouth, and three tributaries. The results showed that Monjolinho river is highly impacted after the urban area, which compared with other data, between 1989 to 1999, demonstrated that little has been done to improve its water quality. The aquatic macrophyte richness at Monjolinho river, was considered relatively low, compared with other studies in brazilian rivers. The greatest richness and diversity were found near the river spring, differing from what was observed in the urban area. Also, anthropogenic activities in the river, including repair, periodic cutting and the presence of invasive exotic species such as Pennisetum purpureum possibly influenced the macrophyte community distribution within the urban area and along the Monjolinho river respectively. On the other hand, it was not statistically evidenced a relationship between physical and chemical variables and the aquatic macrophyte community considered, partially due to the predominance of emergent and anfibious species which are cited in literature as weak indicators of water quality, for their high ecological amplitude

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-02-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_mr_me_botfca.pdf: 886137 bytes, checksum: 7cf20ed4a5044460c767ebdefdff18c1 (MD5) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, bromatológica e a decomposição de Egeria densa, E. najas e Ceratophyllum demersum, três espécies de plantas aquáticas imersas provenientes do reservatório de Jupiá da Usina Hidrelétrica Souza Dias, para determinar a melhor estratégia para descarte e/ou aproveitamento da biomassa coletada em operações mecânicas de controle. O estudo foi realizado em duas épocas do ano, verão e inverno. Amostras de plantas foram coletadas em nove pontos do trecho Tietê do reservatório, envolvendo quatro lagoas marginais e o leito do rio em questão. Estas foram desidratadas, pesadas para determinação de matéria seca, moídas e encaminhadas aos respectivos laboratórios para análise. Os maiores teores de água encontrado nas plantas foi para a espécie C. demersum, a qual obteve também a menor relação C/N, em comparação às demais espécies estudadas. Para as três espécies, a maior concentração dos elementos analisados, foi encontrada durante o período de verão, apresentando decréscimo nas concentrações no inverno. As espécies amostradas apresentam boa opção para uso em dietas animal, porém deve-se levar em conta o alto teor de água, necessitando prévia secagem para que possa ser inserida na dieta alimentar de animais. Referente ao descarte da biomassa em solo, ficou claro a necessidade de se efetuar tal procedimento em época seca do ano, haja visto a grande dificuldade de secagem e incorporação do material em solo úmido.... / The purpose of this work was to evaluate the chemical and bromatological compositions and the decomposition of Egeria densa, Egeria najas and Ceratophyllum demersum residues, three submerged aquatic plants, importants in Jupia reservoir. These data will be useful to determine a better strategy for discharge and/or utilization the plant biomass harvested by the mechanical control. The study was carried out in two seasons, summer and winter. Plants samples were collected in nine points in the Tiete river, including four marginal lakes and in the river body. Samples were dried, weighted, grounded and sent to laboratories for chemical analysis. Higher water level in plants were observed in the C. demersum species, in which were observed the smaller C/N relationship too, in comparison in the other species studied. For the three species, higher concentration of elements analyzed, was observed during the summer, decreasing in the winter. The species are good option to use in animal feeding, even it should be considered the high level of water, requiring a drying before to be inserted in feeding of animals. Considering to the discharge of the plant biomass in the soil, it was clear that need to make such procedure in dry season of the year, have seen that the great difficult in evaporate and incorporation of material in humid soil. However, the probable discard it should happen in the areas with irrigation systems, facilitating the degradation process of the incorporated material in the wet soil.

Resumo: O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar, em sete espécies de plantas daninhas aquáticas, Enhydra anagallis Gardn., Brachiaria mutica Stapf, Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc., Panicum repens Burm. f., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav. e Typha subulata Crespo & Perez-Moreau, as características da anatomia da folha, o pH foliar e a área de molhamento de gotas de pulverização nas superfícies foliares adaxial e abaxial. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo de Pesquisas Avançadas em Matologia - NUPAM, do Departamento de Produção Vegetal, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas de Botucatu/UNESP, e no Departamento de Botânica, do Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu/UNESP. As plantas foram cultivadas em caixas d'água sob condições de campo e, quando apresentavam pleno desenvolvimento, ou seja, antes do florescimento, foram realizadas as amostragens do material foliar, para as sete espécies estudadas. Com relação às estruturas presentes no limbo foliar, foram quantificados os seguintes caracteres anatômicos das regiões da nervura central e internervural: epiderme das faces adaxial e abaxial, feixe vascular, bainha do feixe vascular (=endoderme), esclerênquima, parênquima e lacunas do aerênquima. Foi também mensurada, na região internervural, a espessura do limbo foliar, bem como realizada a contagem do número de estômatos e de tricomas das faces adaxial e abaxial. Os dados dos 19 caracteres estruturais quantitativos, utilizados na diferenciação das espécies de plantas daninhas aquáticas estudadas, foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos multivariados de Análise de Agrupamento e Análise de Componentes Principais. Os componentes Y1 e Y2, foram responsáveis, respectivamente, por 63,58% e 18,40% da informação retida pelos caracteres estudados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / The aim of this research was to study leaf anatomy characteristic, leaf pH and to evaluate the spreading area after application of solution surfactants of following aquatic weeds, Enhydra anagallis Gardn., Brachiaria mutica Stapf, Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) Hitchc., Panicum repens Burm. f., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav. and Typha subulata Crespo & Perez-Moreau. Aquatic weeds were cultivated in reservoirs containing water in field conditions and it was collected foliar tissues when plants reached its full development (before flowering). For weeds anatomy characterizations were study anatomic structure presented at leaf blade and the following structures were quantitative evaluated: upper and lower epidermal faces, vascular bundles (=endodermis), esclerenchyma, parenchyma and lacuna of the aerenchyma. At the internerve region the thickness of foliar hem was evaluated. For foliar hem nineteen quantitative anatomic characters were used for aquatic weeds differentiation and the datas were analyzed as multivariate analyses. Components Y1 and Y2 were responsible for 63.58 and 18.40% on retained information of the studied character. The main components analyses of leaf quantitative anatomic characters of the aquatic weed species were responsible for grouping the species in three distinct groups. All aquatic weed species showed anfistomata leaves. Only grasses, B. mutica, B. subquadripara, P. repens, presented tricomas. Leaf pH medium values varied between 5.50 and 7.50, pointing out to E. anagallis that have the higher pH values with 6.68 and 7.02 for upper and lower surfaces. Superficial drop tension for glyphosate alone (5.0% v v-1), glyphosate + Aterbane BR (5.0 + 0.5% v v-1), glyphosate + silwett L-77 (5.0 + 0.05% v v-1), and surfactants alone... (Complete abstract, click eletronic address below) / Orientador: Roberto Antonio Rodella / Coorientador: Dagoberto Martins / Banca: Eduardo A. Lemos Erasmo / Bacna: Fernando Tadeu de Carvalho / Mestre

Thesis (M.S.)--Indiana University, 2009. / Department of Geography, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Jeffrey S. Wilson, Lenore P. Tedesco, Daniel P. Johnson. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-77).

Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή μελετήθηκαν οι λιμνοθάλασσες της Δυτικής Ελλάδας Ροδιά, Τσουκαλιό και Λογαρού του Αμβρακικού κόλπου, η λιμνοθάλασσα Κλείσοβα του συμπλέγματος λιμνοθαλασσών Μεσολογγίου-Αιτωλικού, η λιμνοθάλασσα του Αράξου και η λιμνοθάλασσα του Καϊάφα με σκοπό να αξιολογηθεί η οικολογική τους κατάσταση με τη χρήση υδρόβιων μακροφύτων ως ειδών δεικτών. Τα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής παρουσιάζονται σε τέσσερα μέρη. Στο πρώτο μέρος γίνεται διάκριση των λιμνοθαλασσών της Δυτικής Ελλάδας σε τύπους με βάση τα κύρια αβιοτικά και γεωμορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά τους. Στο δεύτερο μέρος διερευνώνται οι εποχικές και χωρικές διακυμάνσεις των αβιοτικών παραμέτρων που μετρήθηκαν σε κάθε τύπο λιμνοθάλασσας από την άνοιξη του 2005 έως το φθινόπωρο του 2007. Στο τρίτο μέρος γίνεται διάκριση των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων των λιμνοθαλασσών της Δυτικής Ελλάδας σε συναθροίσεις και διερευνώνται οι εποχικές και διαχρονικές τους μεταβολές σε κάθε τύπο λιμνοθάλασσας. Τέλος, στο τέταρτο μέρος της διδακτορικής διατριβής εκτιμήθηκε η οικολογική κατάσταση κάθε τύπου λιμνοθάλασσας με τη χρήση έξι διαφορετικών δεικτών που βασίζονται τόσο σε αβιοτικά (TSI-Chl-a, TSI-TP, TRIX) και βιοτικά κριτήρια (EEI, E-MaQI) ή συνδυασμό και των δύο (TWQI). Στη Μεσόγειο διακρίθηκαν συνολικά πέντε τύποι λιμνοθαλασσών που διαφέρουν σημαντικά μεταξύ τους ως προς το μέγεθος και την αλατότητα. Οι λιμνοθάλασσες της Δυτικής Ελλάδας ανήκουν στους τέσσερις από τους πέντε τύπους. Οι τιμές των αβιοτικών παραμέτρων που μετρήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια των περιόδων παρακολούθησης (άνοιξη 2005-φθινόπωρο 2007), υποδεικνύουν τη χωρική και χρονική διακύμανση των χαρακτηριστικών της στήλης του νερού στους τέσσερις τύπους λιμνοθαλασσών της Δυτικής Ελλάδας, με σημαντικότερες μεταβολές να παρατηρούνται κυρίως την άνοιξη και το καλοκαίρι. Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή για πρώτη φορά γίνεται συστηματική καταγραφή και παρακολούθηση της υδρόβιας βλάστησης στις λιμνοθάλασσες της Δυτικής Ελλάδας. Συνολικά συλλέχθηκαν και αναγνωρίστηκαν 40 είδη υδρόβιων μακροφύτων που σχηματίζουν πέντε διαφορετικές συναθροίσεις μακροφύτων. Τα αγγειόσπερμα είδη Zostera noltii, Ruppia cirrhosa, Cymodocea nodosa, Potamogeton pectinatus καθώς και τα χαρόφυτα Lamprothamnium papulosum και Chara hispida f. corfuensis αποτελούν τα κυρίαρχα είδη στους τύπους λιμνοθαλασσών της Δυτικής Ελλάδας και είναι εκείνα τα οποία συμβάλλουν σημαντικά στην ανομοιότητα (ANOSIM) των συναθροίσεων μεταξύ των τύπων λιμνοθαλασσών. Οι δείκτες εκτίμησης της τροφικής κατάστασης των μεταβατικών οικοσυστημάτων που χρησιμοποιούνται μέχρι σήμερα έχουν σχεδιαστεί είτε για λίμνες είτε για παράκτια ύδατα και η επιλογή του καταλληλότερου αποτελεί πρόκληση για την επιστημονική κοινότητα. Η εφαρμογή αβιοτικών δεικτών στις λιμνοθάλασσες της Δυτικής Ελλάδας κατατάσσει την τροφική κατάσταση των λιμνοθαλασσών κυμαίνεται από ολιγοτροφική έως υπερτροφική. Επιπλέον, στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή, η εφαρμογή βιοτικών δεικτών που στηρίζονταν στην υδρόβια βλάστηση παρουσίασε δυσκολίες και περιορισμούς λόγω των διαφορετικών ειδών υδρόβιων μακροφύτων που απαντώνται στις λιμνοθάλασσες της Δυτικής Ελλάδας. Ο δείκτης E-MaQI μπόρεσε να εφαρμοστεί μόνο σε δύο (Κλείσοβα, Άραξος) από τις έξι λιμνοθάλασσες λόγω περιορισμένου αριθμού ειδών, ενώ ο δείκτης ΕΕΙ-c δεν εφαρμόστηκε στη λιμνοθάλασσα του Καϊάφα λόγω έλλειψης κατάταξης του είδους Chara hispida f. corfuensis σε ομάδα οικολογικής κατάστασης. Παρόλα αυτά, στις περιοχές όπου εφαρμόστηκαν οι παραπάνω δείκτες η οικολογική κατάσταση των λιμνοθαλασσών κυμαίνονταν από φτωχή έως άριστη. Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή ελέγχθηκε και βαθμονομήθηκε ο πολυμετρικός δείκτης TWQI στους τέσσερις τύπους λιμνοθαλασσών της Δυτικής Ελλάδας και συγκρίθηκε με άλλα έξι διαφορετικά μεταβατικά οικοσυστήματα της Μεσογείου. Από τα αποτελέσματα προκύπτει ότι η εφαρμογή του πολυμετρικού δείκτη TWQI είναι καταλληλότερη για τα μεταβατικά οικοσυστήματα. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής μπορούν να αποτελέσουν σημαντικό εργαλείο στην κατανόηση των σχέσεων που αναπτύσσονται μεταξύ των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων και των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων ως μέρους των δομικών στοιχείων των λιμνοθαλασσών και τα συμπεράσματά της μπορούν να συγκριθούν με αντίστοιχα των λιμνοθαλασσών της Μεσογείου. / In the current thesis they were monitored six coastal lagoons positioned at the Western coast of Greece: Rodia, Tsoukalio and Logarou lagoons belonging to the Amvrakikos Gulf lagoonal complex, as well as Kleisova which belong to the Messolonghi-Aitoliko lagoonal complex, Araxos and Kaiafas lagoons in order to assess their ecological status using aquatic macrophytes as indicator species. The results of this study are presented in four parts. Into the first part coastal lagoons were classified into lagoon types according to their main abiotic and geomorphological characteristics. The second part explores the seasonal and spatial variations of abiotic parameters measured in each lagoon type from spring 2005 to autumn 2007. Additionally, the third part distinguishes the aquatic macrophytes of Western Greece coastal lagoons in assemblages and investigated the seasonal and temporal changes of them in each lagoon type. Finally, the fourth part of the thesis assessed the trophic status of each lagoon using six different indicators based on both abiotic (TSI-Chl-a, TSI-TP, TRIX) and biotic criteria (EEI-c, E-MaQI) or combination of both (TWQI). In the Mediterranean region coastal lagoons were totally distinguished into five lagoons types which differ significantly in size and salinity. Coastal lagoons of Western Greece belong only to four of them. The principal component analysis applied separately to the lagoons of Western Greece verify the above results and except from size and salinity, considers that the average depth, the freshwater inflow, the length and width of the barrier and the degree of confinement contribute significantly to their differentiation. The values of abiotic parameters measured during the monitoring periods, indicate the spatial and temporal variation of water quality characteristics at four lagoon types of Western Greece, with significant changes mainly occur in spring and summer. Coastal lagoons with high degree of confinement (Type I – Rodia) showed high nitrate concentrations and lower salinity values, unlike lagoon Types II and III (Tsoukalio, Logarou, Kleisova, Araxos) that are exposed to higher seawater influence. In all studied lagoons of Western Greece, the mean concentration values of Chl-a were low, although nutrient concentrations were high, indicating ongoing eutrophication phenomena. The current thesis constitutes the first systematic approach of monitoring the submerged aquatic vegetation of coastal lagoons in Western Greece. They were totally collected and identified 40 submerged aquatic macrophyte species which forming five different macrophytic assemblages. The angiosperm species of Zostera noltii, Ruppia cirrhosa, Cymodocea nodosa, Potamogeton pectinatus, as well as, the charophytes Lamprothamnium papulosum and Chara hispida f. corfuensis are the dominant species of coastal lagoons in Western Greece. These species contribute significantly to the dissimilarity (ANOSIM) of macrophytic assemblages between lagoon types. The presence of opportunistic species of the genus Ulva and Cladophora, as well as epiphytic species of genus Chondria or Ceramium were more pronounced in spring and summer. During the monitoring period they were recorded significant changes in salinity values in Rodia lagoon resulting thus to the decrease of mean abundance of the angiosperm species Zostera noltii which was replaced by Ruppia cirrhosa. The results of Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed that abiotic parameters such as depth, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and concentrations of Chl-a and total inorganic nitrogen affect the composition of macrophytic assemblages. The calculation of diversity indices in coastal lagoons of Western Greece showed statistically significant differences between seasons and sampling stations. Lagoon types that are more influenced by seawater intrusion such as Types II and III showed higher number of species and higher Shannon index values with respect to lagoon Types I and IV. In this thesis the application of biotic indices based on submerged aquatic vegetation presented difficulties and limitations due to the different species of aquatic macrophytes found in coastal lagoons of Western Greece. The index E-MaQI could be implemented in only two (Kleisova, Araxos) of the six lagoons due to the limited number of species, while the index EEI-c could not be applied in Kaiafas lagoon due to the lack of classification of species Potamogeton pectinatus in an ecological status group. However, into the areas in which both indices applied yielded different results ranging from poor to high ecological condition. The multimetric index TWQI was tested and calibrated in four different lagoon types of Western Greece and compared with other Mediterranean transitional water ecosystems. The results showed that the application of TWQI is appropriate for transitional ecosystems. The index is simple to use and is less sensitive to changes in Chl-a and nutrients that derived from nutrient inputs due to anthropogenic activities. The results of this thesis could be considered an important tool for understanding the relationships between physicochemical parameters and aquatic macrophytes, as part of the structural elements of the lagoons, while the findings could be compared with other lagoons of the Mediterranean Sea.

Οι λίμνες αποτελούν πλέον ένα εκτενές ερευνητικό αντικείμενο για πολλά και διαφορετικά επιστημονικά πεδία. Ο ρόλος τους ως αναπόσπαστο μέρος του υδρολογικού κύκλου και ως «πηγή» νερού καθιστά τις λίμνες οικοσυστήματα ύψιστης σημασίας που προσελκύουν το παγκόσμιο ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον. Γι αυτό το λόγο άλλωστε, η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση με την έκδοση της οδηγίας 2000/60 Πλαίσιο για τα ύδατα απαιτεί από τα κράτη μέλη της Ε.Ε να εφαρμόσουν βιώσιμες στρατηγικές διαχείρισης των εσωτερικών υδάτων σε επίπεδο λεκάνης απορροής ώστε έως το 2015 να έχει επιτευχθεί τουλάχιστο «Καλή οικολογική κατάσταση». Η ανάγκη για μεγαλύτερη κατανόηση της λειτουργίας των λιμναίων οικοσυστημάτων αυξήθηκε, γεγονός που οδήγησε στη διεξαγωγή πολυάριθμων ερευνητικών εργασιών που προσεγγίζουν διαφορετικές πτυχές της πολύπλοκης λειτουργίας των λιμνών. Μεγάλο μέρος της έρευνας επικεντρώνεται σε ομάδες οργανισμών που αποτελούν βιοδείκτες σύμφωνα με τα κριτήρια της Ευρωπαϊκής Οδηγίας Πλαίσιο 2000/60, όπως τα ψάρια, το φυτοπλαγκτό, τα βενθικά μακροασπόνδυλα και τα υδρόβια μακρόφυτα. Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον όμως προκαλούν και οι αλληλεπιδράσεις των διάφορων βιοκοινωνιών οι οποίες αποδεικνύονται καθοριστικές για την καλή λειτουργία των οικοσυστημάτων. Το αντικείμενο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής αποτελεί η αξιολόγηση της οικολογικής ποιότητας επτά λιμνών της Δυτικής και Βόρειοδυτικής Ελλάδας βάσει φυσικοχημικών χαρακτηριστικών, της σύνθεσης των ειδών της υδρόβιας βλάστησης και των κύριων ταξινομικών ομάδων του ζωοπλαγκτού. Τα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής παρουσιάζονται σε τέσσερις ενότητες-κεφάλαια. Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στις εποχικές διακυμάνσεις και τις χωρικές διαφοροποιήσεις των συγκεντρώσεων των θρεπτικών αλάτων του αζώτου και του φωσφόρου (νιτρικά, νιτρώδη, αμμωνιακά, φωσφορικά και ολικός φώσφορος) και των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων που μετρήθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια των δειγματοληψιών στις επτά υπό διερεύνηση λίμνες της ΒΔ Ελλάδας. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο εστιάζει στη σύνθεση των ειδών των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων και των Κλαδοκερωτών και των Τροχόζωων, ενώ στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο εφαρμόζονται δείκτες αξιολόγησης της τροφικής και οικολογικής κατάστασης των υπό διερεύνηση λιμνών με βάση τα αβιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά, τα υδρόβια μακρόφυτα και το ζωοπλαγκτό. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο διερευνήθηκε η επίδραση της υδρόβιας βλάστησης στη χωρική διακύμανση της αφθονίας και της σύνθεσης των κύριων ταξινομικών ομάδων του ζωοπλαγκτού. Σε όλες τις λίμνες μετρήθηκαν υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις ολικού φωσφόρου που υποδεικνύουν την ισχυρή επίδραση του ευτροφισμού. Όσον αφορά τη συγκέντρωση της χλωροφύλλης-α υπήρχαν σημαντικές διαφορές με τις βαθύτερες λίμνες να παρουσιάζουν μικρότερες τιμές. Συγκριτικά με τις υπόλοιπες περιβαλλοντικές παραμέτρους που παρουσιάζονται στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, η χλωροφύλλη-α θεωρείται ως περισσότερο αντιπροσωπευτική παράμετρος των συγκεκριμένων υδατικών οικοσυστημάτων που αντικατοπτρίζει τις διαφοροποιήσεις των λιμνών αναφορικά με τα κλιματολογικά και τα γεωμορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά της ευρύτερης λεκάνης απορροής. Αναφορικά με τα υδρόβια μακρόφυτα, στις περισσότερες λίμνες επικρατούν λίγα υφυδατικά είδη με πολύ μεγάλες αφθονίες. Τα είδη Ceratophyllum demersum, Trapa natans, Potamogeton pectinatus, Vallisneria spiralis αποτελούν χαρακτηριστικά είδη για τις λίμνες Λυσιμαχία, Μεγάλη Πρέσπα, Πετρών και Βεγορίτιδα αντίστοιχα. Τα κυρίαρχα υφυδατικά είδη που καταγράφηκαν στις υπό διερεύνηση λίμνες είναι κοινά και χαρακτηριστικά των ευτροφικών συνθηκών. Όσον αφορά τη σύνθεση του ζωοπλαγκτού στις τέσσερις λίμνες όπου πραγματοποιήθηκαν οι σχετικές δειγματοληψίες, συνολικά αναγνωρίστηκαν 14 είδη Κλαδοκερωτών που ανήκουν σε 11 γένη και 6 οικογένειες και 39 είδη Τροχόζωων σε 17 γένη και 12 οικογένειες. Όσον αφορά τα Κλαδοκερωτά τα πιο κοινά είδη που βρέθηκαν και στις τέσσερις λίμνες ήταν τα Bosmina longirostris, Chydorus sphaericus και Diaphanosoma brachyurum. Το Κλαδοκερωτό Bosmina longirostris βρέθηκε σε μεγαλύτερη αφθονία και με μεγαλύτερη συχνότητα κατά τη διάρκεια των δειγματοληψιών ενώ από τα τροχόζωα το είδος Keratella cochlearis βρέθηκε να απαντά σε υψηλές αφθονίες και στις τέσσερεις λίμνες. Η ελάχιστη συμμετοχή μεγάλων Κλαδοκερωτών (Daphnia sp.) στη σύνθεση του ζωοπλαγκτού, ερμηνεύεται ως αποτέλεσμα της έντονης θηρευτικής πίεσης που μπορεί να προέρχεται είτε από την ιχθυοπανίδα είτε από τα μακροασπόνδυλα. Στις λίμνες Πετρών και Καστοριάς το είδος Keratella cochlearis απαντά σε πολύ μεγαλύτερη αφθονία συγκριτικά με τα υπόλοιπα Τροχόζωα, ενώ για τις λίμνες Μικρή Πρέσπα και Βεγορίτιδα συμμετέχουν με σημαντικές αφθονίες περισσότερα είδη όπως για παράδειγμα το Keratella quadrata και είδη του γένους Lecane και Polyarthra. Όσον αφορά τις αφθονίες των σημαντικών ειδών και γενών των Καρκινοειδών, το γένος Bosmina απαντά σε μεγαλύτερη αφθονία στις λίμνες Καστοριά και Πετρών. Στις λίμνες Μικρή Πρέσπα και Βεγορίτιδα καταγράφηκαν επίσης σε μεγαλύτερη αφθονία σε σχέση με τις λίμνες Καστοριάς και Πετρών είδη της οικογένειας Chydoridae. Επίσης μεγάλα σε μέγεθος είδη που ανήκουν στο γένος Daphnia βρέθηκαν να συμμετέχουν σε μεγαλύτερη αφθονία στη λίμνη Μικρή Πρέσπα. Τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την εφαρμογή των τροφικών δεικτών του Carlson δείχνουν πως οι δείκτες που βασίζονται στη συγκέντρωση της χλωροφύλλης-α και στο βάθος Secchi κατατάσσουν τις λίμνες Μικρή Πρέσπα, Καστοριάς και Πετρών σε ευτροφική έως υπερευτροφική κλάση, τη Μεγάλη Πρέσπα και τη Τριχωνίδα σε μεσοτροφική και ολιγοτροφική έως μεσοτροφική κλάση αντίστοιχα και τη Λυσιμαχία σε μεσοτροφική ως ευτροφική κλάση. Οι τιμές του Μακροφυτικού Δείκτη (MI) σε γενικές γραμμές συμφωνούν με το ευρύτερο πλαίσιο των αποτελεσμάτων και υποδεικνύουν την Τριχωνίδα ως τη λίμνη με τη «λιγότερο ανεκτική» στον ευτροφισμό υδρόβια βλάστηση. Σύμφωνα με την εφαρμογή του δείκτη Wetland Zooplankton Index, ο οποίος αναπτύχθηκε ως εργαλείο αξιολόγησης των υγροτόπων των Μεγάλων Λιμνών της Β. Αμερικής βάσει της αφθονίας ενδεικτικών στον ευτροφισμό ειδών του ζωοπλαγκτού, προκύπτει πως καλύτερη οικολογική ποιότητα παρουσιάζουν οι λίμνες Μικρή Πρέσπα και Βεγορίτιδα συγκριτικά με τις λίμνες Πετρών και Καστοριάς. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, η εφαρμογή του δείκτη WZI κρίνεται ως ικανοποιητική αφού φαίνεται πως αντικατοπτρίζει τις διαφοροποιήσεις των λιμνών σχετικά με τη σύνθεση του ζωοπλαγκτού και τη γενικότερη οικολογική κατάσταση. Η αναπροσαρμογή του δείκτη WZI σύμφωνα με τη σύνθεση του ζωοπλαγκτού στις συνθήκες των Μεσογειακών υγροτόπων, μπορεί να αποτελέσει ένα σημαντικό εργαλείο της οικολογικής αξιολόγησης των λιμναίων οικοσυστημάτων της Ελλάδας. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής η πυκνότερη υδρόβια βλάστηση συμβάλλει σε μεγαλύτερη αφθονία παρόχθιων ειδών ζωοπλαγκτού και πελαγικών ειδών που μπορεί περιστασιακά να βρεθούν στην παρόχθια ζώνη, αλλά δεν υπάρχουν σαφείς ενδείξεις ότι συμβάλλει στην παροχή καταφυγίου μεγάλων Κλαδοκερωτών. Εξάλλου, τα μεγάλα Κλαδοκερωτά απαντούν σε πολύ μικρούς αριθμούς στις υπό μελέτη λίμνες γεγονός που μπορεί να οφείλεται στον ευτροφικό χαρακτήρα των λιμνών όσο και στην ύπαρξη θηρευτικής πίεσης από ψάρια και άλλους θηρευτές. Επίσης σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα των Αναλύσεων Πλεονασμού RDA και του ελέγχου Monte Carlo τα υδρόβια μακρόφυτα Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton lucens, Trapa natans και Myriophyllum spicatum φαίνεται να έχουν μεγαλύτερη στατιστικά σημαντική συσχέτιση με τα είδη του ζωοπλαγκτού. Οι περαιτέρω αναλύσεις ταξιθέτησης που πραγματοποιήθηκαν ξεχωριστά μεταξύ των Τροχόζωων και των Κλαδοκερωτών και των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων ανέδειξαν ως περισσότερο στατιστικά σημαντικά είδη υδρόβιων μακροφύτων τα είδη Trapa natans και Potamogeton natans για τα Τροχόζωα, και τα είδη Myriophyllum spicatum και Potamogeton perfoliatus για τα καρκινοειδή. Η διαφοροποίηση αυτή μεταξύ των Καρκινοειδών και των Τροχόζωων ίσως αποτελεί ένδειξη της προτίμησης των μεγάλων ταξινομικών ομάδων του ζωοπλαγκτού σε διαφορετικού τύπου ενδιαίτημα, είτε αυτό της παρόχθιας ζώνης όπου κυριαρχούν υφυδατικά μακρόφυτα, είτε αυτό της μεταβατικής ζώνης μεταξύ παρόχθιας ζώνης και ανοικτών νερών όπου κυριαρχούν περισσότερο εφυδατικά είδη μακροφύτων. Η πολυπλοκότητα των δομών ορισμένων υφυδατικών μακροφύτων φαίνεται να σχετίζεται με παρόχθια είδη ζωοπλαγκτού, όπως για παράδειγμα το γένος Chydorus, ενώ μακρόφυτα με απλούστερες δομές σχετίζονται περισσότερο με πελαγικά είδη των οποίων η αφθονία δε διαφοροποιείται στην πελαγική ή στην παρόχθια ζώνη. Άλλες περιβαλλοντικές παράμετροι όπως η αγωγιμότητα, και η συγκέντρωση της χλωροφύλλης-α παρουσίασαν συσχέτιση κυρίως με Τροχόζωα και Κλαδοκερωτά όπως το γένος Bosmina. Η αδυναμία των υπολοίπων αβιοτικών παραμέτρων να εξηγήσουν ικανοποιητικά τα αποτελέσματα της σύνθεσης και της κατανομής του ζωοπλαγκτού στις τέσσερις υπό διερεύνηση λίμνες επιβεβαιώνει το γεγονός ότι σε κάθε λίμνη υπάρχουν διαφορετικοί παράγοντες που καθορίζουν τη σύνθεση του ζωοπλαγκτού και που σχετίζονται με «από πάνω προς τα κάτω» (top-down) και «από κάτω προς τα πάνω» (bottom-up) διαδικασίες, όπως η σύνθεση και η αφθονία της ιχθυοκοινωνίας και η αφθονία της υδρόβιας βλάστησης. Συμπερασματικά, τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διατριβής επισημαίνουν την επίδραση των ευτροφικών συνθηκών στις βιοκοινωνίες των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων και του ζωοπλαγκτού. Ωστόσο, υπάρχουν ενδείξεις πως ανθρωπογενείς επεμβάσεις όπως η εισαγωγή αλλόχθονων ειδών ψαριών ενδέχεται να καθορίζουν επίσης σε σημαντικό βαθμό τη σύνθεση ειδών του ζωοπλαγκτού ενισχύοντας έμμεσα το φαινόμενο του ευτροφισμού. Περαιτέρω διερεύνηση της σύνθεσης της ιχθοκοινωνίας της παρόχθιας ζώνης σε συνδυασμό με τη μελέτη της οριζόντιας μετακίνησης του ζωοπλαγκτού από και προς την παρόχθια ζώνη ενδεχομένως να συμβάλλει εκτενέστερα στη διελεύκανση του ρόλου της παρόχθιας ζώνης και των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων ως καταφύγιο για το ζωοπλαγκτό. Επιπλέον, σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής φαίνεται πως η αφθονία της υδρόβιας βλάστησης συμβάλλει στην αφθονία του ζωοπλαγκτού και ως ένα βαθμό φαίνεται να υπάρχει συσχέτιση μεταξύ των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων με πολύπλοκες δομές και της αφθονίας των Κλαδοκερωτών. Επερχόμενες έρευνες που εστιάζουν στη διαφοροποίηση της σύνθεσης του ζωοπλαγκτού μέσα στις μακροφυτικές συναθροίσεις σε επίπεδο μικροενδιαιτήματος θα μπορούσαν επίσης να παρέχουν πολύτιμες πληροφορίες σχετικά με το ρόλο των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων ως ενδιαίτημα και καταφύγιο για το ζωοπλαγκτό. Αναμφισβήτητα, οι σχέσεις μεταξύ των υδρόβιων οργανισμών σε ένα λιμναίο οικοσύστημα είναι πολυδιάστατες, ωστόσο η κατανόηση των μηχανισμών που τις διέπουν είναι σημαντική ώστε να είναι δυνατή η εφαρμογή αποτελεσματικών στρατηγικών διαχείρισης και ανάκαμψης των επιβαρυμένων οικοσυστημάτων. Επιπλέον, όσον αφορά τα Μεσογειακά υδατικά οικοσυστήματα λόγω των ιδιαίτερων κλιματικών, περιβαλλοντικών και κοινωνικοοικονομικών συνθηκών η διεξαγωγή ερευνών με αντικείμενο τις βιοτικές αλληλεπιδράσεις χρήζει μεγάλης σπουδαιότητας. / Lakes are extremely invaluable ecosystems due to their significance as a crucial component of the water circle and a source of fresh water. The last few decades there is an increasing interest of the scientific community for the functions and mechanisms associated with the lake ecosystems. Moreover, the Water Framework Directive requires the implementation of sustainable fresh water management, including the lake ecosystems, in order to achieve a minimum good ecological quality by 2015. Consequently, there is a lot of research focused on important biotic groups used as biological indicators by the WFD. However, it is well known that the biotic interactions between the various groups of aquatic organisms can often provide key background information regarding the ecological quality of the ecosystem. The main objective of the present thesis is the evaluation of the ecological status of seven lakes in West and NW Greece based on physicochemical characteristics, aquatic macrophyte composition and the major zooplankton taxonomic groups composition. The results of the current thesis are presented in four basic parts. The first part is focused on the seasonal and spatial variations among the seven studied lakes regarding the nutrient concentrations and the abiotic parameters. The second part describes the composition of aquatic macrophytes and the composition of Cladocera and Rotifera in the studied lakes. In the third part the ecological status of the studied lakes was assessed using Trophic State Indices and indices based on aquatic macrophytes and zooplankton. Finally, the fourth part investigates the effects of the aquatic vegetation on the spatial distribution and abundances of the major zooplankton taxonomic groups. According to the results of the current thesis, several statistically significant differences were found among the studied lakes regarding the abiotic parameters. Most notable differences include those of chlorophyll-a concentrations between the deeper and the shallower lakes reflecting the variations in nutrient loading, geomorphology and local climate. During the present thesis, high concentrations of total phosphorus were recorded indicating the influence of eutrophic conditions. As far as the aquatic macrophytes are concerned, few submerged species were found in high abundances which are indicative of the eutrophic conditions. Ceratophyllum demersum, Trapa natans, Potamogeton pectinatus, Vallisneria spiralis were characterized as dominant indicator species for the lakes Lysimachia, Megali Prespa, Petron and Vegoritis respectively. Regarding the zooplankton composition a total of 14 Cladocera and 39 Rotifera were identified in lakes Mikri Prespa, Kastoria, Vegoritis and Petron. Most common Cladocerans were the species Bosmina longirostris, Chydorus sphaericus and Diaphanosoma brachyurum. The small sized Cladoceran Bosmina longirostris was found in greater density while Keratella cochlearis was the most abundant among the Rotifera. The high abundance of small Cladocerans combined with the low contribution of large Daphnia indicates the high predation pressure on the zooplankton. Lakes Mikri Prespa and Vegoritis were characterized by a larger contribution of Cladocera in relation with lakes Kastoria and Petron, including littoral species such as Chydorus. Other Rotifera species such as Keratella quadrata, Lecane and Polyarthra were also recorded in significant abundances in lakes Mikri Prespa and Vegorits. The ecological assessment of the studied lakes based on the application of Trophic State Indices classified lakes Mikri Prespa, Kastoria and Petron as eutrophic to hypereutrophic class, lake Lysimachia as mesotrophic to eutrophic class, lake Megali Prespa as mesotrophic and lake Trichonis as oligotrophic to mesotrophic class. The results from Macrophyte Index evaluation highlight the high nutrient enrichment and the eutrophic influence on the aquatic macrophyte composition. According to the results of Wetland Zooplankton Index, an index based on zooplankton developed for the assessment of wetlands in Great Lakes of N. America, lakes Mikri Prespa and Vegoritis are characterized by higher ecological status than lakes Kastoria and Petron. Wetland Zooplankton Index can provide an important tool for a holistic approach of the ecological assessment of lake ecosystems in Greece. According to the results of the present thesis, dense aquatic macrophyte assemblages contribute to a higher total zooplankton species richness. Specifically, in macrophyte assemblages occupying the whole water column were found higher abundances of littoral Cladocerans and Rotifers in relation with the abundances found among thinner macrophyte stands. Moreover, Redundancy Analysis revealed Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton lucens, Trapa natans and Myriophyllum spicatum as most statistically significant aquatic macrophytes that influence the spatial distribution of zooplankton. Further analysis conducted separately for the Cladocera and Rotifera taxa suggest that Trapa natans and Potamogeton natans have a larger influence on Rotifera spatial variation while the submerged macrophytes Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton perfoliatus will influence mostly the crustacean spatial distribution. These differences can be attributed to a preference of littoral Cladocerans for more complex macrophyte structures that provide habitat for foraging. Few abiotic parameters were found to have a significant effect on zooplankton spatial variability which highlights the importance of top-down and bottom-up factors for determination of biotic community interactions. In conclusion, the results of this thesis underline the influence of eutrophication on the biological communities of aquatic macrophytes and zooplankton. However, there are indications that other human induced activities, such as introduction of exotic fish species, may have a significant effect on the zooplankton composition. Additional research, focused on the composition of littoral fish communities combined with studies on the horizontal distribution of zooplankton in the littoral zone could provide solid information on the role of littoral aquatic vegetation as refuge. Moreover, the results of this thesis indicate that the aquatic vegetation has a significant effect on the zooplankton abundance and there is a possible relationship between complex macrophyte structures and Cladocera density. Further investigation of the spatial variation of zooplankton composition inside the macrophyte assemblages may also elucidate the role of aquatic vegetation as microhabitats for the zooplankton communities. Although the interactions between the biotic communities in a lake ecosystem can be quite complex, the comprehension of the background mechanisms is necessary in order to implement successive management and restoration strategies. Especially, in Mediterranean region, because of the special climate, environmental and socioeconomic conditions, the research on lake ecosystems is particularly important and highly significant for an effective sustainable water management.

Orientador: Gustavo Rocha de Castro / Banca: Margarida Juri Saeki / Banca: Nelson Consolin Filho / Resumo: Os biossorventes provenientes de materiais lignocelulósicos são alternativas de baixo custo e mais sustentável para o meio ambiente na remoção das espécies metálicas. Neste caminho, o presente trabalho descreve o uso da macrófita, Typha sp, também conhecida como taboa, para remover as espécies metálicas Cu (II), Cr (III), Cd (II) e Zn (II) em amostras aquosas. Caracterizou-se inicialmente a macrófita Typha sp utilizando as técnicas analíticas como: espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FT-IR), análise elementar de N e Ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de 13C, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raio X (EDS) e análise de área superficial utilizando adsorção de N2. As características adsortivas da Typha sp foram estabelecidas através de experimentos em batelada em função do pH, o tempo de contato e a concentração. As micrografias da Typha sp apresentou-se partículas com morfologia heterogênea, irregular em formato de bastão. O FT-IR e o RMN 13C confirmaram a presença de grupos funcionais como COOH, NH2 e S=C=N, que possuem pares de elétrons não ligantes e que coordenam com as espécies metálicas. A área superficial específica da Typha sp foi menor que 1 m2/g, característico de materiais não porosos. Os experimentos de adsorção mostraram que o pH 5,5 favorece a adsorção das espécies metálicas em estudo. A cinética de adsorção é rápida, sendo menor que 15 min, ajustando aos dados experimentais do modelo cinético de pseudo-segun... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Biosorbents from lignocellulosic materials are low cost alternatives and more environmentally sustainable in the removal of metal species. In this way, the present work describes the use of the macrophyte, Typha sp, also known as Taboa, to remove the Cu (II), Cr (III), Cd (II) and Zn (II) metal species in aqueous samples. Typha sp macrophyte was initially characterized using analytical techniques such as infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis of N and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy spectroscopy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDS) and surface area analysis using N2 adsorption. The adsorptive characteristics of Typha sp were established through batch experiments as a function of pH, contact time and concentration. The micrographs of the Typha sp presented particles with heterogeneous morphology, irregular in stick format. FT-IR and 13C NMR confirmed the presence of functional groups such as COOH, NH2 and S = C = N, which have non-binding electron pairs and coordinate with the metallic species. The specific surface area of Typha sp was less than 1 m2/g, characteristic of non-porous materials. The adsorption experiments showed that pH 5.5 favors adsorption of the metal species under study. The kinetics of adsorption is fast, being less than 15 min, adjusting to the experimental data of the kinetic model of pseudo-second order. The maximum adsorption capacity determined experimentally was 9.48, 6.55, 3.01 and 9.52 mg/g fo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientadora: Profa Dra Roseli Frederigi Benassi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, 2017. / Os alagados construídos são sistemas desenvolvidos para reproduzir as características de áreas alagadas naturais sob condições controladas para tratamento descentralizado de águas residuárias. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho de um sistema piloto de alagados construídos com fluxo subsuperficial horizontal cultivados com macrófitas aquáticas emergentes (Typha sp. e Eleocharis sp.) no tratamento secundário de efluente sanitário. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Arujá (SP), e consistiu de um tanque de alimentação e quatro tanques de tratamento. Tanque 1 (T1): sistema de tratamento com Eleocharis sp. (Junco); Tanque 2 (T2): sistema de tratamento com Typha sp. (Taboa); Tanque 3 (T3): sistema de tratamento combinado com Typha sp. e Eleocharis sp. e Tanque 4 (T4): sistema controle (sem plantas), composto apenas de brita, utilizada como material suporte. O tanque de alimentação foi abastecido com esgoto proveniente apenas do tratamento preliminar da ETE (grades e caixa de areia). Os sistemas foram operados em regime de fluxo contínuo com vazão de 0,105 m³ dia-1, TDH de 4,8 dias e TAS de 0,05 m3 m-2 dia-1. Após estabilidade, o sistema foi monitorado por 3 meses: coletas diárias (de segunda à sexta-feira) durante um mês e meio e semanais durante o restante do período, totalizando 33 coletas. Foram realizadas diversas análises físico-químicas no afluente, efluente em tratamento e efluente final, dentre as quais destacam-se: DBO5,20, DQO, COD, SST, SSF e SSV, série N e fósforo total. Todos os quatro sistemas apresentaram eficiências médias de remoção de DBO5,20 (90 ¿ 93%), DQO (86 ¿ 90%), COD (51 ¿ 58%), SST (98%), SSF (98%), SSV (98%), nitrogênio total (22 ¿ 29%) e nitrogênio amoniacal (19 ¿ 31%) estatisticamente iguais (ANOVA p > 0,05). Com relação à eficiência de remoção de fósforo total (47 ¿ 59 %), houve diferença estatística significativa (ANOVA p < 0,05) apenas entre os tanques 2 (Taboa) e 4 (Controle), sendo a eficiência de remoção do tanque 2 superior à do tanque 4. Portanto, tanto os sistemas cultivados com macrófitas quanto o controle (sem plantas) apresentaram desempenhos semelhantes para a remoção de matéria orgânica, sólidos suspensos e nitrogênio. Com base nos resultados obtidos, observou-se o predomínio dos mecanismos de remoção físicos (filtração e sedimentação do material particulado) e microbiológicos (remoção da fração solúvel dos poluentes). Tendo em vista a similaridade de desempenho dos sistemas com e sem macrófitas aquáticas, concluiu-se que as mesmas apresentaram pouca ou nenhuma influência direta na remoção dos poluentes analisados. / Constructed wetlands are artificial systems developed to reproduce the characteristics of natural wetlands under controlled conditions for decentralized wastewater treatment. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of a constructed wetland system with horizontal subsurface flow cultivated with emergent aquatic macrophytes (Typha spp. e Eleocharis spp.) in the wastewater secondary treatment. The experiment was conducted on a pilot scale installed at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Arujá (SP) and consisted of one supply reservoir and four treatment tanks. Tank 1 (T1): treatment system with Eleocharis spp. (Spikerushes); Tank 2 (T2): treatment system with Typha spp. (Cattails); Tank 3 (T3): treatment system with both species (Typha spp. and Eleocharis spp.) combined; Tank 4 (T4): control system (unplanted), consisting of only gravel used as supporting media. The supply reservoir was loaded with raw sewage from the preliminary treatment. The systems were operated in a continuous flow with a rate of 0.105 m³ day-1, HRT of 4.8 days and hydraulic rate of 0.05 m3 m-2 day-1. Once stabilized, the system was monitored for 3 months: on a daily basis (from Monday to Friday) for one month and a half, and on a weekly basis during the rest of the period, completing 33 collections. A variety of physical and chemical analysis were carried out in the influent, effluent during and after the treatment. The main analyses were BOD5,20, COD, DOC, TSS, FSS, VSS. All four systems presented average removal efficiencies statistically equivalents (ANOVA, p > 0,05) for the variables: BOD5,20 (90 ¿ 93%), COD (86 ¿ 90%), DOC (51 ¿ 58%), TSS (98%), FSS (98%), VSS (98%), total nitrogen (22 ¿ 29%) and ammonia nitrogen (19 ¿ 31%). Regarding the removal efficiency of total phosphorus (47 ¿ 59%), there was a significant statistical difference (ANOVA, p < 0,05) only between tanks 2 (Cattails) and 4 (Control), where tank two presented a better performance. Therefore, both the planted and unplanted systems presented similar performance for the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. Based on the results obtained, it can be inferred that there is a predominance of physical (filtration and sedimentation of particulate matter) and microbiological (removal of dissolved fraction) removal mechanisms. Based on the similar performance of both the planted and unplanted systems, it was concluded that the aquatic macrophytes had little or no direct influence on the pollutants removal.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Dácio Roberto Matheus / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, 2017. / A água é um bem essencial para a sobrevivência de todos os seres vivos. Atualmente, tem-se observado o despejo de efluentes domésticos e industriais causando a degradação dos recursos hídricos. Estudos de ecotecnologias para tratamento destes efluentes se fazem necessários, em especial em pequenas comunidades, que acabam gerando poluição pontual nos corpos d'água, realidade da grande maioria dos municípios brasileiros. Aliado a outros indicadores de qualidade, ensaios ecotoxicológicos são muito importantes para monitorar a qualidade dos efluentes e dos corpos receptores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de alagados construídos com fluxo subsuperficial horizontal cultivados com as macrófitas aquáticas Eleocharis sp. (junco); e Typha sp. (taboa), na redução da toxicidade de efluentes domésticos. Para isso, foram utilizados ensaios ecotoxicológicos com o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis, com a dicotiledônea Lactuca sativa (alface), a monocotiledônea Sorghum vulgare (sorgo) e com as macrófitas aquáticas Lemna sp. (lentilha d'água) e Azolla sp. O efluente doméstico se mostrou tóxico à Daphnia similis com média de EC50 de 1,3%. Os tratamentos com macrófitas reduziram significativamente a toxicidade do efluente, com médias de EC50 73% para o tratamento com junco, EC50 53,17% para o tratamento com taboa, EC50 78,25% para o tratamento com taboa+junco. O controle (sem macrófitas) também reduziu significativamente a toxicidade, com média de EC50 63,13%. Nos ensaios de fitotoxidade, a alface e o sorgo não se mostraram sensíveis ao efluente analisado, embora sejam para outros tipos de efluentes. A macrófita Lemna sp. também não foi sensível ao efluente estudado, no entanto observou-se a capacidade de identificar, com esta espécie, o potencial eutrofizante do efluente, já que a mesma se desenvolveu melhor no efluente bruto do que nos efluentes tratados. Com a macrófita Azolla sp. foi possível verificar que o efluente bruto possui maior potencial eutrofizante se comparado com os tratamentos com junco, taboa e controle, onde houve remoção de N e P. No entanto, evidenciou-se efeito tóxico para Azolla sp. nos efluentes tratados. / Water is an essential for the survival of all lives. Currently, it has been observed the dumping of domestic and industrial effluents causing the degradation of water resources. Studies of ecotechnologies to treat these effluents are necessary, especially in small communities, which end up generating diffuse pollution in water bodies, a reality of the great majority of Brazilian municipalities. In addition to other quality indicators, ecotoxicological tests are very important to monitor the quality of effluents and receptor bodies.The research objective was to evaluate the performance of wetland treatment in reducing the toxicity of domestic effluents. These project used constructed wetland with horizontal sub-surface flow cultivated with Eleocharis sp. (reed); and Typha sp. (typha). For this we used ecotoxicological tests with the microcrustacean Daphnia similis, with the dicotyledon Lactuca sativa (lettuce), the monocotyledon Sorghum vulgare (sorghum) and the aquatic macrophytes Lemna sp. (Duckweed) and Azolla sp. The domestic effluent was toxic to Daphnia similis with a mean EC50 of 1.3%. Macrophyte treatments significantly reduced effluent toxicity with EC50 averages 73% for reed treatment, EC50 53.17% for typha treatment, and EC50 78.25% for typha+ reed treatment. The control (without macrophytes) also significantly reduced toxicity, with a mean EC50 of 63.13%. In the phytotoxicity tests, lettuce and sorghum were not sensitive to the analyzed effluent, although they were for other types of effluents. The macrophyte Lemna sp. was also not sensitive to these studied effluent. However, it was possible to identify the eutrophic potential of the effluent with this species, since it was better developed in the raw effluent than in treated effluents. With the macrophyte Azolla sp. it was possible to verify that the raw effluent has a greater eutrophic potential when compared to the treatments with reed, typha and control, where we observed there was nitrogen and phosphorus removal. However, toxic effect for Azolla sp. Treated effluents.