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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Análise comparativa da fauna de aranhas de solo em áreas de campo com e sem pastejo no Pampa gaúcho

Silva, Guilherme Oyarzabal da January 2017 (has links)
O Pampa é um bioma do tipo savana exclusivo da região Neotropical, situado na porção sul da América do Sul, cobrindo a Argentina, o Uruguai e o Brasil. O clima é quente temperado e úmido, com temperaturas anuais que variam de 0° C no inverno e mais de 24° C no verão. Os grandes distúrbios no Pampa se iniciaram a cerca de 300 anos com a chegada da colonização Europeia na região e o advento da agricultura, silvicultura, manejo sem controle pelo fogo e a criação de gado, leiteiro e de corte. Apesar de contribuir para a falta de heterogeneidade vegetal e perda na diversidade de fauna, a pecuária ainda é extensivamente indicada como manejo sustentável do Pampa. Com pesquisas e trabalhos por vezes mais focados no aumento da produtividade do rebanho que na manutenção da biodiversidade, a conservação do Pampa vem sendo negligenciada. O monitoramento de diferentes metodologias de pastejo, tradicional, em mosaico e exclusão total do gado, se faz necessário para um maior entendimento de como a diversidade de plantas e animais se comportam nestes sistemas. Para isso, são necessários bons modelos ecológicos para testes de hipóteses e diferentes manejos, o que sustenta a utilização de aranhas para estes estudos. Aranhas são rápidas colonizadoras, ótimas dispersoras, predadoras generalistas, além de estarem estritamente relacionadas à estrutura vegetal. Suscetíveis a impactos bióticos e abióticos, aranhas são ótimas medidoras de qualidade ambiental e, sendo de fácil amostragem, podem ser envolvidas em estudos sobre diversidade de espécies e indivíduos. Para tanto, este estudo foi realizado na APA do Ibirapuitã, na Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Seis parcelas, de um hectare cada, foram distribuídas em pares em três fazendas. Cada par é constituído de uma parcela com pastejo, demarcadas apenas por estacas, onde o gado tem livre acesso, e uma parcela sem pastejo, cercadas desde Agosto de 2012 onde o pastejo do gado foi excluído por completo. A principal expectativa principal é que a abundancia, riqueza, biomassa e composição de aranhas serão diferentes quando áreas com e sem pastejo são comparadas forem comparados. As amostragens foram realizadas com o uso de armadilhas de queda do tipo “Pitfall traps” nas primaveras de 2011, 2012 e 2013, e sazonalmente no outono (maio), inverno (setembro) e primavera (novembro) de 2015 e verão (fevereiro) de 2016 para a captura de aranhas de hábito epígeo. Para análises estatísticas, Testes T, ANOVA e ANOSIM foram realizadas. Linyphiidae e Lycosidae foram as famílias mais abundantes e ricas em todas as coletas realizadas. Os resultados obtidos em 2011, 2012 e 2013 não demonstraram diferença significativa na fauna de aranhas, abundância e riqueza quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparadas. Contudo, os resultados apresentaram valores maiores nas áreas com pastejo quando comparando com áreas sem pastejo. Em 2015/2016 a abundância e a riqueza de aranhas também não foram significativamente diferentes nos dados coletados, contudo, os valores brutos também apresentaram maiores abundância e riqueza em áreas com pastejo do que nas sem pastejo. Analisando-se as estações como um todo, juntando áreas com e sem pastejo, o verão foi a estação com mais riqueza geral. Contudo, analisando as áreas com e sem pastejo separadamente, o inverno foi a estação mais rica e abundante em cada uma destas áreas. Apesar dos resultados anteriores, as espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferença significativa em suas abundancias em cada estação do ano quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparados. A biomassa das aranhas não foi significativamente diferente para todos os anos entre áreas com e sem pastejo, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Entretanto, espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferenças significativas em sua biomassa sazonalmente nos anos de 2015 e 2016, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Áreas com e sem pastejo ainda se mantém similares mesmo após quase quatro anos de exclusão do gado em termos de abundância total de aranhas. Apenas aranhas mais abundantes demonstram diferença entre áreas com e sem pastejo em termos de abundância e biomassa. / Pampa is a savanna-like biome, exclusively of Neotropical region, lying in southern part o South America, covering Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The climate is hot temperate and humid, with annual temperatures ranging of 0° C in winter and higher than 24° C in summer. The increase of disturbance at Pampa began around 300 years after Europian colonization and the advent of agriculture, silviculture, uncontrolled fire management and creation of dairy and beef cattle. Even livestock causing loss of vegetal heterogeneity and fauna diversity, it is a widely recommended methodology for sustainable management of Pampa. With studies more focused in forage properties and beef production than diversity maintenance, the Pampa conservation has been neglected. Monitoring different livestock methodologies are necessary to improve knowledge of how diversity of plants and animals change during this impact. Thus, using great ecological models, like spiders, are necessary to test hypotheses and different managements. Spiders are quick settlers, great dispersers, generalist predators and are much correlated with vegetal structure. Susceptible to biotic and abiotic impacts, spiders are great environmental quality meters, being easy to sample and to measure abundance, diversity and richness. This study was conduct at Ibirapuitã River Environmental Federal Protection Area “Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA do Rio Ibirapuitã” in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Six plots, of one hectare each, were distributed in pars in three farms. Each pair is constituted of a closed plot, a fenced plots since August 2012, with total exclusion of cattle graze; and a opened plot with only poles in the corners to demarcate the place, and cattle have free access for graze. Our main expectative is that abundance, richness, biomass and composition of arenofauna will be different when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. Ground dwelling spiders were sampled with Pitfall traps in springs of 2011, 2012 and 2013, and seasonally in autumn (May), winter (September) and spring (November) 2015 and summer (February) 2016. Statistical analyses were performed using Stundents’ Test, ANOVA and ANOSIM. Linyphiidae and Lycosidae were the most abundant and richer families. Results of 2011, 2012 and 2013 were no significant different in spider abundance and richness when grazed and ungrazed plots were compared. However, raw data suggest higher values of abundance in grazed areas than ungrazed ones. In 2015/2016 samples, spider abundance and richness were not significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas. Raw data suggest that grazed areas abundance and richness was higher than in ungrazed though. Although summer was the richer season in general, winter was the richer season separately in grazed and ungrazed areas. Despite the previous results, abundance of the most abundant species were significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas in general and in each season. Spider biomass was not significant different in any year when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. However, biomass of most abundant species were significant different seasonally and in each season in 2015/2016. Grazed and ungrazed areas are still very similar even after almost four years of cattle exclusion in terms of spider abundance and biomass. Only most abundant species demonstrate a significant difference between grazed and ungrazed areas in terms of abundance and biomass, with higher values in grazed plots.
2

Análise comparativa da fauna de aranhas de solo em áreas de campo com e sem pastejo no Pampa gaúcho

Silva, Guilherme Oyarzabal da January 2017 (has links)
O Pampa é um bioma do tipo savana exclusivo da região Neotropical, situado na porção sul da América do Sul, cobrindo a Argentina, o Uruguai e o Brasil. O clima é quente temperado e úmido, com temperaturas anuais que variam de 0° C no inverno e mais de 24° C no verão. Os grandes distúrbios no Pampa se iniciaram a cerca de 300 anos com a chegada da colonização Europeia na região e o advento da agricultura, silvicultura, manejo sem controle pelo fogo e a criação de gado, leiteiro e de corte. Apesar de contribuir para a falta de heterogeneidade vegetal e perda na diversidade de fauna, a pecuária ainda é extensivamente indicada como manejo sustentável do Pampa. Com pesquisas e trabalhos por vezes mais focados no aumento da produtividade do rebanho que na manutenção da biodiversidade, a conservação do Pampa vem sendo negligenciada. O monitoramento de diferentes metodologias de pastejo, tradicional, em mosaico e exclusão total do gado, se faz necessário para um maior entendimento de como a diversidade de plantas e animais se comportam nestes sistemas. Para isso, são necessários bons modelos ecológicos para testes de hipóteses e diferentes manejos, o que sustenta a utilização de aranhas para estes estudos. Aranhas são rápidas colonizadoras, ótimas dispersoras, predadoras generalistas, além de estarem estritamente relacionadas à estrutura vegetal. Suscetíveis a impactos bióticos e abióticos, aranhas são ótimas medidoras de qualidade ambiental e, sendo de fácil amostragem, podem ser envolvidas em estudos sobre diversidade de espécies e indivíduos. Para tanto, este estudo foi realizado na APA do Ibirapuitã, na Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Seis parcelas, de um hectare cada, foram distribuídas em pares em três fazendas. Cada par é constituído de uma parcela com pastejo, demarcadas apenas por estacas, onde o gado tem livre acesso, e uma parcela sem pastejo, cercadas desde Agosto de 2012 onde o pastejo do gado foi excluído por completo. A principal expectativa principal é que a abundancia, riqueza, biomassa e composição de aranhas serão diferentes quando áreas com e sem pastejo são comparadas forem comparados. As amostragens foram realizadas com o uso de armadilhas de queda do tipo “Pitfall traps” nas primaveras de 2011, 2012 e 2013, e sazonalmente no outono (maio), inverno (setembro) e primavera (novembro) de 2015 e verão (fevereiro) de 2016 para a captura de aranhas de hábito epígeo. Para análises estatísticas, Testes T, ANOVA e ANOSIM foram realizadas. Linyphiidae e Lycosidae foram as famílias mais abundantes e ricas em todas as coletas realizadas. Os resultados obtidos em 2011, 2012 e 2013 não demonstraram diferença significativa na fauna de aranhas, abundância e riqueza quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparadas. Contudo, os resultados apresentaram valores maiores nas áreas com pastejo quando comparando com áreas sem pastejo. Em 2015/2016 a abundância e a riqueza de aranhas também não foram significativamente diferentes nos dados coletados, contudo, os valores brutos também apresentaram maiores abundância e riqueza em áreas com pastejo do que nas sem pastejo. Analisando-se as estações como um todo, juntando áreas com e sem pastejo, o verão foi a estação com mais riqueza geral. Contudo, analisando as áreas com e sem pastejo separadamente, o inverno foi a estação mais rica e abundante em cada uma destas áreas. Apesar dos resultados anteriores, as espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferença significativa em suas abundancias em cada estação do ano quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparados. A biomassa das aranhas não foi significativamente diferente para todos os anos entre áreas com e sem pastejo, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Entretanto, espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferenças significativas em sua biomassa sazonalmente nos anos de 2015 e 2016, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Áreas com e sem pastejo ainda se mantém similares mesmo após quase quatro anos de exclusão do gado em termos de abundância total de aranhas. Apenas aranhas mais abundantes demonstram diferença entre áreas com e sem pastejo em termos de abundância e biomassa. / Pampa is a savanna-like biome, exclusively of Neotropical region, lying in southern part o South America, covering Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The climate is hot temperate and humid, with annual temperatures ranging of 0° C in winter and higher than 24° C in summer. The increase of disturbance at Pampa began around 300 years after Europian colonization and the advent of agriculture, silviculture, uncontrolled fire management and creation of dairy and beef cattle. Even livestock causing loss of vegetal heterogeneity and fauna diversity, it is a widely recommended methodology for sustainable management of Pampa. With studies more focused in forage properties and beef production than diversity maintenance, the Pampa conservation has been neglected. Monitoring different livestock methodologies are necessary to improve knowledge of how diversity of plants and animals change during this impact. Thus, using great ecological models, like spiders, are necessary to test hypotheses and different managements. Spiders are quick settlers, great dispersers, generalist predators and are much correlated with vegetal structure. Susceptible to biotic and abiotic impacts, spiders are great environmental quality meters, being easy to sample and to measure abundance, diversity and richness. This study was conduct at Ibirapuitã River Environmental Federal Protection Area “Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA do Rio Ibirapuitã” in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Six plots, of one hectare each, were distributed in pars in three farms. Each pair is constituted of a closed plot, a fenced plots since August 2012, with total exclusion of cattle graze; and a opened plot with only poles in the corners to demarcate the place, and cattle have free access for graze. Our main expectative is that abundance, richness, biomass and composition of arenofauna will be different when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. Ground dwelling spiders were sampled with Pitfall traps in springs of 2011, 2012 and 2013, and seasonally in autumn (May), winter (September) and spring (November) 2015 and summer (February) 2016. Statistical analyses were performed using Stundents’ Test, ANOVA and ANOSIM. Linyphiidae and Lycosidae were the most abundant and richer families. Results of 2011, 2012 and 2013 were no significant different in spider abundance and richness when grazed and ungrazed plots were compared. However, raw data suggest higher values of abundance in grazed areas than ungrazed ones. In 2015/2016 samples, spider abundance and richness were not significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas. Raw data suggest that grazed areas abundance and richness was higher than in ungrazed though. Although summer was the richer season in general, winter was the richer season separately in grazed and ungrazed areas. Despite the previous results, abundance of the most abundant species were significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas in general and in each season. Spider biomass was not significant different in any year when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. However, biomass of most abundant species were significant different seasonally and in each season in 2015/2016. Grazed and ungrazed areas are still very similar even after almost four years of cattle exclusion in terms of spider abundance and biomass. Only most abundant species demonstrate a significant difference between grazed and ungrazed areas in terms of abundance and biomass, with higher values in grazed plots.
3

Análise comparativa da fauna de aranhas de solo em áreas de campo com e sem pastejo no Pampa gaúcho

Silva, Guilherme Oyarzabal da January 2017 (has links)
O Pampa é um bioma do tipo savana exclusivo da região Neotropical, situado na porção sul da América do Sul, cobrindo a Argentina, o Uruguai e o Brasil. O clima é quente temperado e úmido, com temperaturas anuais que variam de 0° C no inverno e mais de 24° C no verão. Os grandes distúrbios no Pampa se iniciaram a cerca de 300 anos com a chegada da colonização Europeia na região e o advento da agricultura, silvicultura, manejo sem controle pelo fogo e a criação de gado, leiteiro e de corte. Apesar de contribuir para a falta de heterogeneidade vegetal e perda na diversidade de fauna, a pecuária ainda é extensivamente indicada como manejo sustentável do Pampa. Com pesquisas e trabalhos por vezes mais focados no aumento da produtividade do rebanho que na manutenção da biodiversidade, a conservação do Pampa vem sendo negligenciada. O monitoramento de diferentes metodologias de pastejo, tradicional, em mosaico e exclusão total do gado, se faz necessário para um maior entendimento de como a diversidade de plantas e animais se comportam nestes sistemas. Para isso, são necessários bons modelos ecológicos para testes de hipóteses e diferentes manejos, o que sustenta a utilização de aranhas para estes estudos. Aranhas são rápidas colonizadoras, ótimas dispersoras, predadoras generalistas, além de estarem estritamente relacionadas à estrutura vegetal. Suscetíveis a impactos bióticos e abióticos, aranhas são ótimas medidoras de qualidade ambiental e, sendo de fácil amostragem, podem ser envolvidas em estudos sobre diversidade de espécies e indivíduos. Para tanto, este estudo foi realizado na APA do Ibirapuitã, na Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Seis parcelas, de um hectare cada, foram distribuídas em pares em três fazendas. Cada par é constituído de uma parcela com pastejo, demarcadas apenas por estacas, onde o gado tem livre acesso, e uma parcela sem pastejo, cercadas desde Agosto de 2012 onde o pastejo do gado foi excluído por completo. A principal expectativa principal é que a abundancia, riqueza, biomassa e composição de aranhas serão diferentes quando áreas com e sem pastejo são comparadas forem comparados. As amostragens foram realizadas com o uso de armadilhas de queda do tipo “Pitfall traps” nas primaveras de 2011, 2012 e 2013, e sazonalmente no outono (maio), inverno (setembro) e primavera (novembro) de 2015 e verão (fevereiro) de 2016 para a captura de aranhas de hábito epígeo. Para análises estatísticas, Testes T, ANOVA e ANOSIM foram realizadas. Linyphiidae e Lycosidae foram as famílias mais abundantes e ricas em todas as coletas realizadas. Os resultados obtidos em 2011, 2012 e 2013 não demonstraram diferença significativa na fauna de aranhas, abundância e riqueza quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparadas. Contudo, os resultados apresentaram valores maiores nas áreas com pastejo quando comparando com áreas sem pastejo. Em 2015/2016 a abundância e a riqueza de aranhas também não foram significativamente diferentes nos dados coletados, contudo, os valores brutos também apresentaram maiores abundância e riqueza em áreas com pastejo do que nas sem pastejo. Analisando-se as estações como um todo, juntando áreas com e sem pastejo, o verão foi a estação com mais riqueza geral. Contudo, analisando as áreas com e sem pastejo separadamente, o inverno foi a estação mais rica e abundante em cada uma destas áreas. Apesar dos resultados anteriores, as espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferença significativa em suas abundancias em cada estação do ano quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparados. A biomassa das aranhas não foi significativamente diferente para todos os anos entre áreas com e sem pastejo, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Entretanto, espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferenças significativas em sua biomassa sazonalmente nos anos de 2015 e 2016, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Áreas com e sem pastejo ainda se mantém similares mesmo após quase quatro anos de exclusão do gado em termos de abundância total de aranhas. Apenas aranhas mais abundantes demonstram diferença entre áreas com e sem pastejo em termos de abundância e biomassa. / Pampa is a savanna-like biome, exclusively of Neotropical region, lying in southern part o South America, covering Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The climate is hot temperate and humid, with annual temperatures ranging of 0° C in winter and higher than 24° C in summer. The increase of disturbance at Pampa began around 300 years after Europian colonization and the advent of agriculture, silviculture, uncontrolled fire management and creation of dairy and beef cattle. Even livestock causing loss of vegetal heterogeneity and fauna diversity, it is a widely recommended methodology for sustainable management of Pampa. With studies more focused in forage properties and beef production than diversity maintenance, the Pampa conservation has been neglected. Monitoring different livestock methodologies are necessary to improve knowledge of how diversity of plants and animals change during this impact. Thus, using great ecological models, like spiders, are necessary to test hypotheses and different managements. Spiders are quick settlers, great dispersers, generalist predators and are much correlated with vegetal structure. Susceptible to biotic and abiotic impacts, spiders are great environmental quality meters, being easy to sample and to measure abundance, diversity and richness. This study was conduct at Ibirapuitã River Environmental Federal Protection Area “Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA do Rio Ibirapuitã” in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Six plots, of one hectare each, were distributed in pars in three farms. Each pair is constituted of a closed plot, a fenced plots since August 2012, with total exclusion of cattle graze; and a opened plot with only poles in the corners to demarcate the place, and cattle have free access for graze. Our main expectative is that abundance, richness, biomass and composition of arenofauna will be different when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. Ground dwelling spiders were sampled with Pitfall traps in springs of 2011, 2012 and 2013, and seasonally in autumn (May), winter (September) and spring (November) 2015 and summer (February) 2016. Statistical analyses were performed using Stundents’ Test, ANOVA and ANOSIM. Linyphiidae and Lycosidae were the most abundant and richer families. Results of 2011, 2012 and 2013 were no significant different in spider abundance and richness when grazed and ungrazed plots were compared. However, raw data suggest higher values of abundance in grazed areas than ungrazed ones. In 2015/2016 samples, spider abundance and richness were not significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas. Raw data suggest that grazed areas abundance and richness was higher than in ungrazed though. Although summer was the richer season in general, winter was the richer season separately in grazed and ungrazed areas. Despite the previous results, abundance of the most abundant species were significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas in general and in each season. Spider biomass was not significant different in any year when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. However, biomass of most abundant species were significant different seasonally and in each season in 2015/2016. Grazed and ungrazed areas are still very similar even after almost four years of cattle exclusion in terms of spider abundance and biomass. Only most abundant species demonstrate a significant difference between grazed and ungrazed areas in terms of abundance and biomass, with higher values in grazed plots.
4

Effects of Non-photic Zeitgebers on the Circadian Clock in the Common House Spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum

Garmany, Mattea A., Moore, Darrell, Jones, Thomas C. 12 April 2019 (has links)
Most eukaryotic organisms have an internal circadian clock which allows them to maintain their physiological and behavioral cycles in phase with the 24-hour day. The ability to synchronize with (entrain to) the 24-hour day prevents mismatch between the internal circadian clock and the daily cycle which could lead to serious health risks. Some spider species, including Parasteatoda tepidariorum, appear to be exempt from the negative consequences of being out of phase with the 24-hour day. Parasteatoda tepidariorum, the common house spider, is a nocturnal species that consistently demonstrates a short-period circadian clock averaging 21.6 hours when left in constant darkness, yet they are able to entrain to the 24-hour light cycle. Here we test if these spiders are able to use cues (Zeitgebers) other than light to entrain to the 24-hour day. These non-photic Zeitgebers included food, disturbance, and temperature changes. The spiders were assigned into groups which received the given external cues at 24-hour intervals for 7 days followed by 7 days without any external cues. Food, disturbance, and temperature were not found to be effective Zeitgebers for the spiders’ entrainment. There were significant results between random feedings with consistent scheduled feedings which suggests that these spiders were able to manipulate the duration of activity based on the consistency and regularity of a food source. Adjusting the span of activity based on availability of food sources would be advantageous for spiders considering that prey availability in natural environments may not be rhythmic. Given that these spiders tend to build webs in dark secluded spaces, it would be a particular advantage for them to be able to use an environmental cue in addition to light to entrain their internal clocks. However, our data to date suggest otherwise.
5

The effects of stream productivity on aquatic-terrestrial linkages

Burdon, Francis John January 2004 (has links)
The potential relationship between riparian arachnids and aquatic insect productivity was assessed in forest streams throughout the central South Island of New Zealand. Initially, a survey was conducted of thirty seven, first-third order forest streams. Streams were selected to represent a range of benthic invertebrate standing crops (as a surrogate measure of "productivity") from Banks Peninsula streams with relatively high benthic invertebrate densities to acid mine drainage streams near Reefton that were almost devoid of aquatic life. At each site benthic invertebrate densities and biomass were measured in riffle habitats and adjacent gravel bars were sampled for terrestrial invertebrates. At a sub-set of 16 sites, a 20 metre longitudinal web-building spider survey was conducted along each bank of the stream. As an additional component, a 20 metre transect starting at the stream margin and running perpendicularly into the forest was used to survey the density of web-building spiders with increasing distance from the stream. Results from the survey of in-situ stream insect biomass and gravel bar invertebrates showed a strong relationship between aquatic insect biomass and the biomass of riparian arachnids (R2 = 0.42, P < 0.001) having accounted for potentially confounding factors such as stream size, elevation, substrate and disturbance. The 20 metre longitudinal survey showed that streams with the highest in-situ insect biomass had significantly higher densities of web-building spiders along their banks (R2 = 0.28, P < 0.05), having accounted for potential confounding variables of elevation, habitat architecture and stream and channel width. The stream to forest survey showed a strong exponential decay in web-building spider densities with increasing distance from the stream (R2 = 0.96, P < 0.0001). Regardless of stream productivity web-building spiders were most abundant at the stream margins and rapidly declined to very low densities 20 metres from the stream. In order to further test the relationship between riparian web-building spider densities and stream insect productivity, a stream fertilization experiment was conducted on six first-second order streams in the Maimai experimental catchment, Reefton. Three streams were enriched by the addition of a fertiliser solution mainly consisting of sodium nitrate for seven months, and the other three streams were used as controls. Water chemistry, benthic invertebrate communities, emerging aquatic adults, and the densities of web-building spiders along the stream corridor and in the forest were monitored in three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) over the course of the nutrient-addition. By the end of the experiment, conductivity was significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams than in the control streams (F = 80.5, P < 0.001), but chlorophyll concentrations showed no significant differences between treatments. Both benthic mayfly densities (F = 6.15, P < 0.05) and the biomass of adult aquatic dipterans (Chironomidae, Simuliidae) (F = 9.25, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams in the last sampling round. Spiders recorded from intercept traps indicated that by the end of the experiment spider activity was significantly higher within 2.5 metres of the nutrient-addition streams (F = 5.70, P < 0.01). However, seasonal densities of web-building spiders along the stream margin and in the forest decreased with no significant differences observed between nutrient-addition and control streams. The results from these studies indicate that adult insects emerging from streams represent an important source of prey that could influence the biomass and abundance of riparian arachnids. Additionally, the results imply that stream productivity and size could mediate the strength of the interaction between riparian and stream habitats. Moreover, feedback mechanisms present in both systems could have implications for such interactions. The elevated densities of web-building spiders observed at the stream margin led to the proposal of the "Highway Robber" hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that such higher densities of spiders are the result of increased insect activity along the stream corridor: the emergence of adult aquatic insects was predicted to vary less over temporal and spatial scales than that of terrestrial insects due to the poorly synchronized life histories in many New Zealand stream insects. I conclude by suggesting that there are numerous anthropocentric perturbations such as loss of heterogeneity, introduced species, pollution and habitat degradation that could undermine and decouple the intimate linkages between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
6

Evoluce vybraných karyotypových znaků u tetrapulmonátních pavoukovců / Evolution of selected karyotype characters in tetrapulmonate arachnids

Jílková, Klára January 2013 (has links)
The class Arachnida is not thoroughly explored from the cytogenetic point of view. Previous studies suggest a high diversity of karyotypes and sex determination in arachnids. This study deals with the evolution of sex chomosomes, nucleolar organizer regions (NOR), and telomeric repeats in the tetrapulmonate clade of arachnids, particularly in groups of ancient origin. Sex chromosomes were detected in two orders. Detection of NORs in a large set of species supports the hypothesis that the ancestral karyotype of arachnids contained NOR on one pair of autosomes only. The number of NORs has increased during the evolution of some groups of Pedipalpi. The NORs are located in terminal or subterminal chromosomal regions in most tetrapulmonates. The occurrence of the "insect" telomeric motif was confirmed in majority of tetrapulmonates. Interstitital telomeric repeats were not detected with the exception of one species. Keywords: arachnids, meiosis, sex chromosomes, telomeres, nucleolar organizer, heterochromatin
7

Revisão e análise cladística do gênero Plesiopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae). / Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Plesiopelma pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae).

Nagahama, Roberto Hiroaki 22 April 2010 (has links)
O gênero Plesiopelma Pocock, 1901 é revisado taxonomicamente e realizada análise cladística de suas espécies. A matriz com 30 táxons terminais e 49 caracteres foi analisada com dois programas para reconstrução filogenética, considerando tanto caracteres aditivos como não-aditivos. As quatro análises apresentaram diferenças na topologia, porém três delas demonstram que Plesiopelma é um gênero monofilético. A diagnose e a distribuição geográfica das espécies são apresentadas. São consideradas válidas as espécies P. flavohirtum (Simon, 1889), P. semiaurantiacum (Simon, 1897),P. myodes Pocock, 1901, P. insulare (Mello-Leitão, 1923), P. physopus (Mello-Leitão, 1926), P. minense (Mello-Leitão, 1943) e P. simoni (Soares e Camargo, 1948). É proposta a sinonímia de P. rectimanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923) e P. longisternale (Schiapelli e Gerschman, 1942) com P. myodes. São reconhecidas seis espécies novas para o Brasil. É proposta a transferência de P. imperatrix Piza, 1976 para o gênero Megaphobema Pocock, 1901 e P. gertschi (Caporiacco, 1955) é considerada Incertae sedis. / The genus Plesiopelma Pocock, 1901 is taxonomically revised and a cladistic analysis of its species is done. The matrix with 30 terminal taxa and 49 characters was analysed with two programs for phylogenetic reconstruction. The four analyses showed different topologies on the internal group, however, three of them show Plesiopelma being a monophyletic genus. The diagnoses and geographic distribution of all species are presented. It is herein considered valid the species P. flavohirtum (Simon, 1889), P. semiaurantiacum (Simon, 1897), P. myodes Pocock, 1901, P. insulare (Mello-Leitão, 1923), P. physopus (Mello-Leitão, 1926), P. minense (Mello-Leitão, 1943) and P. simoni (Soares e Camargo, 1948). The species P. rectimanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923) and P. longisternale (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1942) are considered junior-synonyms of P. myodes. It is recognized six new species from Brazil. It is proposed the transfer of P. imperatrix Piza, 1976 to Megaphobema Pocock, 1901 and P. gertschi (Caporiacco, 1955) is considered Incertae sedis.
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Diversidade de aranhas (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) em áreas de campos sulinos, de domínio dos Biomas Pampa e Mata Atlântica

Marta, Kimberly da Silva January 2017 (has links)
Os Campos Sulinos são uma fisionomia de vegetação encontrada no Sul do Brasil. Integram dois Biomas brasileiros, sendo eles a Mata Atlântica e o Pampa. Desenvolvem-se em clima temperado e úmido, com chuvas bem distribuídas ao longo do ano. Abrigam muitas espécies vegetais e apresentam uma fauna diversa, com grande número de espécies endêmicas da região. Na América do Sul, os campos e/ou pampas se estendem por uma área de aproximadamente 750 mil km², compartilhada por Brasil, Uruguai e Argentina e parte do Paraguai. No Brasil, o bioma Pampa está restrito ao Rio Grande do Sul, onde ocupa 178.243 km². Ainda que o clima atual favoreça expansões de florestas sobre os campos, muitos fatores interagem para definir se o campo ou a floresta irão se estabelecer num determinado local. Ambos são estados ecossistêmicos estáveis que coexistem, com um grau variável de tensão. Restam apenas 50% da área original de campos no Rio Grande do Sul, por conta de distúrbios antropogênicos, como a agricultura, silvicultura, pecuária extensiva (através do pastejo) e queimadas. A perda de hábitat é acompanhada da fragmentação dos remanescentes e da invasão por espécies exóticas, sendo a conservação desses campos negligenciada já de longa data. Sabe-se atualmente que, em alguns trabalhos, a vegetação e fauna pode ser restabelecida ou mantida após alguns tipos de distúrbios e ambas têm uma forte correlação. Aranhas parecem ser bons modelos para o entendimento da funcionalidade desses ecossistemas. Esse táxon é o sétimo maior em termos de riqueza, atualmente tem descritas cerca de 46 mil espécies e pouco se sabe sobre essa diversidade nos Campos Sulinos. O trabalho teve como objetivos o conhecimento acerca da diversidade (riqueza de espécies, abundância, composição) e a função desses organismos (através de guildas e atributos funcionais) para realizarmos comparações dessa diversidade funcional entre as fisionomias vegetais encontradas nos dois Biomas. Foram selecionadas oito áreas de estudo, sendo cinco delas incluídas no Bioma Pampa e três no Bioma Mata Atlântica. O método empregado para coleta dos indivíduos foi o de D-Vac. Os municípios tiveram apenas uma réplica e foram coletados em estações diferentes. Comparações com cluster de Jaccard e Bray-Curtis foram realizados para o entendimento de correlação das fisionomias vegetais encontradas e os índices de diversidade encontrado para cada área. Agrupamentos de Pampa e Mata Atlântica foram formados, nos mostrando que existe sim uma similaridade da diversidade de aranhas quando relacionada com a vegetação. Apesar dessas análises nos revelarem agrupamentos, o teste de ANOSIM com índices de Jaccard e Morisita não revelaram diferenças significativas, mas apresentaram quando testados com o índice de Bray-Curtis. As curvas de rarefação nos mostram que ainda existe a necessidade de um esforço maior para termos a compreensão da diversidade existente para os campos. Quando refinamos as análises e inserimos os grupos funcionais (aqui considerados guildas) para continuar a descrever esse ecossistema, o resultado pode continuar a ser corroborado, nos trazendo novas evidências de diferenças entre os biomas. As aranhas tiveram quatro atributos morfológicos mensurados, sendo o comprimento total do indivíduo, o comprimento do abdômen, a largura do abdômen e o comprimento da patela e tíbia da perna I. Esses atributos posteriormente foram relacionados com as guildas de aranhas e testados também referente ao sexo. Todos os testes foram realizados através de Teste de MannWhiteney, pois os dados não seguiam uma distribuição normal e todos tiveram uma resposta significativa. Quando realizada a MANOVA que lidou com as diferentes variáveiss abióticas e bióticas de cada município, como: localidade/fitofisionomia, estação, guildas, sexo, obtivemos respostas não significativas apenas quando testadas Estação por Sexo, com p=0.3758 e Localidade por Sexo p=1. Quando analisados Localidades por Guildas (p=0.0002), Localidade por Sexo (p= 0.0025); Estação por Guildas (p=0.0002) e Guildas por Sexo (p=0.0002) todos os valores de P foram significativos. Apesar de já termos bastante diferenças significativas entre as áreas de estudos, estudos futuros se fazem necessários. Sugere-se que o uso de atributos funcionais seja utilizado com uma abrangência maior para futuramente poder utilizar esse dado morfométrico como descritores de guildas, e consequentemente sugere-se fortemente o uso de análise separada para os sexos, visto que estes organismos apresentam uma alta variabilidade dimorfismo sexual e seleção sexual através de atributos morfológicos. Conseguimos por fim, aceitar nossa hipótese inicial que era tentar separar a diversidade de aranhas para os Campos Sulinos, através dos descritores ambientais e as variáveis bióticas. / The Southern Fields (SC, PR and RS) are a physiognomy of vegetation found in southern Brazil. They integrate two Brazilian Biomes, being them the Atlantic Forest and the Pampa Biome (grasslands). They develop in temperate and humid climate, with rains well distributed throughout the year. They shelter many plant species and they present a diverse fauna, with great number of endemic species of the region. In South America, the fields extend over an area of approximately 750,000 km², shared by Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina and part of Paraguay. In Brazil, the Pampa biome is restricted to Rio Grande do Sul, where it occupies 178,243 km². Although the current climate favors forest expansions over fields, many factors interact to define whether the field or forest will settle in a particular location. Both are stable ecosystem states that coexist, with a varying degree of tension. Only 50% of the original field area remains in Rio Grande do Sul because of anthropogenic disturbances such as agriculture, forestry, extensive cattle grazing (through grazing) and fires. Habitat loss is accompanied by the fragmentation of remnants and invasion by exotic species, and the conservation of these fields has long been neglected. It is now known that in some studies, vegetation and fauna can be reestablished or maintained after some types of disturbances and both have a strong correlation. Spiders appear to be good models for understanding the functionality of these ecosystems. This taxon is the seventh largest in terms of wealth, currently has described about 46 thousand species and little is known about this diversity in the Southern Fields. The objective of this work was to know the diversity (richness of species, abundance, composition) and the function of these organisms (through guilds and functional attributes) to make comparisons of this functional diversity between the vegetation physiognomies found in the two Biomes. Eight study areas were selected, five of them included in the Pampa Biome and three in the Atlantic Forest. The method used to collect individuals was D-Vac. The municipalities had only one replica and were collected at different stations. Comparisons with Jaccard and Bray-Curtis clusters were performed to understand the corelation of the vegetation physiognomies found and the diversity indexes found for each area. Clusters of 12 Pampa and Atlantic Forest were formed, showing that there is a similarity of spider diversity when related to vegetation. Although these analyzes reveal groupings, the ANOSIM test with Jaccard and Morisita indices revealed no significant differences, but they did present when tested with the Bray-Curtis index. The rarefaction curves show us that there is still a need for a greater effort to compete the diversity of the fields. When we refine the analyzes and insert the functional groups (here considered guilds) to continue to describe this ecosystem, the result can continue to be corroborated, bringing us new evidence of differences between the Biomes. The spiders had four morphological attributes measured, being the total length of the individual, the length of the abdomen, the width of the abdomen and the length of the patella and tibia of leg I. These attributes were later related to the spider guilds and also tested for the sex. All tests were performed using the Mann-Whiteney Test, as the data did not follow a normal distribution and all had a significant response. When performed MANOVA that dealt with the different abiotic and biotic variables of each municipality, such as: locality / phytophysiognomy, station, guilds, sex, we obtained non-significant responses only when tested by Sex Station, with p = 0.3758 and Place by Sex p = 1. When analyzed by Guilds (p = 0.0002), Place by Sex (p = 0.0025); Station by Guilds (p = 0.0002) and Guilds by Sex (p = 0.0002) all P values were significant. Although we already have significant differences between the study areas, future studies are necessary. It is suggested that the use of functional attributes be used with a greater abraction to be able to use this morphometric data as guild descriptors in the future, and consequently strongly suggests the use of separate analysis for the sexes, since these organisms present a high variability Sexual dimorphism and sexual selection through morphological attributes. We finally managed to accept our initial hypothesis which was to try to separate the spider diversity for the Southern Fields, through the environmental descriptors and the biotic variables.
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Análise taxonômica, cladística e biogeográfica de Spelaeochernes Mahnert, 2001 (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chernetidae) / Taxonomic, cladistic and biogeographical analysis of Spelaeochernes Mahnert, 2001 (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chernetidae)

Schimonsky, Diego Monteiro von 06 November 2018 (has links)
Dentre as ordens de Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones é a quarta mais diversa. Os organismos deste grupo se assemelham aos escorpiões superficialmente, porém não possuem uma cauda com agulhão e são bem menores, com tamanhos variando entre 0,5 mm a 1,0 cm. São animais relativamente comuns e com hábitos criptobióticos, podendo ser encontrados em diferentes habitats, inclusive cavernas. A família Chernetidae é a mais diversa com cerca de 690 espécies ao redor do globo e contém o gênero Spelaeochernes Mahnert, 2001, descrito com oito espécies para mais de 100 cavernas ao longo do território brasileiro. Foi realizada uma análise filogenética do gênero Spelaeochernes, bem como uma análise biogeográfica, além da elucidação sobre a obrigatoriedade deste gênero no ambiente subterrâneo. A partir do estudo morfológico, foi verificada a ocorrência de uma nova espécie para o gênero, com a descrição desta. Ainda, foram elencados caracteres contínuos, merísticos e caracteres discretos para a realização das análises filogenéticas. Estas foram realizadas com todas as espécies de Spelaeochernes (9), mais espécies de Epichernes Muchmore, 1982, Hesperochernes Chamberlin, 1924, Neochelanops Beier, 1964, Maxchernes Feio, 1960, Austrochernes Beier, 1932 e Tuberochernes Muchmore, 1997, todas Chernetidae, como grupo interno e duas espécies de Progarypus Beier, 1931 (Olpiidae), como grupo externo, totalizando 18 táxons terminais e 71 caracteres. Ainda, foi mapeada a distribuição de Spelaeochernes e, a partir da análise biogeográfica, verificou-se que algumas espécies compõem e reforçam áreas de endemismo já propostas, enquanto outras espécies, com distribuições mais amplas, podem representar espécies crípticas. Spelaeochernes não foi recuperado como monofilético, é um gênero com caracteres conservativos e faz-se necessário estudos morfológicos aprofundados, principalmente na anatomia interna e moleculares para delimitar espécies crípticas. Este gênero tem relação com Austrochernes da Australasia e Hesperochernes do Neártico, ambos com ocorrência no ambiente subterrâneo. Ainda Spelaeochernes pode representar um relicto gonduânico. Foi verificado que a ocorrência deste gênero é exclusiva do ambiente subterrâneo e, portanto, foi considerado aqui como troglóbio. Por fim, as espécies deste gênero já se encontram sob ameaça devido diferentes impactos (e.g. mineração, hidrelétricas, agronegócio, turismo), especialmente em áreas não protegidas legalmente, onde a maioria das cavernas brasileiras ocorre / Among the Arachnida order, Pseudoscorpiones is the fourth more diverse. These organisms resemble scorpions morphologically, but they don´t have a tail with a needle and they are much smaller in size, ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.0 cm. They are relatively common and they have cryptobiotic habits, being able to be found in different habitats, including caves. The Chernetidae family is the most diverse with about 690 species around the world, and contains the genus Spelaeochernes Mahnert, 2001, described with eight species for more than 100 caves along the Brazilian territory. A phylogenetic analysis of Spelaeochernes was carried out, as well as a biogeographical analysis, besides the elucidation about the mandatory occurrence of this genus in the subterranean environment. From the morphological study the occurrence of a new species for the genus was verified with subsequent description of it. Also, continuous, meristic characters and discrete characters were included in the phylogenetic analysis. These analyses were made with all species of Spelaeochernes (9), and other species of Epichernes Muchmore, 1982, Hesperochernes Chamberlin, 1924, Neochelanops Beier, 1964, Maxchernes Feio, 1960, Austrochernes Beier, 1932 e Tuberochernes Muchmore, 1997, all Chernetidae, as ingroup and two species of Progarypus Beier, 1931 (Olpiidae) as outgroup, with 18 terminal taxa and 71 characters. Furthermore, the distribution of this species was mapped and based on the biogeographical analysis. It was verified that some species compose and reinforce areas of endemism already proposed, while other species with wider distributions may represent cryptic species. Spelaeochernes was not recovered as monophyletic, it is a genus with conservative characters and molecular studies are necessary to delimit cryptic species. This genus is related to Austrochernes from Australasia and Hesperochernes from the Nearctic that also occur in the subterranean environment. Spelaeochernes may still represent a Gondwanan relict. It was verified that the occurrence of this genus is unique to the subterranean environment and, therefore, it was considered here as a troglobite. Finally, species of this genus are already under threat due to different impacts (e.g. mining, hydroelectric powerplants, agribusiness, tourism), especially in non-legally protected areas, where most Brazilian caves occur
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The effects of stream productivity on aquatic-terrestrial linkages

Burdon, Francis John January 2004 (has links)
The potential relationship between riparian arachnids and aquatic insect productivity was assessed in forest streams throughout the central South Island of New Zealand. Initially, a survey was conducted of thirty seven, first-third order forest streams. Streams were selected to represent a range of benthic invertebrate standing crops (as a surrogate measure of "productivity") from Banks Peninsula streams with relatively high benthic invertebrate densities to acid mine drainage streams near Reefton that were almost devoid of aquatic life. At each site benthic invertebrate densities and biomass were measured in riffle habitats and adjacent gravel bars were sampled for terrestrial invertebrates. At a sub-set of 16 sites, a 20 metre longitudinal web-building spider survey was conducted along each bank of the stream. As an additional component, a 20 metre transect starting at the stream margin and running perpendicularly into the forest was used to survey the density of web-building spiders with increasing distance from the stream. Results from the survey of in-situ stream insect biomass and gravel bar invertebrates showed a strong relationship between aquatic insect biomass and the biomass of riparian arachnids (R2 = 0.42, P < 0.001) having accounted for potentially confounding factors such as stream size, elevation, substrate and disturbance. The 20 metre longitudinal survey showed that streams with the highest in-situ insect biomass had significantly higher densities of web-building spiders along their banks (R2 = 0.28, P < 0.05), having accounted for potential confounding variables of elevation, habitat architecture and stream and channel width. The stream to forest survey showed a strong exponential decay in web-building spider densities with increasing distance from the stream (R2 = 0.96, P < 0.0001). Regardless of stream productivity web-building spiders were most abundant at the stream margins and rapidly declined to very low densities 20 metres from the stream. In order to further test the relationship between riparian web-building spider densities and stream insect productivity, a stream fertilization experiment was conducted on six first-second order streams in the Maimai experimental catchment, Reefton. Three streams were enriched by the addition of a fertiliser solution mainly consisting of sodium nitrate for seven months, and the other three streams were used as controls. Water chemistry, benthic invertebrate communities, emerging aquatic adults, and the densities of web-building spiders along the stream corridor and in the forest were monitored in three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) over the course of the nutrient-addition. By the end of the experiment, conductivity was significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams than in the control streams (F = 80.5, P < 0.001), but chlorophyll concentrations showed no significant differences between treatments. Both benthic mayfly densities (F = 6.15, P < 0.05) and the biomass of adult aquatic dipterans (Chironomidae, Simuliidae) (F = 9.25, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in nutrient-addition streams in the last sampling round. Spiders recorded from intercept traps indicated that by the end of the experiment spider activity was significantly higher within 2.5 metres of the nutrient-addition streams (F = 5.70, P < 0.01). However, seasonal densities of web-building spiders along the stream margin and in the forest decreased with no significant differences observed between nutrient-addition and control streams. The results from these studies indicate that adult insects emerging from streams represent an important source of prey that could influence the biomass and abundance of riparian arachnids. Additionally, the results imply that stream productivity and size could mediate the strength of the interaction between riparian and stream habitats. Moreover, feedback mechanisms present in both systems could have implications for such interactions. The elevated densities of web-building spiders observed at the stream margin led to the proposal of the "Highway Robber" hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that such higher densities of spiders are the result of increased insect activity along the stream corridor: the emergence of adult aquatic insects was predicted to vary less over temporal and spatial scales than that of terrestrial insects due to the poorly synchronized life histories in many New Zealand stream insects. I conclude by suggesting that there are numerous anthropocentric perturbations such as loss of heterogeneity, introduced species, pollution and habitat degradation that could undermine and decouple the intimate linkages between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

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