This thesis concentrates on evolving concepts on conservation of cultural heritage with an emphasis on archaeological sites and evaluates the realization of diverse concepts in a particular case. The study is handled in two main sections that cover theoretical study and case study. The initial conceptual section clarifies the circumstances in archaeological sites with a view to historical developments followed by current approaches at international and national level. The following section comprises the case study concerning the archaeological site of Perge studied through historical and urban evolution and investigation of excavations and interventions for evaluation of concerns for its conservation. The thesis is finalized by concluding remarks of the study as a guide for further studies for conservation issues of the ancient city of Perge.

Remiantis komparatyvistiniu, aprašomuoju analitiniu, sintezės, apibendrinimo metodais darbe analizuojamos archeologinio paveldo pažinimo sklaidos ir gaivinimo galimybės ir perspektyvos Lietuvoje. Sąlygiškai darbą galima skirtyti į dvi dalis: pirmojoje nagrinėjami teoriniai aspektai, o antrojoje pateikiama praktinių archeologinio paveldo animavimo įžvalgų. Siekiant akcentuoti visuomenės įsitraukimą ir aktyvų dalyvavimą archeologinio paveldo apsaugoje, darbe kaip paveldo pažinimo sklaidos ir gaivinimo sinonimas vartojamas animavimo terminas. Tyrimo objektu pasirinkus archeologinį paveldą, jo santykį su visuomene, siekiama aptarti archeologinio paveldo specifiką, išryškinti vertes ir reikšmę šiuolaikinės visuomenės tvariai raidai bei išskirti metodus, padedančius optimaliai įgyvendinti interaktyvumo programą ir skatinančius užmegzti dialogą su visuomene. Šiuos reikalavimus atitinka eksperimentinė archeologija. Todėl darbe apžvelgiamos jos praktikavimo ištakos, kategorijos ir sklaida Lietuvoje bei išskiriamos eksperimento metodo taikymo perspektyvos archeologijoje. Viena jų – gyvosios archeologijos festivaliai, įvairios edukacinės programos, kurių atsiradimą ir gausėjimą paskatino bandymas padaryti visuomenę aktyvia dalyve. Kaip esminė dialogo su bendruomene forma darbe įvardinama archeologinio parko idėja, įvertinami šio animavimo metodo privalumai ir trūkumai, charakterizuojamos potencialios archeologinių parkų vietovės Lietuvos teritorijoje; atsižvelgiant į objekto išlikimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Using a set of general methods which include comparative analysis and synthesis of scientific literature this paper discusses issues of recognition, promotion and rehabilitation of archaeological heritage, the perspectives and opportunities of its use in Lithuania. Basically this work can be divided into two main parts: the one with theoretical analysis of various approaches and the other orientated towards practical recommendations and suggestions of possible animation work in regional parks. Seeking to define the vital importance of involvement and participation of society in the process of conservation, the overall term animation is adopted and used as synonym for recognition, promotion and rehabilitation concept. Considering the relationship between archaeological heritage and society as the main subject of this research, the specifics of archaeological heritage and importance of sustainable development to modern society is reviewed in the work. One of the tasks is to separate out the methods which provide optimal conditions of interactive communication and stimulate the engagement in dialogue with communities. Experimental archaeology meets such requirements. Therefore the genesis, development, categories of experimental archeology and promotion of this tendency in Lithuania are defined, alongside the perspectives of practical use of experiment in archaeology are reflected. Good examples of interaction are various educational programs and archaeological festivals, which... [to full text]

This study examines bifacial technology change at the Knob Creek site (12HR484) in Harrison County, Indiana, from the Late Archaic to Early Woodland periods. Through a statistical and attribute analysis of 2,620 lithic flakes it was possible to detect changes in the lithic reduction process over time. The analysis demonstrates that soft-hammer percussion becomes more prevalent during the Early Woodland component of the site. This is a significant change from the hard-hammer percussion industry of the Lower Late Archaic. The Terminal Archaic Riverton component in this study offers one of the few detailed flake-by-flake analyses for this poorly understood lithic tradition originally identified by Winters (1969) in the Wabash River Valley.

The Mean Ceramic Dating (MCD) formula is a widely accepted method for dating historic archaeological ceramic assemblages. This mathematical assessment uses historically known ceramic manufacture ranges to determine a date assumed to correspond with a site's occupation; however, formula applications on nineteenth century sites have been inconsistent in establishing acceptable absolute dates. An examination of applications of the formula on nineteenth century ceramics reveals that it's strength is not in its ability to establish absolute dates for a site, but rather to create relative intrasite chronologies. This study uses ceramic assemblages excavated from several of the feature and outbuilding remnants at the Lanier site (12Je490) to assess and evaluate the MCD formula. Historical documentation allows hypothetical chronologies to be established for the site. The MCD formula is applied to several Lanier site contexts in order to demonstrate the formula's ability to establish relative intrasite chronologies for a nineteenth century site. / Department of Anthropology

On January 1, 2014 a legislative amendment to the former National Heritage Act (1988: 950) was put in action, one of the new amendments that was conceived in what is now called Culture Environmental Act (1988: 950). The change made it possible for the County Councils to enforce that the results associated with archaeological research would be conveyed to the public. The present work is a case study aiming to see what kind of impact this amendment has had on the archaeological specifications and offer invitations for archaeological investigations. The main questions for the work are: What kind of mediation is being required by the County Councils? Why was the law changed? Is there a difference in this respect between different counties? Has there been any noticable change in practice in this respect after the amendment introduction? This study aims to answer these questions and throughout it also give you as a reader information about the history behind the changes as well as what impact the changes has had on archaeological investigations and the mediated results to the public. The aim is also to show the different ways that archaelogy is communicated and to whom.

Through an examination of the processes and influences on the character of grey literature and its producers, this thesis explores the nature of archaeological investigation, how it is reported and the creation of archaeological data in England from 1990 to 2010 and the implications for future understanding of the English archaeological record. I intend to address broad research questions regarding grey literature and archaeology: What is grey literature? Who creates it and why? What is it meant for? Is it fit-for-purpose? My research objectives in studying grey literature reporting and archaeological fieldwork investigation in England are: •To explore the nature of archaeological grey literature reporting and its producers, the framework of its production and communication, and its impact on archaeological research and knowledge production; •To capture the developments and changes in English archaeological practice between 1990 and 2010 and their implications for the creation and understanding of the archaeological record; and •To consider potential future directions for archaeological fieldwork and reporting. I propose to achieve this using a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches including spatial analysis techniques, comparative analysis at a range of scales from England-wide to individual case study areas, and detailed analysis of the nature and actual content of grey literature reports alongside a characterisation of the many creators of grey literature reporting. This study will illustrate and explore the process of producing grey literature reporting as well as examining the end product itself - grey literature reports. This European Research Council funded DPhil research was undertaken within the context of the English Landscapes and Identities Project, which analyses change and continuity in the English Landscape from the middle Bronze Age (c.1500 BC) to the Domesday survey (c. AD 1086).

A Musealização da Arqueologia e a Conservação arqueológica são os eixos estruturantes desta tese, que busca delinear o relacionamento entre a Arqueologia, Museologia e Conservação na produção acadêmica nacional e nas experiências desenvolvidas na Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). Por meio de análises bibliométricas, foram quantificadas e analisadas teses, dissertações e publicações em eventos a fim de mapear e avaliar a construção de conhecimento dessas temáticas. Também foram entrevistados profissionais das áreas e realizado o acompanhamento das atividades dos pesquisadores da UFPel, compondo um quadro de potencialidades e limites das interfaces disciplinares. O diagnóstico de aproximações e distanciamentos entre as três áreas foi fundamental para a compreensão de diferentes momentos e interlocuções, propiciando o entendimento do contexto atual no que se refere às perspectivas para a preservação do patrimônio arqueológico. No ambiente universitário, laboratórios de Arqueologia, projetos de pesquisa, programa museológico e atuações de diferentes profissionais (arqueólogos, museólogos e conservadores) complementam e tornam complexo esse cenário. A partir dessas análises e articulando-se com as legislações e recomendações acerca do patrimônio arqueológico nacional, apresentaram-se alguns aprendizados e premissas para a gestão multidisciplinar do patrimônio arqueológico. A premissa básica estabelece que as três áreas precisam estar em patamares equânimes para articularem-se por meio de conceitos e pressupostos teórico-metodológicos condizentes com os desafios patrimoniais contemporâneos. Dessa forma, aliando as áreas de forma equilibrada, torna-se possível empreender a pesquisa arqueológica de maneira integral, com planejamentos prévios e interdisciplinares embasados na cadeia operatória de procedimentos museológicos, que envolve a salvaguarda (conservação e documentação) e a comunicação (exposições e ações educativo-culturais). Assim, as pesquisas arqueológicas vindouras, bem como as já empreendidas e os acervos arqueológicos salvaguardados em diferentes instituições, têm o potencial de ensejar ações multidisciplinares que oportunizam a proteção e promoção do patrimônio arqueológico. Essas ações, articuladas por um viés preservacionista, que se orienta por perspectivas participativas, multivocais e compartilhadas, possibilita que o patrimônio exerça sua função social na contemporaneidade. / The Musealization of Archeology and Archaeological Conservation are the structuring axes of this thesis, which purpose is to outline the relationship between Archeology, Museology, and Conservation in the national academic scenario and in the experiences developed at the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel). Theses, dissertations, and publications in events were quantified and analyzed through bibliometric analyzes in order to map and evaluate the construction of knowledge of these topics. Also, professionals of the areas were interviewed, as well as the monitoring of the activities of UFPel researchers, composing a framework of potentialities and limits of the disciplinary interfaces. The diagnosis of approximations and detachment between the three areas was fundamental for the understanding of the different moments and interlocutions, providing an understanding of the current context regarding the perspectives for the preservation of the archaeological patrimony. In the university environment, Archeology laboratories, research projects, museological program, and performances of different professionals (archaeologists, museologists and conservatives) complement and turn this scenario into a complex one. From these analyzes, and in articulation with the legislations and recommendations on the national archaeological heritage, some learnings and premises were presented for the multidisciplinary management of the archaeological heritage. The basic premise establishes that the three areas must be at equal levels in order to articulate themselves through concepts and theoretical-methodological assumptions aligned with contemporary patrimonial challenges. Therefore, by combining these areas in a balanced way it is possible to undertake archaeological research in an integral manner, with previous and interdisciplinary planning based on the operational chain of museum procedures, which involve safeguarding (conservation and documentation) and communication (exhibitions and cultural/educational actions). Thus, upcoming archaeological researches, as well as those already undertaken and archaeological collections safeguarded in different institutions, have the potential to lead to multidisciplinary actions that invite the protection and promotion of archaeological heritage. These actions, articulated through a preservationist bias, guided by participatory, multivocal, and shared perspectives enable the heritage to exercise its social role in contemporaneity.

The purpose of this thesis was to identify the different patterns of food consumption across space and time at Liangchengzhen, a Longshan (ca. 2600-1900 B.C.) site located in Shandong Province, China. The primary hypothesis of the research contended that evidence of increasing social inequality with respect to food consumption would be found from early to late phases at Liangchengzhen. In addition, rice and meat from mammals, especially pigs, were hypothesized as the most likely types of prestigious foods for daily and ritual activities. Fish and marine foods in general were hypothesized to be foods that average households could obtain since Liangchengzhen was close to the sea and would not have as high a value as mammal meat. Pottery was sampled from Early Phase storage/trash and ritual pits as well as Late Phase storage/trash and ritual pits located in Excavation Area One. Pottery types included ding and guan, hypothesized for cooking meat, and yan, hypothesized for steaming vegetables and grains. Lipid residue analysis was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) to quantify the amount of C15 and C17 alkane peaks in the pottery and compare these quantities to the amount of C15 and C17 alkane peaks in terrestrial and marine food reference sources. Results indicated that socially valued food consumption transitioned from marine food sources in the early phase ritual pits to rice and pig in the late phase ritual pits. Millet and plant residues were consistently present in storage/trash pits from both early and late phases. Findings also indicated that the use of pottery types for cooking were not limited to one source, i.e., marine, rice, millet and plant residues were found in all pottery types while pig residues were found in ding and yan pottery. Results of the lipid residue analysis provide partial support of increasing social inequality with respect to food consumption from early to late phases at Liangchengzhen, The findings from the lipid residue analysis in this thesis more closely resemble the distribution of integrative, communal consumption pattern in the early phase and a hierarchical consumption pattern during the late phase. Fish, more abundant in the early phase, was almost non-existent by the late phase. Pig and rice, hypothesized as preferred foods, were found only during the late phase, primarily in the ritual pit, H31. Millet and plant were conspicuously present during both phases, but had greater separation from ritual pits during the late phase. However, these findings are surprising since it does not match the material remains of rice and pig found in early phase pits or late phase storage/trash pits from Excavation Area One. It can be concluded that patterns of consumption at Liangchengzhen changed substantially from the early phase to the late phase with regards to food residues found in hypothesized ritual pits. Considering these data with the understanding that food in China has historically been used as a tool to wield influence and power, it can be hypothesized that a social hierarchy may have developed by the late phase that was not present during the early phase. However, participation in the activities held in late phase ritual pits may have been inclusive for all Liangchangzhen residents rather than exclusive for higher status individuals. The current research provides a starting point for further investigation into the foodways at Liangchengzhen. This thesis is the first systematic study of food residues from the interior of Neolithic vessels from ancient China that relates the results of the residue analysis to patterns of food consumption and social change.

The analysis of protein residues recovered from archaeological artifacts provides a unique opportunity to reveal new information about past societies. However, many scientists are currently unwilling to accept protein-based results due to problems in method development and a basic lack of agreement regarding the ability of proteins to bind to, and preserve within, artifacts such as pottery. In this paper, I address these challenges by conducting a two-phase experiment. First, I quantitatively evaluate the tendency of proteins to sorb to ceramic matrices by using total organic carbon analysis and spectrophotometric assays to analyze samples of experimentally cooked ceramic. I then test a series of solvent and physical parameters in order to develop an optimized method for extracting and preparing protein residues for identification via mass spectrometry. Results demonstrate that protein strongly sorbs to ceramic and is not easily removed, despite repeated washing, unless an appropriate extraction strategy is used. This has implications for the future of paleodietary, conservation ecology and forensic research in that it suggests the potential for recovery of aged or even ancient proteins from ceramic matrices.

Geoarchaeology -- Pre-Clovis archaeology -- Site search strategies.