Thesis (M.A.I.S.)--Oregon State University, 2011. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-149). Also available on the World Wide Web.

The term “isolated find” has frequently been taken as a disposable artifact category in cultural resource management (CRM). Efforts were made to empirically demonstrate the fallacy of this concept and its use, using modified field sampling strategies, the inclusion of fine screen artifact analysis, and statistical analyses. Six sites containing prehistoric occupations on Camp McCain National Guard base in Grenada County, Mississippi were reinvestigated using these methods; their datasets were expanded in terms of site size, density, function, and temporal association, which may change their eligibility status for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Fieldwork and classification based solutions are offered to account for biases introduced by current standard methods of sampling and site delineation during Phase I archaeological survey.

The dominant interpretation of Roman imperialism in the provinces of Arabia and then Palaestina Tertia holds that the Empire was seeking to combat external military threats from nomads. This interpretation is based on archaeological evidence of Roman military sites forming a static defensive system linked by a road network. Recent scholarship in Jordan has questioned this interpretation. Alternative hypotheses have been advanced proposing that these sites acted as points of provincial control or were situated to maintain routes for long distance trade. It is proposed here that these interpretations of imperial control are flawed, either because of poorly realised explanatory models or improperly sampled datasets. In contrast, this study achieves an integration of textual and archaeological data through the conceptual framework of landscape. This approach stresses the spatial correlates of human behaviour and allows an alternative interpretation of imperial control to be validated. This study proposes the hypothesis that the aim of Roman imperialism in this area was to control directly imperial material resources. It does not present a historical reconstruction but demonstrates the power of a landscape approach over other models in the interpretation of Roman imperial control in southern Jordan. A rigorous review of existing textual and archaeological evidence from southern Jordan to establish military spatial and temporal development concludes that the scale of military fluctuations to support the hypothesis of a desert frontier sy~tem has been exaggerated. To test this conclusion primary data from the Dana Archaeological Survey (DAS), a three-year survey project directed by the author, was rigorously correlated with existing datasets. By strictly defining military sites and emphasising these monuments as part of wider settlement pattern, the survey demonstrated that military variability was in fact highly conservative and cannot support the hypothesis of frontier defence or provincial control. The DAS data was then used to test an alternative hypothesis that military variation is linked to the control of trade and wider socio-economic integration. This was achieved by correlating military sites with the wider settlement hierarchy through patterns of ceramic continuity. However, contrary to previous interpretations showing highly variable settlement change, the results proved that the correlation with military sites is not exact. These results were then compared with critically evaluated data from four other surveys (Wadi Hasa Survey, Southern Ghors and North Arabah Survey, Limes Arabicus survey and the Kerak Plateau Survey), which broadly supported the DAS results. This study makes clear that there is a spatial correlation between the existence of imperial estates, industrial centres and military sites. Archaeological evidence of an imperial estate in the DAS project area is presented and is contrasted with the different spatial and temporal features of a civilian estate. This imperial estate can be spatially correlated with several military sites. A review of the historical and textual evidence for imperial estates in Arabia suggests a provincial-wide pattern. This re-interpretation of the imperial landscape in southern Jordan views the location of military sites and the road network as a part of a vast integrated resourcing system of the Eastern Empire.

No description available.

Student Number : 9903519M - MSc research report - School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies - Faculty of Science / Goldsmith’s is a newly discovered fossil and archaeological site 4km south-west of the famous Sterkfontein Cave Site, in the buffer zone of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site. It preserves one of the rare occurrences in South African fossil cave sites of stone artefacts with associated fossil fauna. Thirteen artefacts from two Stone Age cultures are represented within the site: namely the Earlier Stone Age and the Middle Stone Age. Eleven stone artefacts represent the Earlier Stone Age, dated to ca, 2-1 million years within the Sterkfontein Valley sites, while two artefacts represent the MSA. The stone tools from both cultures are not embedded in breccia and may have originated from decalcified breccias, or alternatively from slope wash. Various faunal taxa were recovered including bovids, primates, carnivores and others. Carnivores are the most highly represented, followed by bovids. Analysis of bone surface modifications indicate that the majority of the bones are slightly weathered, and some bone specimens are also abraded, suggesting that they may have accumulated through slope wash. The high frequencies of carnivore remains, including Dinofelis and a representation of most carnivore body parts, support a possible death trap scenario. The fauna suggests a palaeoenvironment with open woodland or savannah within the vicinity of a closed environment.

PhD - Science / Analysis of charcoal from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, shows evidence of environmental change during the Last Glacial. Layers analysed encompass the end of the cold stadial, Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 4, and the warmer interstadial, OIS 3. Layers are divided – on the basis of lithic industry associations and taxonomic content – into the Howiesons Poort (HP) (dated to ca. 61 000 years ago), and the early, middle and late post-HP assemblages (ca. 60-55 000, 55-50 000 and 50-33 000 years ago respectively). This project aims to identify evidence for environmental change, characterise this change using qualitative and quantitative analyses, and compare the results to evidence from other proxies at Sibudu Cave and elsewhere in South Africa. HP layers (GS, GR, GR2) are dominated by evergreen forest taxa, including Podocarpus spp., Buxus sp., Brachylaena sp., Sapium/Spirostachys and Ptaeroxylon obliquum. Kirkia sp. suggests a warm, woodland savanna habitat grew beyond the forest vegetation. Early post-HP layers (Eb, SPCA, BSp) contain taxa from evergreen, riverine forest communities, including Erica spp., Leucosidea sericea, and Rapanea melanophloeos. Some of the taxa in these layers suggest a shift in vegetation, possibly related to the marine regression of the Last Glacial, bringing taxa currently found further inland towards the site. Fewer evergreen forest components, and more bushveld taxa, are present in the middle post-HP (RSp, OMOD, MOD) than in the previous layers. Some of the taxa are only found in northern South Africa in regions that are significantly drier than modern KwaZulu-Natal. These layers also contain more Acacia spp. and other Fabaceae taxa and fewer Erica spp. than the samples from the early post-HP. This may be a result of environmental change, a change in wood selection, charcoal fragmentation, or sampling bias. Layer Bu, within the late post-HP, contains evergreen and deciduous taxa many of which are found in KwaZulu-Natal today. Kirkia sp. again provides evidence for a dry habitat not iv currently found in the region. Many Types were defined in Bu, which may indicate a vegetation community for which there is currently no reference material. Temperature and moisture indices produced using the Factor Analysis suggest warm and moist conditions during the HP layers. During the early post-HP conditions became cooler with intermediate moisture levels. Subsequently, conditions were warm and dry (middle post-HP) and then warm with a little more moisture indicated (late post-HP). Good fuelwoods were routinely collected during the post-HP. In contrast, the HP layers are dominated by Podocarpus spp. and many of the good fuelwoods, such as Acacia spp. and Erica spp., are absent. This pattern may be a result of changes in the environment, sample bias or a development of awareness of wood properties between the HP and post-HP occupations. The charcoal results corroborate palaeoenvironmental interpretations provided by seeds and macrofauna from Sibudu Cave. When the Sibudu Cave data are combined with data from other sites it is apparent that, although conditions in the summer rainfall region during the Last Glacial were generally dry, there is evidence for localised variation in vegetation and climate.

O patrimônio arqueológico do município de Congonhas, Estado de Minas Gerais, vem sendo destruído ao longo de sua história mais recente por conta principalmente do crescimento urbano desordenado. A cidade cresce impulsionada pela demanda mundial por minerais como o ferro e desta forma, avança sobre os sítios arqueológicos que a circundam, sem que sejam observados alguns dos cuidados necessários ou a legislação vigente, que pesam sobre o patrimônio arqueológico brasileiro. Contudo, a Educação Patrimonial pode significar um acesso ao conhecimento sobre o patrimônio arqueológico de Congonhas e para sua preservação, utilizando de vestígios arqueológicos aflorados sobre o solo, trabalhando para produzir uma Arqueologia Pública, buscando promover a viabilização de meios de preservação e musealização de sítios arqueológicos revelados por uma Arqueologia Histórica engajada com tendências mundiais da Arqueologia, como uma alternativa coerente com a atual situação arqueológica do município. / The archaeologycalheritage in Congonhas municipal district, in Minas Gerais State, Brasil, have been destroyed along its more recent history principally by desordinated urban growing. The Town was growing impused by wordwide minerals demandas iron and this way, has advanced on archaeologycal sites that emcompasses it, withaut observing necessary cares or actual brasilian laws, that inforce on brasilian archaeological heritage. Although the heritage education can mean an acess to knowledge about Congonha\'sarchaelogical heritage and its preservation, using archaeological remains that are emerged on the groud, working to do a Public Archaeology, seeking to promote the viabilization of ways of preservation and musealization of arhaeologycal sites reveled by an Historical Archaeoloy engaged with wordwide tendencies in Archaeology, as an coherent alternative with the municipal district\'s archeological situation.

Esta dissertação trata da ação educativa no âmbito do Projeto Arqueologia Histórica Missioneira, desenvolvido em cooperação técnica entre o IPHAN e universidades gaúchas entre os anos 1985 e 1995, sob a coordenação do Professor Arno Alvarez Kern. Para conduzir a análise do tema, a dissertação inicia com uma leitura sobre o processo de incorporação das ruínas missioneiras em território brasileiro, ao patrimônio e à memória nacional. Em seguida, é colocada a problemática do surgimento da arqueologia histórica no Brasil e a relação que esta tem com o desenvolvimento dos dispositivos legais de preservação e das políticas para o patrimônio arqueológico emanadas do IPHAN. Assim referenciado, a terceira parte do trabalho consiste em perseguir as condições em que foram realizadas as ações educativas no Projeto Arqueologia Histórica Missioneira, bem como demonstrar o sentido que essas ações adquiriram ao longo de sua realização. / This dissertation deals with the educational activities under “Arqueologia Histórica Missioneira” project, developed in technical cooperation by IPHAN and Rio Grande do Sul’s universities between 1985 and 1995, under scholar Arno Alvarez Kern coordination. To conduct the analysis of the topic, the dissertation begins with a reading about the incorporation process of Missions ruins into Brazilian national heritage and memory. After that we present the question regarding the rise of Historical Archeology in Brazil and its relations with the laws for preservation and policies by IPHAN’s archaeological heritage. Finally we present the conditions under which educational actions of “Arqueologia Histórica Missioneira” project were performed and show off the meaning that these actions have acquired throughout their achievement.

No description available.

O patrimônio arqueológico do município de Congonhas, Estado de Minas Gerais, vem sendo destruído ao longo de sua história mais recente por conta principalmente do crescimento urbano desordenado. A cidade cresce impulsionada pela demanda mundial por minerais como o ferro e desta forma, avança sobre os sítios arqueológicos que a circundam, sem que sejam observados alguns dos cuidados necessários ou a legislação vigente, que pesam sobre o patrimônio arqueológico brasileiro. Contudo, a Educação Patrimonial pode significar um acesso ao conhecimento sobre o patrimônio arqueológico de Congonhas e para sua preservação, utilizando de vestígios arqueológicos aflorados sobre o solo, trabalhando para produzir uma Arqueologia Pública, buscando promover a viabilização de meios de preservação e musealização de sítios arqueológicos revelados por uma Arqueologia Histórica engajada com tendências mundiais da Arqueologia, como uma alternativa coerente com a atual situação arqueológica do município. / The archaeologycalheritage in Congonhas municipal district, in Minas Gerais State, Brasil, have been destroyed along its more recent history principally by desordinated urban growing. The Town was growing impused by wordwide minerals demandas iron and this way, has advanced on archaeologycal sites that emcompasses it, withaut observing necessary cares or actual brasilian laws, that inforce on brasilian archaeological heritage. Although the heritage education can mean an acess to knowledge about Congonha\'sarchaelogical heritage and its preservation, using archaeological remains that are emerged on the groud, working to do a Public Archaeology, seeking to promote the viabilization of ways of preservation and musealization of arhaeologycal sites reveled by an Historical Archaeoloy engaged with wordwide tendencies in Archaeology, as an coherent alternative with the municipal district\'s archeological situation.