The results of an archaeological survey of North Cottonwood Canyon, San Juan County, southeastern Utah, are herein reported. The purpose and background leading up to the survey are followed by a physical description of the canyon and a description of the 36 archaeological sites recorded. The cultural material collected and/or observed at the sites, including architecture, ceramics, and other miscellaneous artifacts, is described and discussed. This is followed by a distributional analysis between sites. This includes altitude, slope, water resources, and vegetation. Cultural materials in North Cottonwood Canyon are then compared with materials from related areas, including Montezuma Canyon, Beef Basin, Salt Creek, Indian Creek, Cedar Mesa, Hammond Canyon, and Glen Canyon. This is followed by the Conclusion, which discusses the time periods the canyon was inhabited, the lifeway of the prehistoric inhabitants, and some possibilities for further work that hopefully will be conducted in the canyon at a future date.

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<p>This thesis explores the relationship between landscape and experience in understanding the historical trajectory of cemeteries, their ongoing role in living communities and their contribution to heritage and memory. It constructs a phenomenological history of Hamilton Cemetery, established in 1848 in Hamilton, Ontario, using a combination of material, archival and ethnographic research, in addition to visual media and statistical analyses. In tracing the physical transformations of this cemetery, as a result of fluctuating levels of maintenance, neglect and destruction, it is evident that cemeteries are implicated in the social processes constructing attitudes towards death, the dead, memory and the past.</p> <p>This thesis will explore Hamilton Cemetery’s past to examine the role of commemorative activities, grave visitation, vandalism, recreational activities and heritage. The period from 1848-1950 was one of active use and maintenance of the cemetery landscape, with the frequency and recentness of burial dictating a high level of reverence and maintenance. Between 1950 and 1990, treatment of the cemetery is better characterized by the emergence of vandalism, limited use of the space, and increasing cumulative decay. Finally, from 1990 to the present there has been a resurgence of interest in the cemetery and a transition back into active management and maintenance recognizing its value to local heritage and ecology.</p> <p>From their emergence as pragmatic, formalized social spaces constructed for the dead, to the saturation of the medium and a demographic shift resulting in neglect, to revitalization as a heritage-based collective past, cemeteries represent dynamic components of the landscape.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

<p>This study explores the history of Niagara settlement and settlers through the changing patterns of burial and commemoration visible in historical family cemeteries established following Euro-American settlement in the 1790s. Data collected from a combination of site survey and archival research demonstrate three clear phases of: 1) early cemetery creation and use 2) the transition to burial in public cemeteries throughout the late 1800s; and 3) the closure of family cemeteries by the early 1900s followed by periods of neglect and renewal characterized by inactive cemeteries being repurposed by descendants as sites of heritage display.</p> <p>There is incredible variation in burial data and the overall patterns speak to changing identity relating to family, land, community, memory, and history. More specifically, the results of this study demonstrate a shift from an identity created through the experience of family place and burial to a community-based identity that emphasizes the nuclear family and their history within their wider social network. More recent heritage displays have explicitly introduced a narrative of settlement, Loyalist identity, and land ownership that was inherent when cemeteries were in use.</p> <p>This cemetery-based history approach demonstrates the potential of mortuary material culture to address questions of social change within the historical context in which it was created and used. It also highlights the value of variability in cemetery data and the consideration of the circumstances of cemetery creation, use, neglect, and renewal to inform the range of personal and collective histories that are visible over generations.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>This thesis explores social identity and group membership at the Van Besien site by identifying the social patterning in the production and consumption of ceramics. Since potting is a social event involving transmission of knowledge, production exists within social constraints specific to each potter and influences the technological choices he/she makes. Such technological choices culminate in what is regarded as technological style, created by the repetition of activities or choices that create discernible patterns to allow for identification of styles that demarcate social boundaries.</p> <p>By identifying stylistic traditions of production and use of ceramics at Van Besien, I found evidence for both fluidity and rigidity of social boundaries. There are constant technological choices that traditionally would be viewed as evidence of rigid social membership. In contrast, the presence of variability at the Van Besien site indicates that social groups were not rigid. To identify if social membership was spatially represented, variability was explored throughout the site. I found that there were unexpected social divisions visible spatially in the pottery.</p> <p>The results demonstrate that with new theoretical frameworks, new interpretations regarding village social spheres can be discerned. My thesis represents a successful re-evaluation of an extant collection with missing and deficient documentation. This case study shows that extant collections can be revisited, reevaluated, and shed new light on academic debates in Ontario archaeology.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

No / The use of Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy for characterising lignocellulosics has increased significantly over the last twenty years. Here, an FT-Raman spectroscopic study of changes in the chemistry of waterlogged archaeological wood of Pinus sp. and Quercus sp. from a prehistoric assemblage recovered from northern Greece is presented. FT-Raman spectral features of biodeteriorated wood were associated with the depletion of lignin and/or carbohydrate polymers at various stages of deterioration. Spectra from the archaeological wood are presented alongside spectra of sound wood of the same taxa. A comparison of the relative changes in intensities of spectral bands associated with lignin and carbohydrates resulting from decay clearly indicated extensive deterioration of both the softwood and hardwood samples and the carbohydrates appear to be more deteriorated than the lignin. The biodeterioration of the archaeological timbers followed a pattern of initial preferential loss of carbohydrates causing significant loss of cellulose and hemicellulose, followed by the degradation of lignin.

No / Rosemary Joyce’s research in gender archaeology and archaeologies of the body and identity have not only impacted on our interpretations of the body and identity in the past, but have contributed vastly to our understandings of epistemologies of academic practice, particularly with relation to addressing the androcentric and hetero-normative frameworks in which the disciplines of archaeology and anthropology have traditionally operated. Furthermore, through reassessing ways of viewing, researching, and interpreting the past, Joyce and her contemporaries have changed the face of archaeological theory, method and practice, pre-empting current theoretical concepts (for instance, Ingold’s ‘meshworks’ and Hodder’s ‘entanglement’ theories as lenses for interpreting the past (and the present)) by over twenty years. This paper explores Joyce’s contribution in redressing our epistemologies, which influence our understanding of the past, and impact on archaeological research and practice. For instance, recognition of multiple narratives and the democratization of the archaeological voice have created new understandings and interpretations of our archaeological record. Taking a case study of an archaeological field school and research excavation, the Ardnamurchan Transitions Project, this paper explores how an approach grounded in feminist ways of seeing the world, and a democratization of communication, impact on student learning, both in the field and the classroom, and ultimately, in our archaeological interpretations and understanding. Crucially, this paper also highlights that our discipline has some way to go in realizing the foundations laid by Joyce and her contemporaries.

No / Forensic archaeology is mostly defined as the use of archaeological methods and principles within a legal context. However, such a definition only covers one aspect of forensic archaeology and misses the full potential this discipline has to offer. This volume is unique in that it contains 57 chapters from experienced forensic archaeological practitioners working in different countries, intergovernmental organisations or NGO’s. It shows that the practice of forensic archaeology varies worldwide as a result of diverse historical, educational, legal and judicial backgrounds. The chapters in this volume will be an invaluable reference to (forensic) archaeologists, forensic anthropologists, humanitarian and human rights workers, forensic scientists, police officers, professionals working in criminal justice systems and all other individuals who are interested in the potential forensic archaeology has to offer at scenes of crime or places of incident. This volume promotes the development of forensic archaeology worldwide. In addition, it proposes an interpretative framework that is grounded in archaeological theory and methodology, integrating affiliated behavioural and forensic sciences.

Reconnaissance survey (Phase Ia) provides the backbone to archaeological field methodology. Archaeological sites are typically discovered through reconnaissance techniques, more often via pedestrian survey and shovel probe testing. There is a lack of a consensus in the archaeological community on whether or not these techniques are effective as reconnaissance methodology. The following thesis evaluates these techniques' relative effectiveness at finding and preliminarily evaluating archaeological sites, the main objectives of reconnaissance. This study compares actual and simulated surveys using both techniques on a multi-component site in a woodland setting as well as addressing the cost-effectiveness of these techniques when estimating the time needed to complete them. / Department of Anthropology