Bakgrund: Mindfulness är ett nytt koncept inom omvårdnad. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) är ett program som utvecklats från mindfulness inom vården. MBSR har studerats i samband med olika sjukdomar däribland cancer. Bröstcancer är den vanligaste maligna cancern hos kvinnor världen över och att få en cancerdiagnos medför både fysiska och psykiska svårigheter. Syfte: Att beskriva effekter av MBSR på personer med bröstcancer. Metod: Litteraturöversikt baserad på RCT-studier (randomised controlled trials). Datainsamling gjordes via CINAHL, Medline och PsychINFO och tolv RCT-studier granskades med en induktiv ansats. Resultat: Resultatet bygger på tolv RCT studier som jämför MBSR med vanlig behandling (VB) och är indelat i effekter avseende fysiskt välmående, effekter avseende psykiskt välmående, effekter avseende hantering och effekter avseende socialt välmående. Slutsats: Generellt finns kortsiktiga positiva effekter till följd av MBSR-programmet hos personer med bröstcancer. Dock är dessa effekter ofta uppmätta direkt efter interventionen och flera studier visar att dess effekt minskar efter tolv månader. Evidensen för att använda MBSR i vården av personer med bröstcancer är ännu låg och fler studier med längre uppföljning bör göras. / Background: Mindfulness is a fairly new concept in nursing. The MBSR-programme (Mindfulness based stress reduction) was developed from mindfulness in healthcare. MBSR has been studied in relation to different healthcare settings and illnesses there among cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer amongst women worldwide. To live with cancer entails both psychological and physical issues. Aim: To describe the effects of MBSR on persons with breast cancer. Method: A literature review based on RCT-studies (randomised controlled trials). Data collection was done using CINAHL, Medline and PsychINFO and twelve RCT-studies was examined with an inductive approach. Results: The result is based on twelve RCT-studies comparing MBSR with standard treatment and presented in effects related to: physical wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, coping and social wellbeing. Conclusion: Generally, there are short term positive effects of the MBSR-programme on persons with breast cancer. These effects are often measured directly after the intervention and several studies show that the effects diminish after twelve months. Evidence to use MBSR in healthcare for persons with breast cancer is still low and more studies with longer follow up should be conducted.

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A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as atividades do professor com gêneros argumentativos em sala de aula e analisar em que medida a preparação dessas atividades contribuem com a escrita do gênero artigo de opinião por alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública do Estado de São Paulo. Seguindo os preceitos dos PCNs e do Currículo do Estado de São Paulo, adotou-se a língua como objeto de estudo da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa, assim como as concepções de gêneros discursivos apoiadas em Bakthin (2003), Marcuschi (2008) e Rojo (2000). Em relação à organização do trabalho pedagógico, apoiados nas orientações de Schneuwly e Dolz (2004) planejou-se uma sequência didática para a produção de artigo de opinião. Tomou-se como produção inicial e produção final as avaliações externas aplicadas, respectivamente, no primeiro e segundo semestre, as AAP (Avaliação de Aprendizagem em processo). As atividades dos materiais didático-pedagógicos utilizados foram selecionadas procurando atender a reflexão sobre as características do gênero formuladas por Rodrigues (2000) Brakling (2000) e outros autores pesquisados. Quanto às estratégias de ensino de produção textual escrita, recorremos a Antunes (2003) e Geraldi (1991), evidenciando as etapas de planejamento e preparo para a produção escrita. A análise das produções, dentro de uma perspectiva enunciativa e interacionista da língua, procurou evidenciar os recursos linguísticos-discursivo empregados pelos alunos para a construção da argumentação. Para melhor compreender o uso desses recursos argumentativos recorreu-se à Retórica de Aristóteles associando-se aos estudos da Nova Retórica de PERELMAN & OLBRECHTS-TYTECA (1996). Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que há uma relação direta entre as escolhas teóricas para a organização do trabalho pedagógico e a melhora da qualidade de escrita dos alunos. Confirmou-se também a hipótese da relevância do ensino dos gêneros argumentativos, pois os alunos-autores demonstraram um posicionamento crítico em relação aos temas abordados nas produções textuais. Houve ganhos quanto à organização e produtividade textual, efeito das atividades de leitura e alimentação temática, mas por outro lado, as fragilidades das atividades específicas para a construção do gênero, aliados aos problemas relativos às propostas sugeridas apontam para uma reorientação do trabalho com o gênero artigo de opinião. / This research aims to investigate teacher-proposed classroom activities involving argumentative genres and analyze the extent up to which the preparation of those activities contribute to the writing of opinion articles of 9th-graders of a public school run by São Paulo state. Based on the National Curriculum Parameters and on the Curriculum of the State of São Paulo, language was embraced as the study object of the discipline Portuguese, along with the conceptions of discourse genres by Bakhtin (2003), Marcuschi (2008), and Rojo (2000). Regarding the organization of the pedagogical work, a didactic sequence based on Schneuwly and Dolzs (2004) guidelines was planned aiming at the writing of an opinion article. The external Evaluations of Learning in Process in the first and in the second semesters were taken respectively as initial and final production. The activities in the didactic-pedagogical materials were selected when in keeping with the reflections on the characteristics of the genre opinion article proposed by Rodrigues (2000), Brakling (2000), among others. As to the teaching strategies of written production, the research resorted to the works of Antunes (2003) and Geraldi (1991), making evident the planning and preparation stages of the written production. The analysis of the productions, from an enunciative and interactional perspective of language, sought to reveal the linguistic-discursive strategies used by students in the construction of argumentation. In order to better understand the use of those strategies, Aristotles Rhetoric was resorted to, as well as the New Rhetoric, by Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1996). The results of the research suggest that there is a direct relation between the theoretical choices for the organization of the pedagogical work and the improvement observed in student writing. The teaching of argumentative genres proved relevant, as student-authors were able to take a critical stand towards the topics of the written assignments. Improvements were observed regarding text organization and productivity an effect of the reading and topic-related activities; on the other hand, the weak points of the specific activities for genre construction, alongside the problems related to the suggested plans, point to the reorientation of the work with opinion articles.

Artigos científicos constituem-se em uma rica fonte de material para trabalho no ensino superior. Atividades cuidadosamente planejadas com base em informações nele contidas oferecem aos estudantes a oportunidade de desenvolvimento de habilidades necessárias à carreira profissional, assim como o aperfeiçoamento do conhecimento em química. Este trabalho descreve uma proposta de ensino aplicada no primeiro ano de um curso de graduação em química. A atividade, baseada na utilização de artigos científicos, proporcionou aos estudantes o contato com a literatura primária da área de química tendo como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento de habilidades de leitura e interpretação deste tipo de texto. Artigos científicos extraídos das revistas Química Nova e Eclética Química foram selecionados. Foram oferecidas aos estudantes orientações para a leitura e discussão dos artigos científicos e, em seguida, foi solicitada a produção de um texto (gênero livre) sobre o conteúdo do mesmo, que deveria ser direcionado a um leitor com as características de um calouro do curso de química. Os textos produzidos pelos estudantes foram analisados segundo a Análise de Discurso, linha francesa, como vem sendo divulgada por Eni Orlandi. Verificou-se que a estratégia adotada permitiu que a maioria dos estudantes manifestasse o seu entendimento sobre o conteúdo do artigo científico, apresentando em seu texto elementos com uma abordagem própria e desvinculada da forma e organização do artigo original. / Scientific papers are a rich source of material for undergraduate work. Carefully designed assignments based on selected papers offer opportunities for students to develop skills needed by professional chemists and at the same time reinforce their chemical knowledge. This work describes a research journal assignment introduced into a scientific communication course. The assignment provided a method to acquaint students with the current chemical literature and the main goal is to develop students’ reading and interpretation abilities of this kind of material. Papers from the journals Química Nova and Eclética Química were chosen as the main material of this assignment. The students were provided with guidelines to critically read and discuss the research articles and were required to turn-in a written text (free genre) of what they had read, which would then be directed to a reader with the characteristics of a freshman chemistry student. The texts written by the students were analysed by Discourse Analysis, in its French orientation, as divulged by Eni Orlandi. It was concluded that the assignment enabled the majority of the students to express a great amount of personal reflection in the texts, showing their individual understanding in a different format and approach than what was read in the original paper.

An undertaking enjoying a dominant position on the internal market has many possibilities to flourish and develop. One way of increasing market power is to expand business activities to downstream markets. An undertaking that is dominant on the upstream market can thus take advantage of its dominance when engaging in business conduct on the downstream market. However, taking advantage of such a position can in some circumstances lead to an infringement of Article 102 TFEU. Recent cases from the EU courts and the EU Commission have, however, demonstrated uncertainties concerning the ways in which the article should be applied.   The purpose of the thesis has been to examine different approaches towards the application of Article 102 TFEU in situations where vertically integrated dominant undertakings are favouring their own downstream operations to the prejudice of competitors. The research question concerns whether there exists a general duty for vertically integrated dominant undertakings not to discriminate in favour of their own downstream operations.   The overall theme of the thesis is the difficulties in drawing a line between legitimate business strategies and abusive business conduct. When intervening against businesses, competition authorities have an important task in balancing the potentially conflicting interests of free competition and counteracting market imperfections. While it is important to encourage business development and innovation, it is also vital to ensure the functioning of the internal market. Discussions concerning these ideas are being held with reference to case law from the EU courts as well as from decisions and statements from the European Commission.   The findings of the thesis show that there has been a noteworthy inconsistency in the application of Article 102 TFEU. A discrepancy in the approaches towards the article has been found, both concerning the main goals of the article as well as the circumstances in which it should be applied. The conclusion is that it is not possible to state that there is a general duty not to discriminate in favour of an undertaking’s own downstream operations. Nevertheless, indications in the direction of such a duty do exist. Finally, the outcome of the analysis suggests that the inconsistency and ambiguities in the law enforcement can result in an infringement of legal certainty.

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European competition law originated after the end of the Second World War as a part of treaties instrumental to the European integration process and it evolved through secondary law and jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice from an international trade provision into its modern and truly general form. European Commission in it its endeavor to modernize competition law presents a review of the application of Article 82. The goal of the review is to base the policy on a sound economic framework, to aim on effects of abusive conduct rather than on its form and finally to focus mainly on the most important competition problems. This thesis advocates the necessity of an economic analysis while assessing the possible abuse of dominant position in concrete cases and therefore welcomes proclaimed goals of the review. Conversely it criticizes the insufficient fulfillment of these goals, which is in our view, mainly due to misunderstanding of the operation of market mechanism. Economics is in its most generalized form a complex science of purposeful human action. It is therefore not a toolbox, from which one could ad hoc take models or theories in order to assess the abuse of dominant position in real-world cases. This naive approach often leads authorities to make unsound or paradox rulings. We demonstrate the indispensability of correctly understanding the market mechanism in referencing the famous Microsoft case. Industries of the New Economy are characterized by strong network effects and a high portion of fixed costs, which makes the firms often compete "for the market" instead of "on the market". The corollary high market share is not in our view a manifestation of a monopoly position, which could be exploited using monopoly price. Modern economy explains how potential competition forces these highly efficient firms to continuously invest into new technologies and how it pushes down the price of final products. On the other hand, recourse to ad hoc doctrines or non adequate economic models may lead to erroneous assessment of abuse of dominant position.

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Santrauka. Dominavimo samprata pagal EB Sutarties 82 straipsnį ir jo nustatymo problematika Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjama Europos Bendrijos konkurencijos teisėje įtvirtinta dominuojančios padėties koncepcija. Darbo tikslas – atskleisti dominavimo sampratos bei nustatymo ypatumus, identifikuojant dažniausiai sutinkamas problemas. Išskiriami tokie dominavimo tipai, kaip vienasmenis dominavimas, kolektyvinis, bei superdominavimas. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas dominavimo koncepcijos plėtojimo tendencijoms, atsižvelgiant į šiuo metu Komisijos pradėtą EB Sutarties 82 straipsnio reformą. Darbe koncentruojamasi į Bendrijos teismų bei Europos Komisijos suformuluotą praktiką šia tema bei galimus taikymo praktikos pasikeitimus. Tačiau kartu vertinamos ir Lietuvos konkurencijos teisėje nusistovėjusios taisyklės, kurios reglamentuoja ūkio subjektų dominavimą. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad Lietuva yra įsipareigojusi suderinti savo nacionalinę teisę su Europos Bendrijos acquis communautaire, įskaitant ir konkurencijos teisės taisykles, siekiant įvertinti, ar Lietuvoje galiojančios konkurencijos teisės normos atitinka Europos Bendrijos taisykles dominavimo padėties aspektu. / Summary. Dominance Under Article 82 of the EC Treaty and the Problems of Its Finding This study is devoted to the analysis of the conception of dominance in the European Community competition law. The objective of this study is to ascertain the main features of the aspects of dominance, including its finding problems. The analysis presents such types of dominance as single dominance, collective dominance and super-dominance. Particular attention is given to the research of the possible changes of the concept of dominance, subject to the process of modernization of application of Article 82 EC. It is concentrated to the practice of the European Community courts and the European Commission. However Lithuanian competition law, which regulates dominance, is also examined. Considering the undertaking to approximate Lithuanian national competition law to acquis communautaire of the European Union, the study labours for answering, whether the competition rules, established in Lithuania correspond to the European Community competition law in the light of dominance.

The English article system is extremely complex because of its conceptual abstractness and context-dependent usage. For these specific features, some second language learners (e.g., Japanese) find article acquisition to be very difficult. Traditionally, the definite article the is thought to express exclusively the referential function of "identifiability", that is, the is there to identify or pick out the referent so the hearer can identify what is being discussed (Lyons, 1999). This view has been widely accepted and has served as the foundation of research as well as for pedagogical orientations. Recently, however, these traditional notions have been heavily criticized as 'insufficient'. As a result, a cognitive, mental space notion of "accessibility" has been introduced (Epstein, 2002). / This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness in teaching the English article the by comparing two instructional approaches: a traditionally-based approach and a cognitively-based approach. The study hypothesized, first, that article usage is contextually and conceptually configured; therefore, not all definite articles the exhibit the same level of difficulty (some are conceptually more complex than others). Second, the higher the complexity, the more difficult it is for learners to understand. Third, in light of these hypotheses, learners are predicted to benefit more from conceptually oriented instruction than structurally oriented traditional instruction. / In order to measure the effectiveness of these approaches, two comparable, computerized instructional treatments were created. The mental space treatment shows the learners the framework in which 'accessibility' to the object is emphasized, whereas the traditional treatment shows learners the framework in which 'identifiability' of the object is emphasized. / Eighty-three Japanese learners of English (41 in the mental space treatment and 42 in the traditional treatment) were recruited to test the hypotheses. Three lessons were administered individually; each lasted 1.5 to 2 hours (4.5 to 6 hours per participant). As predicted, the results revealed that there is a distinct order of complexity according to the conceptual load of the article the. The study also confirmed that the higher the complexity levels, the more difficult it is for the learners to learn. However, this conceptual complexity can be significantly alleviated when the conceptual framework is taught.