published_or_final_version / Botany / Master / Master of Philosophy

The direct effects of a Virginia trout farm on benthic macroinvertebrates were examined using multiple approaches. Static laboratory tests with the amphipod, Hyallela azteca, were conducted with exposures to water taken from a spring, effluent above a sedimentation basin, and effluent below a sedimentation basin. On-site mesocosms were constructed to expose previously colonized artificial substrates to the same treatments as the laboratory tests. Flat-headed mayflies were also collected from a nearby stream and transported to the mesocosms for a 10 day exposure. There was no significant difference between treatments in the laboratory tests after 20 days, but after 28 days the control was significantly lower than the above sedimentation basin treatment in one test. In the multispecies field tests, a clear decrease in total invertebrate abundance and EPT abundance was seen in the effluent treatments compared to the spring water treatments, with a slight improvement in survival in the treatment below the sedimentation basin. However, only total invertebrate abundance after 21 days produced statistically significant differences. A significant difference was detected between the effluent and the spring treatments in the flat-headed mayfly field test. We suggest that the effects seen in this study do not explain the lack of taxa richness in the receiving stream. The main cause of mortality from trout effluents appears to be solids accumulating upon the organisms, and sedimentation basins should be effective best management practices for protecting macroinvertebrates. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_frt_me_jabo.pdf: 396546 bytes, checksum: bb3bd0061ee806c6cd6f69729febe01b (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o balanço de nitrogênio em viveiros de cultivo de Macrobrachium amazonicum, caracterizando as principais entradas e saídas deste nutriente. O experimento foi desenvolvido em 12 viveiros retangulares de fundo natural, com um delineamento experimental em blocos inteiramente casualizados (DBC), em esquema fatorial (2x2), com três repetições. Os fatores testados foram o uso de aeração noturna (presente ou ausente) e o uso de substratos artificiais (presente ou ausente). Para cálculo da entrada de nitrogênio no cultivo foi quantificado o total de nitrogênio que entrou por meio do alimento alóctone, pelos juvenis, pelo fertilizante e pela água de abastecimento. Para o cálculo da saída de nitrogênio do cultivo foi quantificado o nitrogênio acumulado nos camarões despescados, na matéria aderida ao substrato e no sedimento, além do nitrogênio eliminado no efluente da despesca e na forma de gás N2 desprendido do sedimento. O alimento alóctone foi responsável por 57% do nitrogênio que entrou no sistema, enquanto que o sedimento acumulou cerca de 45% do nitrogênio inserido durante o cultivo. No máximo 13,5% do nitrogênio contido no alimento alóctone foram incorporados pelos camarões, indicando a necessidade de estudos para uma melhora nessa incorporação. O uso de aeração noturna elevou a entrada de nitrogênio pelo alimento alóctone, favoreceu o acúmulo de nitrogênio na coluna d’água e consequentemente no efluente da despesca. O uso de substratos artificiais para o desenvolvimento de perifiton pode melhorar a incorporação do nitrogênio inserido durante o cultivo, além de diminuir o acúmulo de nitrogênio nos efluentes, gerado pelo aerador / The aim of this study was to analyze the nitrogen balance in grow-out ponds of Macrobrachium amazonicum, characterizing the main inputs and outputs of this nutrient. The experiment was conducted in 12 natural rectangular ponds, with a randomized complete block experimental design (RBD) in a factorial (2x2) with three replications. The factors tested were the nocturnal aeration (present or absent) and use of artificial substrates (present or absent). To calculate the input of nitrogen in the culture the total nitrogen that came through allochthonous food, supplied by juveniles, and by fertilizer and water supply was quantified. To calculate the nitrogen removed from the culture was quantified the nitrogen accumulated in the prawns at harvest, in the matter adhered to the substrate, in the sediment and the nitrogen eliminated in the effluent in harvest and N2 gas form loose from the sediment. The allochthonous food accounted for 57% of the nitrogen that entered the system, while the sediment has accumulated about 45% of the nitrogen added in the culture. A maximum of 13.5% nitrogen contained in the allochthonous food was incorporated by prawns, indicating that it is necessary to study an improvement in this embodiment. The use of nocturnal aeration elevated the input of nitrogen by allochthonous food, promoted the accumulation of nitrogen in the water column and consequently in the harvest effluent. Using artificial substrates for periphyton development can enhance the uptake of nitrogen added during cultivation, and reduce the accumulation of nitrogen in the effluent generated by the aerator

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987.

Orientador: Wagner Cotroni Valenti / Banca: Clovis Ferreira do Carmo / Banca: Margarete Mallasen / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o balanço de nitrogênio em viveiros de cultivo de Macrobrachium amazonicum, caracterizando as principais entradas e saídas deste nutriente. O experimento foi desenvolvido em 12 viveiros retangulares de fundo natural, com um delineamento experimental em blocos inteiramente casualizados (DBC), em esquema fatorial (2x2), com três repetições. Os fatores testados foram o uso de aeração noturna (presente ou ausente) e o uso de substratos artificiais (presente ou ausente). Para cálculo da entrada de nitrogênio no cultivo foi quantificado o total de nitrogênio que entrou por meio do alimento alóctone, pelos juvenis, pelo fertilizante e pela água de abastecimento. Para o cálculo da saída de nitrogênio do cultivo foi quantificado o nitrogênio acumulado nos camarões despescados, na matéria aderida ao substrato e no sedimento, além do nitrogênio eliminado no efluente da despesca e na forma de gás N2 desprendido do sedimento. O alimento alóctone foi responsável por 57% do nitrogênio que entrou no sistema, enquanto que o sedimento acumulou cerca de 45% do nitrogênio inserido durante o cultivo. No máximo 13,5% do nitrogênio contido no alimento alóctone foram incorporados pelos camarões, indicando a necessidade de estudos para uma melhora nessa incorporação. O uso de aeração noturna elevou a entrada de nitrogênio pelo alimento alóctone, favoreceu o acúmulo de nitrogênio na coluna d'água e consequentemente no efluente da despesca. O uso de substratos artificiais para o desenvolvimento de perifiton pode melhorar a incorporação do nitrogênio inserido durante o cultivo, além de diminuir o acúmulo de nitrogênio nos efluentes, gerado pelo aerador / Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the nitrogen balance in grow-out ponds of Macrobrachium amazonicum, characterizing the main inputs and outputs of this nutrient. The experiment was conducted in 12 natural rectangular ponds, with a randomized complete block experimental design (RBD) in a factorial (2x2) with three replications. The factors tested were the nocturnal aeration (present or absent) and use of artificial substrates (present or absent). To calculate the input of nitrogen in the culture the total nitrogen that came through allochthonous food, supplied by juveniles, and by fertilizer and water supply was quantified. To calculate the nitrogen removed from the culture was quantified the nitrogen accumulated in the prawns at harvest, in the matter adhered to the substrate, in the sediment and the nitrogen eliminated in the effluent in harvest and N2 gas form loose from the sediment. The allochthonous food accounted for 57% of the nitrogen that entered the system, while the sediment has accumulated about 45% of the nitrogen added in the culture. A maximum of 13.5% nitrogen contained in the allochthonous food was incorporated by prawns, indicating that it is necessary to study an improvement in this embodiment. The use of nocturnal aeration elevated the input of nitrogen by allochthonous food, promoted the accumulation of nitrogen in the water column and consequently in the harvest effluent. Using artificial substrates for periphyton development can enhance the uptake of nitrogen added during cultivation, and reduce the accumulation of nitrogen in the effluent generated by the aerator / Mestre

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-05-20T13:23:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_AnaB_2015_versão final.pdf: 878402 bytes, checksum: 881c0261f49b7b2ecedbcec3a8eb7659 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T13:23:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_AnaB_2015_versão final.pdf: 878402 bytes, checksum: 881c0261f49b7b2ecedbcec3a8eb7659 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-02 / CNPq / Os estuários estão sujeitos a vários tipos de impactos antropogênicos, como o despejo de nutrientes que estimulam o crescimento excessivo de algas. Além disso, esses ambientes são caracterizados pela elevada variabilidade natural dos fatores físico-químicos, o que torna seus organismos tolerantes ou resilientes a maiores faixas de variação destes fatores. Dessa forma, ao se avaliar a qualidade do ambiente estuarino, torna-se difícil distinguir o impacto antrópico do estresse natural, já que a resposta ecológica é semelhante. Uma alternativa proposta para contornar essa dificuldade é o uso de Unidades Artificiais de Substrato (UAS). Neste estudo, a aplicabilidade de uma UAS enquanto estimadora adequada da composição da comunidade de meiofauna e da diversidade de Copepoda Harpacticoida foi testada através da comparação com substratos naturais (sedimento e pneumatóforos) em duas áreas estuarinas (Maracaípe e Canal de Santa Cruz). Além disso, também foi estudado o efeito de uma cobertura de cianobactérias sobre a meiofauna. Para o primeiro experimento, as UAS (50 cm² de grama sintética) foram deixadas em campo para colonização pela meiofauna e retiradas após 14 dias, juntamente com amostras do sedimento e pneumatóforos (cinco réplicas de cada). Para o segundo experimento, as UAS foram submetidas em laboratório à colonização por cianobactérias durante 4 dias, e posteriormente deixadas em campo por 14 dias, para colonização pela meiofauna, juntamente com UAS sem cianobatérias. Os resultados do primeiro experimento mostraram que as UAS apresentaram alta similaridade e baixa variação (desvio padrão) quando comparadas com os substratos naturais na análise da associação de Copepoda Harpacticoida. Nas UAS do Canal de Santa Cruz, a meiofauna foi semelhante ao sedimento e a associação de Copepoda foi semelhante ao sedimento e ao pneumatóforo. Em Maracaípe a UAS foi diferente de ambos os substratos naturais. Os resultados do segundo experimento mostraram que os tratamentos com e sem cianobactérias foram significativamente diferentes apenas em Maracaípe com relação à meiofauna total. No Canal de Santa Cruz os resultados obtidos sugerem que a meiofauna está adaptada às condições de enriquecimento orgânico devido ao histórico de eutrofização e, desta forma, a adição das cianobactérias não determinou um efeito sobre a meiofauna local. A estrutura da associação de Copepoda Harpacticoida não sofreu impacto da presença do tapete de cianobactérias. / Estuaries are subjected to a variety of anthropogenic impacts, like nutrient discharges that stimulate excessive algae growth. Furthermore, these environments are characterized by strong natural variability of physico-chemical factors, and organisms are thus tolerant or resilient to this variability. When evaluating the estuarine environmental quality, distinguishing anthropogenic impact from natural stress becomes difficult, since the ecological responses are similar. An alternative proposal to solve this problem is using Artificial Substrate Units (ASU). In this study, the applicability of an ASU as an appropriate estimator of the meiofauna assemblage’s composition and of the diversity of Copepoda Harpacticoida was tested by comparing it to natural substrates (sediment and pneumatophores) in two estuarine areas (Maracaípe and Santa Cruz Channel). Moreover, the effect of a cyanobacterial cover on meiofauna was studied too. During the first experiment ASUs (each one composed of a 50cm² of artificial turf) were left in the field for meiofaunal colonization and collected after 14 days together with sediment and pneumatophores samples (five replicates each). For the second experiment ASUs were subjected to cyanobacterial colonization in laboratory, during 4 days, and then left in the field for 14 days for meiofaunal colonization, together with ASUs without cyanobacterial cover. The results from the first experiment showed that ASUs presented high similarity and low variation (standard deviation) of Copepoda Harpacticoida assemblage when compared to natural substrates. In the Santa Cruz Channel the meiofauna from ASUs was similar to that from sediment and the Copepoda assemblage from ASUs did not differ from the other substrates. In Maracaípe ASUs assemblages were different from both natural substrates. Results from the second experiment showed significant differences between treatments with and without cyanobacterial cover only in relation to total meiofauna in Maracaípe. In Santa Cruz Channel the addition of the cyanobacterial cover did not determined any effect of meiofauna, suggesting that the community is adapted to the organic enrichment conditions due to eutrophication history. The structure of Copepoda Harpacticoida assemblage was not impacted by the presence of cyanobacterial mat.

Mesobenthic amphipods (2-15 mm) constitute an important faunal component of coastal ecosystems, and often represent a major trophic link between primary producers and fishes. However, obtaining basic demographic data on these taxa is often hindered by a lack of suitable non-destructive, quantitative, collection techniques. Although artificial substrates have been advocated for collecting data at these lower trophic levels, recent studies suggest that they may not accurately represent the natural benthic assemblage. This study evaluated how a structurally-complex artificial substrate (3-dimensional) simulated the natural substrate of a shallow Acropora reef environment. Assemblage development was followed on a series of artificial substrate units (ASUs) at 2-week intervals over a 14-week period; adjacent natural substrate was sampled monthly. Multivariate analyses were applied to determine the (dis)similarity of assemblages between the two substrate types. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in assemblage structure between artificial and natural substrates. However, no significant differences were found between sites or habitats within substrate type. Samples from the ASUs were dominated by Elasmopus balkomanus, Bemlos kunkelae, Neomegamphopus kalanii, and Ericthonius punctatus. Taxa abundant on the natural substrate, but numerically poor on the ASUs, included Chevalia carpenteri, Apolochus sp., Gammaropsis atlantica, and Globosolembos smithi. Assemblage dissimilarities depended chiefly on differences in species composition and relative abundance largely contributed to the dissimilarity between the two substrates.

Experiments on the colonization of artificial substrates by stream benthos were conducted in upper Chingmei Stream, Taiwan. The artificial substrates were colonized by stream benthos for periods of 3, 6 12, 21, 30 and 42 days.The two experiments were designed for different purposes. Experiment I from December 15, 1990 to January 29, 1991 investigated the colonization patterns of stream benthos at two sites: a polluted site caused by coal mining activities (Site 1) and a recovery site further downstream of the polluted site (Site 2). Experiment II from March 14, 1991 to April 28, 1991 tested the effect of two different sizes of substrate (cobble and gravel) on the colonization patterns of stream benthos at Site 2. In Experiment I, the total number of individuals and taxa were significantly affected by exposure period of experimental substrates and sites which indicate the occurrence of succession and the detrimental effect of coal mining activities on the benthic community. At Site 1, only Caenis sp., Euphaea sp. and Chironomidae occurred on all sampling dates and were abundant. The other taxa may just continue to drift away from the site. The chironomid larvae were most abundant. They accounted for over 90% of the colonizing individuals from day 12 to day 42. At Site 2, Baetis spA and Chironomidae were most abundant. They accounted for over 80% during the experiment, except on day 21. The relative abundance shifted from Baetis sp.A to Chironomidae with an increase in colonization time. Association analysis was performed on the abundance of taxa pairs within the same functional feeding group at Site 2. The results suggest that filter-feeders and predators have concordant colonization patterns. The relationship between taxa and abundance at the two sites also was tested by lognormal distribution to determine the degree of equilibrium of the community. In Experiment II, the substratum types influenced only the total number of individuals colonizing baskets. The gravel substrate provides more surface area for stream benthos and supports more individuals. Baetis sp.A and chironomid larvae were abundant; they accounted for over 84% of the individuals from day 6 to 42 on both gravel and cobble. The chironomid larvae comprised 36% of the fauna on the gravel substrate and 35 - 79% of the fauna on the cobble substrate. The results of association analysis on the abundance of taxa pairs within the same functional feeding group showed that there were more taxa pairs with significant associations on cobble than on gravel. The negatively significant associations also occurred more on the cobble substrate. This indicates that biological interactions may be important in determining the development of community on the cobble substrate. Disturbance caused by floods influenced the colonization patterns, especially on the gravel substrate. It reset the artificial substrates back to earlier conditions. This study only suggests that competition may occur in the subtropical Taiwanese stream and further experimentation is needed to demonstrate whether competition occurs. / Graduation date: 1992

Submitted by Carlos Augusto Rolim da Silva Junior (carlos_jrolim@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-24T14:47:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2619104 bytes, checksum: de044ad4f4b291e30f7248f5a0b7e155 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-24T14:47:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2619104 bytes, checksum: de044ad4f4b291e30f7248f5a0b7e155 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Reefs ecosystems have high biological diversity, but they have suffered many impacts resulting from human activities. These anthropogenic stressors may promote particular impacts on reef benthic communities, which are often structured by sessile organisms. Thus, knowledge about the community structure of phytobenthos have been used as the basis for the assessment of environmental impacts in many marine environments. In the case of reefs, changes in nutrient concentrations, as well as overfishing, have been described as the greatest responsible for the damages to the structure of this ecosystem. Thus, several studies have been conducted in order to better understand the role of herbivory and nutrient enrichment on the structure of seaweed communities. In this context, the present study was to analyze the patterns of colonization and succession of the phytobenthos, as well as the influence of herbivory, especially the reef fish on these processes. Thus, this study was divided into two chapters, the first being: "Assessment of patterns of colonization and succession of the phytobenthos in reef communities in Paraíba coast." The assay used artificial substrates, and was conducted within the boundaries of a marine reserve (Parque Estadual Marinho de Areia VermelhaPEMAV) and an adjacent location that has similar biotic characteristics; and showed that the colonization of different groups over time is probably related with biological characteristics of the species (life cycle, morphological structure and reproductive strategies). The second chapter, entitled " The influence of herbivorous fish species on patterns of colonization and succession of phytobenthos in reef ecosystems," indicates that the group of herbivores did not affect the structure of the phytobenthos community present in PEMAV, a situation which is possibly related to overfishing and degradation of the coastal reefs in Paraíba, which alter the structure of the fish and phytobenthic communities. / Os recifes formam ecossistemas que apresentam grande diversidade biológica e, no entanto, têm sofrido diversos impactos, resultantes de ações antrópicas. Estes estressores antropogênicos podem promover um impacto especial sobre as comunidades bentônicas dos recifes, que quase sempre são estruturadas por organismos sésseis. Desta forma, conhecimentos a respeito da estrutura das comunidades de fitobentos têm sido utilizados como base para a avaliação de impactos ambientais em muitos ambientes marinhos. No caso dos recifes, as alterações nas concentrações de nutrientes, assim como a sobrepesca, têm sido apontados como os maiores responsáveis pelo comprometimento da estrutura desse ecossistema. Assim, diversos estudos têm sido conduzidos com o propósito de compreender melhor o papel da herbivoria e do enriquecimento de nutrientes na estrutura das comunidades de algas marinhas. Neste contexto, o presente estudo se propôs a analisar os padrões de colonização e sucessão do macrofitobentos, bem como a influência da herbivoria, em especial pela ictiofauna, sobre esses processos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho foi dividido em dois capítulos, sendo o primeiro: “Avaliação dos padrões de colonização e sucessão do macrofitobentos em comunidades recifais do litoral paraibano”. O ensaio utilizou substratos artificiais e foi conduzido dentro dos limites de uma reserva marinha (O Parque Estadual Marinho de Areia Vermelha-PEMAV) e numa localidade adjacente que apresenta características bióticas semelhantes; e evidenciou que a colonização e sucessão dos diferentes grupos ao longo do tempo provavelmente está relacionada às características biológicas das espécies (ciclo de vida, estrutura morfológica e estratégias reprodutivas). Já o segundo capítulo, intitulado “A influência da ictoufauna herbívora sobre os padrões de colonização e sucessão do macrofitobentos em ecossistemas recifais”, verificou que o grupo dos herbívoros não atuou de maneira a afetar a estrutura da comunidade do macrofitobentos presente no PEMAV, o que provavelmente está relacionado à degradação dos recifes costeiros paraibanos, que acaba por alterar a estrutura das comunidades ícticas e fitobentônicas.

Der zerstörungsfreien Charakterisierung und Analyse von lebenden humanen Zellen über längere Zeiträume kommt zukünftig in Medizin und Biotechnologie eine zentrale Rolle zu. Für eine therapeutische Nutzung müssen die Zellen nach der Analyse unverändert und vital vorliegen. Ein Ansatz beruht auf der Analyse von nanoskopischen Zellrückständen, die von Zellen während der Migration hinterlassen werden, den Zellspuren. Diese spiegeln in repräsentativer Weise die Merkmale der Erzeugerzelle wider. Für die technische Nutzung muss der Entstehungsprozess reproduzierbar kontrolliert werden können. Im Zusammenhang wurde ein Versuchsaufbau zur Beobachtung der dynamischen Prozesse Adhäsion, Migration und substratnahe Organisation des Zytoskeletts von lebenden Zellen entwicklet, der hochauflösende Langzeitbeobachtungen mittels Totaler Interner Reflexions Fluoreszenz (TIRF-) Mikroskopie ermöglicht. Zur Auswertung wurde eine auf Falschfarben beruhende Darstellungsweise der dynamischen Prozesse entwickelt. Es konnte eine Korrelation der Eigenschaften der Zellspuren mit dem Adhäsions- und Migrationsverhalten, sowie dem Aufbau der substratnahen Bereiche des Zytoskeletts der Erzeugerzellen nachgewiesen werden. Ebenso wurde der Einfluss der oberflächenspezifischen Substrateigenschaften (Beschichtung oder topografische Strukturierung) auf die Zellspurablage gezeigt. / Nondestructive characterisation and analysis of human living cells over a long period will be an important issue for medicin and biotechnology in the near future. In order to use the cells after analysis for therapeutical applications, the cells have to be unmodified and still alive after the analytical procedure. The analysis of nanoscopic cell residues, called cell traces, which are left behind during cell migration represent an appropriate approach. Attributes of the donor cell are shown by the cell trace characteristically. In order to use cell traces for biotechnological applications the formation and deposition of cell traces has to be repeatable. Thus, an experimental set up using Total Internal Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRF) has been established to observe the dynamic processes of cell adhesion, cell migration and the organisation of the cytoskeleton used therein. Using miscolours a new embodiment has been developed to evaluate dynamic processes. Cell adhesion, cell migration and the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton of the donor cells have been found to influence the attributes of cell traces. Further specific modified surfaces have been used to influence the deposition of cell traces. Effects have been shown for coated surfaces or surfaces with a topographic structure.