La part de l’Afrique dans le commerce mondial de biens et services culturels reste très faible. Cette situation reflète en partie le niveau des échanges impliquant ce secteur à l’intérieur du continent. Des contraintes accrues pèsent en réalité sur l’écoulement des produits artistiques mais aussi sur les conditions de leur production. Les oeuvres d’art contemporain ne dérogent pas à cette affirmation. De plus en plus de publications et de recherches traitent de la problématique des échanges qui sous-tend la circulation des oeuvres d’art contemporain en Afrique. Il est aujourd’hui établi qu’étudier en Afrique les phénomènes et manifestations de la circulation des produits artistiques et particulièrement des oeuvres d’art contemporain relève d’une entreprise complexe tant le mélange de genre entre l’art traditionnel et l’art contemporain y est répandu : beaucoup de problématiques liées à l’art contemporain continuant d’être étudiées sous l’angle de l’art traditionnel. Cette thèse, en tant que contribution à la réflexion sur la création artistique, veut mettre en évidence les mobiles et les modalités des échanges sur l’art contemporain en Afrique de l’Ouest. Il est question de déterminer les relations existantes entre le champ de création et celui de la réception dans une perspective de développement des échanges sur les oeuvres d’art contemporain ainsi que ses incidences sur la création. Il s’agit aussi de démontrer que la circulation des oeuvres, assumée comme valeur intrinsèque de l’évolution de la création contemporaine et comme gage de notoriété des artistes, est censée concourir plus explicitement et, plus efficacement, au développement du champ de réception en contribuant à l’attractivité du marché de l’art. Les éclairages et les stimulations que ce travail pourrait apporter sur l’état du marché de l’art ainsi que la diffusion des oeuvres d’art contemporain au Sénégal, permettront d’avoir une meilleure approche sur cette question dans les autres pays de la sous-région. / The part of Africa in the world trade of cultural products and services remains very weak. This situation reflects partially the level of the exchanges involving this sector inside the continent. Growing constraints bear down on the flow of the artistic works but also on the conditions of their production. The works of contemporary art are not departed from this assertion. More and more publications and researches deal with the problem of the exchanges which underlies the flow of the works of contemporary art in Africa. It’s established nowadays that studying the phenomena and demonstrations of the circulation of the artistic products and particularity of the works of contemporary art is a complex matter. Because of the mixture of genders and origins inside the traditional and the contemporary art in Africa. Many problems connected to the contemporary art in Africa continue to be analyzed under the frame of the traditional art. This academic work is a contribution for the thought on the artistic creation; it aims to highlight the motives and modalities of the exchanges on the contemporary in western Africa. This PhD determines the existing relations between the field of creation and that of the reception in a perspective of development of the exchange on the works of contemporary art as well as its incidences on the creativity. We’ll demonstrate also that the flow of artistic products, assumed as intrinsic value of the evolution of the contemporary works and generally known fame of the artists, is supposed to compete more explicitly and, more effectively, to the development of the field of reception by contributing to the attractiveness of the market of the art. The lightings and the stimulations that this academic work could bring on the art’s market as well as the dispatching of the products of contemporary art in Senegal, will allow us to have a better approach on this question in the other countries of the sub- Saharan area.

La dégradation ou la destruction volontaire de biens symboliques est un phénomène omniprésent dans l'histoire humaine. Souvent, les œuvres ont été endommagées parce qu’elles incarnaient des divinités, des représentants du pouvoir, un imaginaire spirituel ou social. Avec l’avènement des musées et la transformation du statut des œuvres qu’ils conservent, ce phénomène adopte de nouvelles formes.Les atteintes portées intentionnellement à l’intégrité d’œuvres d’art, lorsqu’elles se produisent dans des musées, sont porteuses d’enjeux spécifiques, que cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser. Aujourd’hui, elles sont généralement désignées par le terme de vandalisme, qui véhicule des représentations qu’il s’agit d’interroger. Cette recherche, prenant appui sur l’analyse d’un corpus de cas de vandalisme perpétrés entre 1970 et 2014 sur des œuvres exposées dans des musées d’art, en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, s’attache, dans une perspective sociologique, à examiner les ressorts de ces actes, mais aussi les diverses réactions qu’ils suscitent. Celles-ci peuvent être saisies dans leur variabilité ; la confrontation de discours et de points de vue recueillis au cours d’entretiens avec divers acteurs concernés par le phénomène contribue à porter au jour des dispositions contrastées à l’égard des œuvres d’art. L’analyse de la réception sociale de ces actions constitue une voie d’accès privilégiée pour appréhender certains mécanismes de disqualification, y compris au sein du champ artistique. Certains de ces gestes sont en effet réalisés dans une optique de création ou de dialogue artistique : ils font ici l’objet d’une attention particulière en raison de ce qu’ils peuvent mettre en lumière du fonctionnement du milieu de l’art. / Willful degradation or destruction of symbolic goods is omnipresent in Human history. Most of the times, works were damaged because they embodied deities, symbols of power, spiritual or social constructs. With the advent of museums and the transformation of the status of the works they preserve, this phenomenon shaped into new forms.Deliberate attacks on the integrity of works of art, when they occur in museums, carry specific issues that this thesis aims to analyze. Today, they are generally referred to as vandalism, which conveys representations that are to be questioned. This research, based on the analysis of a body of cases of vandalism perpetrated between 1970 and 2014 on works exhibited in art museums in Europe and North America, focuses, from a sociological perspective, on examining the causes of these acts as well as the various reactions they generate. The confrontation of discourses and points of view gathered during interviews with various actors concerned by this topic reveals diverse dispositions towards works of art. The analysis of the social reception of these actions constitutes a privileged approach to specific processes of disqualification, including some within the artistic field. Parts of these gestures are meant to initiate an artistic dialogue or even to create; therefore, they will be looked upon with particular attention as they can highlight some of the mechanisms of the artistic scene.

Abstract: This research is the culmination of a four-year investigation and analysis into the principles of Interaction Design, particularly those that are found to be most suitable when designing and developing interactive navigation systems. The research was undertaken as a Masters degree by project. The project consists of a CD containing an online gallery showcasing works of art and an accompanying exegesis. The exegesis is structured into seven chapters, which consider, analyse and define what the key characteristics of Interaction Design are, where it comes from, and how it improves the quality of interactive multimedia applications. The exegesis includes four case studies that look at how other practitioners in the digital realm have created systems for showcasing narrative or creative content online. I examine alternative artworks and how they have shaped the development of creative media. I investigate what experts in the field define as good Interaction Design and what guidelines and principles they recommend. I show how these guidelines conflict with more creative approaches and how good design and creativity can be merged to be usable and friendly to users. I also look at the history of opponents of guidelines and principles and how their contribution helps make design better. By creating the example gallery I aim to help designers working within the field of ID to understand the principles behind good design in order that they may deliver higher-quality user experiences relevant to the content they are displaying. By creating this gallery I also hope to help artists understand the principles behind good design in order that they may showcase their artworks in ways appropriate to their artwork. By designing and building an example I aim to provide a better understanding of how to construct a feature-rich application in an easy to use and understandable environment.

This practice-led research was initiated in response to a series of violent encounters that occurred between my fragile installations and viewers. The central focus of this study was to recuperate my installation practice in the wake of such events. This led to the development of a ‘responsive practice’ methodology, which reframed the installation process through an ethical lens developed from Emmanuel Levinas’ ethical phenomenology. The central propositions of this research are the reconceptualisation of ‘violent encounters’ in terms of difference whereby I accept viewers responses, even those which are violent, destructive or damaging, and secondly that the process operates as a generative excess for practice through which recuperative strategies can be found and implemented. By re-examining this process as it unfolded in the three phases of the practical component, I developed strategies whereby violated, destroyed or damaged works could be recuperated through the processes of reconfiguration, reparation and regeneration. Therefore my installations embody and articulate vulnerability but also demonstrate resilience and renewal.

Based on the recent damage done to the murals in the Centre of Lima, this article analyzes the conflict that can occur between the moral right of authors to the integrity of their work and the property rights of the holders of the support containing the intellectual creation. Criteria are provided to analyze conflicts in which murals are involved. Finally, the infringement of moral right of integrity is discussed. / Sobre la base del reciente daño efectuado a los murales en el Centro de Lima, a través del presente artículo se analiza el conflicto que puede producirse entre el derecho moral de los autores a la integridad de sus obras y el derecho de propiedad de los titulares del soporte que contiene la creación intelectual. Se brinda criterios a tomarse en cuenta en los conflictos donde estén involucrados murales. Finalmente, se examina las posibles infracciones al derecho moral de integridad.

The topic of my study is focused on the Arts Logistics, mainly in the Czech Republic. The first part of this thesis is theoretical and the second one is more practical. The study explains some basic terms related to museum and gallery logistics, given the general definition of logistics and logistics-differences in the cultural sphere. There are named a few companies dealing with transport and temporary storage of artworks. In cooperation with one of these companies is described here part of the extensive moving of The Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague.

M. Tech. (Department of Visual Arts and Design: Fine Arts, Faculty of Human Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Problem statement This study investigates black women’s diverse hairstyles through art. The main research question is: How can black women’s diverse hairstyles be understood through art to appreciate the meaning attached to these hairstyles? The research question is informed by a black feminist theory. Objectives of the study Based on the research problem, the objectives of the study were first, to find out how black women’s diverse hairstyles could be understood through art to appreciate the meanings attached to these hairstyles. Secondly, to examine similarities and/or differences between how Lebohang Motaung (hereinafter referred to as Motaung) and Lorna Simpson (hereinafter referred to as Simpson) construct and express meanings of diverse hairstyles in their artworks. This was done by means of analysing the two artists’ artworks. Thirdly, to find out what or who influences Motaung’s choice of hairstyles, which was done by conducting an in-depth individual interview with Motaung. Fourthly, to find out what or who influences Simpson’s choice of hairstyles, which was done by reviewing the literature on Simpson. Fifthly, to explore how Motaung and Simpson interpret their physical appearance based on their hairstyles. Research design and methodology The empirical investigation focused on analysing black women’s diverse hairstyles by means of analysing artworks of Motaung (black South African female artist) and Simpson (black American female artist). This study contextualises black women’s artworks as visual responses to patriarchal, social subjugation and objectification of black women’s hair, by using black feminist epistemology through artistic production. Data collected through visual material were analysed using Barnet’s (2011:37-38) critical analysis of artefacts strategy. Barnet’s steps of critical analysis include description of the artefact, interpretation of the artefact, analysis of the artefact and personal report. The analysis of the artworks enabled the researcher to compare and contrast the artworks of the two selected participants. The researcher first analysed the black South African contemporary female artist, Motaung’s (b.1992), work as a visual form of resistance to masculine control of images of black women’s hairstyle representations and self-definition. The researcher believes that Motaung creates self-defined artworks that appreciate the beauty of black women’s hair and she demystifies the ambiguous meaning attached to black hairstyles. Secondly, Simpson’s (b.1960) artworks were analysed in the study to understand what or who influences her choice of hairstyles. The researcher found it appropriate, for her study, to focus on Simpson, because she is a prominent contemporary black American feminist artist, who explores the concept of black hairstyles, focusing on themes such as race, gender and identity formation. Furthermore, one in-depth, individual interview was conducted with Motaung. The analysis was based on black feminism that enabled the researcher to listen to Motaung’s views and be part of her portrayal of black women’s diverse hairstyles. The qualitative data collection and methodology were guided by ethical considerations of the Vaal University of Technology for undertaking research. Ethical procedures were followed regarding selected participants for both artwork analysis and the interview. Five themes emerged from this analysis, namely Motaung’s personal background, black hair politics, conceptual work, choice of medium and working process, art influencers and artwork clarification. Black women’s diverse hairstyles In contemporary times, black women’s hairstyle representations are highly politicised as black people strive to reclaim their identities. The changing meaning of what is good hair for black women is highly controversial; some black women consider natural hairstyles as good and authentic hair for black women, because they embrace the Afrocentric beauty standard that was degraded by whites since the colonial era. On the other hand, other black women are comfortable with altered hair that is viewed as a European beauty standard, because altered hair has become part of black women’s culture and identity. The literature review suggests that historically, narrow European-centric beauty standards have deemed black women’s natural features as unattractive and unprofessional, especially their textured, curly to kinky hair. These restrictive ideals have left black women in a compromised position, having to adhere to certain societal norms for the sake of upward mobility, whether that is getting ahead professionally or fitting into a myriad of social environments in which they can be accepted. Main findings From the literature review, the study found that there are controversial viewpoints regarding what is or is not suitable for black women in terms of their hairstyles. The controversy led to black women’s hairstyles being discussed constantly in binary opposition of good/ bad hair, natural/ unnatural, Afro-centric/ Eurocentric, authentic/ inauthentic, African/ Western, low/ high self-esteem, amongst others. The literature further indicates that there is a need to conduct a study that embraces diverse (both natural and unnatural) hairstyles to get rid of the politics, oppressions and binary oppositions placed on black women’s hairstyles. From the analysis of the two artists, Simpson’s works were found suitable for this study because her body of work links with that of Motaung’s, in terms of concept, style, theory, content and technique, despite the fact that these artists are located in different geographical contexts and settings. From the individual interview, the study found that Motaung was prompted by black hair politics, such as the politics of exclusion of black hairstyles, such as afros and braids in educational institutions and work places. Such politics inspired her to create artworks on black women’s diverse hairstyles. Motaung focused on natural hairstyles because she wanted black women to see what they can do with their natural hair. By using natural hairstyles, Motaung wanted to challenge the misconception that natural hair is not beautiful. The study also found that Motaung focused on unnatural hairstyles because there is bias against black women who wear synthetic hair. Motaung created artworks using synthetic hair to make a bold statement that synthetic hair is not fake hair but rather extra hair, which black women can use to self-express and self-define. Recommendations ● The study recommends that self-definition is a black feminist strategy that black women can use to self-insert and self-represent using diverse hairstyles. The act of insisting on black women’s self-definition validates black women’s power as human subjects, against structural patriarchal forces and beauty standards that are continuously set for black women. ● The study recommends that it is significant for black women to embrace diverse hairstyles, to get rid of the politics, oppressions and binary oppositions placed on black women’s hairstyles. ● From the artworks of Motaung and Simpson, the study recommends that it is significant for black female artists to produce artworks on diverse hairstyles to diminish oppressive structures that are placed on black women’s hairstyle representations.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

本研究透過研究影像創作者創作歷程，分析其創意和創造力的面貌，最後歸納出影像創作者進行創作時之共同/相似脈絡。 本研究的對象是兩位資深影像創作者，他們擁有豐富的創作經驗以及數量不少的影像作品，本研究進行的方式是透過鑑賞兩位影像創作者的影像作品、並確認其中有創意/創造力的地方，其次則是請他們敘說當時創作那些影像作品的歷程，隨後再將影像創作者的「創作歷程」與「作品呈現創意/創造力」之處進行比對與分析，藉以找出上述兩者之間的關聯性。 本研究參照Amabile的「創造力成份模式」論述，重新提出一個分析影像創作者創作歷程的「影像創作者創造力成份模式」，模式中顯示影響影像創作者的創造力表現之各種「元素」。研究針對創造力被啟發的過程中模式裡之「元素」對影像創作者的影響進行分析，藉以解釋那些「影像創作者的創造力成份」 在一個創作者身上所扮演的角色與作用，並歸納出本研究目的：尋求「影像創作者處於創作狀態時的創作脈絡」。 經過分析與比對，本研究從兩位資深影像創作者的創作歷程中所找出的共同/相似脈絡如下： 創作的歷程都由「動機」開始，舉凡創作者所具有的「內在慾望」；或受到「外來的期待」的刺激；或受「信仰文化力」之影響；或被心中一股「仁愛心」所推動等，都可解釋為影像創作者受創作動機的推動而開始創作的事實。 「個人特質」在影像創作者創作時成了影響創作成果的重要因素，包括「個人經驗」、「聯想力」等個人特質，時刻左右影像創作者的創作歷程。 影像創作者的「領域知識與技術」在其創作歷程中扮演舉足輕重的角色，本研究發現如「領域知識」、「精進的技術」等影像創作者本身具有的學能條件足以決定其作品的成果。 影像創作者「與環境遭遇」所碰撞出的創意/創造力火花是其創作歷程中不可或缺的助力，本研究整理發現兩位影像創作者與「週遭環境」或「心境」的遭遇均牽引出豐盛的創意/創造力。 本研究在研究過程裡發現「專注力」對創作歷程的影響，這項因素雖沒有在考據文獻時注意到，但是它的確對影像創作者在創作時產生特定的作用力，因此將它列入本研究發現的最後一項脈絡。 本研究受限於研究規模，從兩位資深影像創作者的創作歷程裡所歸納出的共同/相似脈絡，雖無法道盡所有影像創作者的創作全貌，然而本研究成果應對相關創作歷程的學術研究有參考價值。 / This study conducts an analysis of creation and creativity, through deeply investigating the process of image generating from creators, and concludes with some common/approximate contexts from different creators. Two senior image creators are interviewed in order to examine their individual image artworks by comparing and analyzing their different process of creation and the ways of idea presentations. This study also tries to identify correlations and features from their image creating process, building up contexts from creators’ ways of thinking and their original creativity. This study proposes a new analytical model, referring to “the componential model of creativity” by Amabile (Amabile, 1996). The new “componential model of creativity from image creators” outlines critical factors (e.g., motivation, domain-relevant skills, concentration, and encounter), referring to the interviewees’ creating process and performance. The components of creativity and their impact to the creators are also analyzed to find the contexts from image creators’ origination. Through the analysis and comparison, this study identifies several common / approximate originating contexts from these two image creators: 1. Creativity comes from motivation. Creators’ desire inside, stimulus from outside expectation and cultural difference, are the key factors affecting creators’ origination 2. Personality is the most important factor during creating process, such as personal experience, imagination, and education etc. 3. Professional knowledge and domain-relevant skills play critical roles to affect image creators’ performance and their creativity. 4. Creativity inspiration also comes from real world. This study shows strong correlation between environment and creators’ rich creations. 5. This study also finds the importance of concentration component during creation. The more concentration the creator pays, the more creativity he gets. This study generalizes some findings and research results; however, it’s still not enough to cover whole picture of image creators’ creativity process due to the limitation of research scale. Continuous study may help people with creating images.