Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T12:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moro_AngelicaVenturini_D.pdf: 11686142 bytes, checksum: b58d89c20ca896f67ba31310774b3fb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O presente trabalho foi centrado na arilação de Heck de diferentes olefinas com sais de diazônio e a aplicação dos produtos arilados na síntese de ligantes quirais, produtos naturais e análogos. Nos estudos envolvendo arilação de Heck de estirenos com sais de diazônio foi desenvolvida uma metodologia eficiente, curta, régio- e estereosseletiva para a síntese do resveratrol, do DMU-212 e de análogos. Na reação de Heck de ésteres alílicos com sais de diazônio uma alta quimio-, regio- e estereosseletividade foi obtida. Os ésteres alílicos arilados foram sintetizados em altos rendimentos e com retenção do tradicional grupo de saída. Também foi possível a arilação de ésteres alílicos cíclicos, que foram utilizados na síntese total de kavalactonas naturais. A síntese total da (-)-isoaltolactona foi realizada com sucesso em 12 etapas com 13 % de rendimento global. A etapa-chave envolveu uma reação de Heck altamente estereosseletiva entre o sal de fenildiazônio e diidrofurano quiral. O grupo fenila introduzido diastereosseletivamente teve papel crucial no direcionamento dos demais centros estereogênicos da molécula. Nos estudos visando a síntese da aza-altolactona, dificuldades inesperadas foram encontrados em algumas etapas, em especial na oxidação de álcoois a aldeídos pelo uso de protocolos tradicionais. Esses problemas foram contornados pela alteração da rota sintética, entretanto novos problemas na etapa de lactonização impediram a obtenção da aza-altolactona, até o momento. Novos aminoálcoois quirais foram sintetizados pela arilação de enecarbamatos com sais de diazônio. Esses compostos foram empregados como ligantes quirais na arilação catalítica assimétrica de aldeídos e levaram aos diarilmetanóis em altos rendimentos e excessos enantioméricos. / Abstract: The present work was centered in the Heck arylation of several olefins with diazonium salts and application of the arylated products in the syntheses of chiral ligands, natural products and analogues. In studies involving the Heck arylation of styrenes with diazonium salts an efficient, short, regio- and stereoselective synthesis of resveratrol, DMU-212 and analogues was developed. In the Heck reaction of allylic esters with diazonium salts high chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity was obtained. The arylated allylic esters were synthesized in high yields and with retention of the traditional leaving group. Moreover, the arylation of cyclic allylic esters was developed, and the products were used in the total synthesis of natural kavalactones. The total synthesis of (-)-isoaltholactone was successfully accomplished in 12 steps in 13 % overall yield. The key-step involved highly stereoselective Heck arylation between the phenyldiazonium salt and chiral dihydrofuran. The phenyl group was introduced with high diastereoselectivity and had a crucial role in directing the formation of the remaining stereocenters of the molecule. In the studies towards the synthesis of aza-altholactone, unexpected difficulties were found in some steps, particularly in the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes by traditional protocols. These problems were circumvented by changing the synthetic route, but additional problems were found in the lactonization and hampered the obtention of the aza-altholactone, until the present moment. New chiral amino alcohols were synthesized by arylation of enecarbamates with diazonium salts. These compounds were used as chiral ligands in the catalytic asymmetric arylation of aldehydes and the diarylmethanols were prepared in high yields and enantiomeric excesses. / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T20:34:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Azambuja_Franciscode_M.pdf: 6423668 bytes, checksum: 29069e3111714888aee628002e55cf0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A arilação de acrilatos 2-acetóxi ou acetamido substituídos foi estudada utilizando a reação de Heck com sais de arenodiazônio. Após avaliação do catalisador, solvente, temperatura e acidez do meio reacional na arilação do 2-acetoxiacrilato de metila com o sal tetrafluoroborato de p-metoxifenildiazônio, a melhor condição encontrada emprega Pd2dba3 e 2,6-di-terc-butil-4-metilpiridina em benzonitrila a 110 °C por 3 horas, fornecendo o produto em 59 % de rendimento. A utilização de outros sais de diazônio não foi eficiente e os produtos não foram obtidos. A arilação do 2-acetamidoacrilato de metila ocorreu em metanol a 65 °C, utilizando acetato de paladio (II) e 2,6-di-terc-butil-4-metilpiridina. Os rendimentos ficaram entre 24-73 % utilizando sais de arenodiazônio substituídos com iodo, fluor, metoxi ou nitro, além do 2-naftildiazônio e do benzenodiazônio. Os rendimentos insatisfatórios foram contornados com variando-se o grupo protetor da função amina de acetoxi para trifluoracetoxi. A arilação da olefina 2-trifluoroacetamido acrilato de metila, feita nas mesmas condições, ocorreu em rendimentos de 65-86 % para os mesmos sais. Os adutos nitrogenados 2-metoxilados obtidos foram submetidos a um protocolo eliminação/redução ou alquilação com o uso de BF3.OEt2 e nucleófilos de silano. Os derivados de fenilalanina protegidos foram obtidos em rendimentos variados e constituem uma alternativa para a obtenção de aminoácidos arilados não-naturais, a-substituídos ou não. Uma versão one-pot desta redução foi brevemente estudada mediante adição de hidreto de trietilsilano à reação de Heck. A eficiência desta reação em uma etapa foi comparável ao protocolo em duas etapas / Abstract: The arylation of 2-acetoxy or acetamido substituted acrylates was studied through the Heck reaction with arenediazonium salts. After evaluation of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and acidity of the reaction medium, methyl 2-acetoxyacrylate was arylated with p-methoxyphenyldiazonium tetrafluoroborate under Pd2dba3 catalysis, with 2,6-di-terc-butyl-4-methylpyridine as base in benzonitrile at 110 °C for 3 hours. The Heck adduct was obtained in 59 % of yield. Other diazonium salts did not furnished the expected adducts in good yields. Methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate arylation occurred in methanol at 65 °C, using Pd(OAc)2 as catalyst and 2,6-di-terc-butyl-4-methylpyridine as base. Yields between 24-73 % were observed using diazonium salts substituted with iodine, fluoro, methoxy or nitro groups, besides 2-naphthyl or benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate. The lower yields were by-passed through methyl 2-trifluoroacetamidoacrylate arylation, under the same conditions, resulting in yields between 65-86 % for the same electrophiles. The aza-2-methoxylated adducts obtained were submitted to an elimination/reduction or alkylation protocol using BF3.OEt2 and silane nucleophiles. The protected phenylalanine derivatives were obtained in low to good yields and represent an alternative to prepare unnatural amino acids, a-substituted or not. A one-pot version of this reduction was briefly studied through triethylsilane hydride addition in the Heck reaction. The efficiency of this reaction was comparable with the two-step protocol / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T07:38:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schwalm_CristianeStorck_D.pdf: 13409001 bytes, checksum: 641c6de21f40f4ad79f3a11d0a95ad9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral o estudo da reação de Heck-Matsuda, tanto no âmbito de novas aplicações sintéticas como no seu desenvolvimento metodológico. Na primeira parte deste trabalho, uma metodologia para obtenção de derivados 2- e 3-arilpirrólicos utilizando a reação de Heck-Matsuda como etapa chave foi desenvolvida, sendo esta posteriormente aplicada na síntese total do produto natural pentabromopseudilina. Na segunda parte do trabalho, esta metodologia foi estendida para a obtenção de uma pirroloanilina utilizada como intermediário chave na síntese total das marinoquinolinas, a qual foi completada pela reação de Pictet-Spengler com diferentes aldeídos. A rota sintética utilizada permitiu a preparação de quatro membros desta família de produtos naturais (marinoquinolinas A, B, C e E), bem como nove análogos não naturais, os quais foram encaminhados para avaliação de atividade antichagásica e antimalarial. Na parte final deste trabalho, esforços foram direcionados para o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a arilação enantiosseletiva do 2,3-diidrofurano via reação de Heck-Matsuda. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a escolha do ligante apropriado permite a modulação da reação, sendo que ligantes do tipo PyBOX levam aos adutos de Heck primários de configuração S, enquanto ligantes do tipo BOX levam aos respectivos acetais cíclicos de configuração R, formados pela isomerização do aduto primário seguida de adição de metanol na ligação dupla. Os dois tipos de produto puderam ser obtidos com rendimentos de moderados a bons e razões enantioméricas moderadas, e uma racionalização para a estereoquímica observada é proposta para ambos os casos. Por fim, um dos adutos obtidos foi utilizado na síntese de um análogo do produto natural (-)-gloeosporiol / Abstract: The present work had as general objective the study of the Heck-Matsuda reaction, aiming at new synthetic applications and its methodological development. In the first part of this work, a method was developed for the synthesis of 2- and 3- arylpyrrole derivatives using the Heck-Matsuda reaction as the key step, which was then applied to the total synthesis of the natural product pentabromopseudilin. In the second part of this work, this methodology was extended to the preparation of a pyrroloaniline compound, which was used as a key intermediate in the total syntheses of marinoquinolines, that were completed by the Pictet-Spengler reaction with different aldehydes. This synthetic route enabled the preparation of four members from this family of natural products (marinoquinolines A, B, C and E) as well as nine non-natural analogues, which were submitted to antichagasic and antimalarial activities evaluation. In the final part of this study, efforts were directed towards developing a methodology for the enantioselective arylation of 2,3-dihydrofuran by the Heck-Matsuda reaction. The results have shown that the appropriate choice of ligands modulates the reaction. PyBOX-type ligands lead to the primary Heck adducts with S configuration, while BOX-type ligands lead to the respective cyclic acetals with R configuration, formed by isomerization of the primary adduct followed by addition of methanol across the double bond. The two types of products were obtained in moderate to good yields with moderate enantiomeric ratios, and a rationalization for the observed stereochemistry is proposed for both cases. Finally, one of the adducts was used in the synthesis of an analogue of the natural product (-)-gloeosporiol / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutora em Ciências

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T19:40:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Biajoli_AndreFranciscoPivato_D.pdf: 15667381 bytes, checksum: c96d7fd628b3e5359cce9f6bbe7c724c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Tetrafluoroboratos de arenodiazônio são compostos estáveis e de fácil preparo que têm sido largamente empregados na reação de Heck-Matsuda, permitindo o desenvolvimento de métodos rápidos, brandos e livres de fosfinas. No tocante à arilação direta de compostos (hetero)aromáticos, uma metodologia que emergiu na década de 2000 e que dispensa a necessidade de pré-funcionalização de ambos os parceiros de acoplamento, sais de arenodiazônio foram empregados com sucesso como fontes de radicais arílicos. Por outro lado, a arilação direta de (hetero)aromáticos com sais de arenodiazônio através da catálise por metais de transição havia sido relatada, até há pouco, em apenas um trabalho na literatura (de 1999), com os rendimentos obtidos sendo, na melhor das hipóteses, modestos. Isto posto, resta claro que o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia que explore sais de arenodiazônio em arilações diretas catalisadas por metais de transição seria um avanço importante na química destes sais. Com isso, no presente trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia rápida e em condições brandas para a arilação de indóis, benzofurano e benzotiofeno empregando-se paládio como catalisador. A alta nucleofilicidade dos indóis, que tendem a reagir com sais de arenodiazônio formando compostos azo (corantes), pôde ser contornada, com os produtos monoarilados desejados sendo obtidos com altas regiosseletividades e bons rendimentos. Também foi estudado o comportamento de outros heteroaromáticos, como furanos e o tiofeno, em arilações diretas com sais de arenodiazônio via paládio. Estudos mecanísticos forneceram evidências de que as reações apresentadas operam a partir de uma espécie altamente eletrofílica de arilpaládio catiônico que vem a ser atacada pelos compostos heteroaromáticos eletronicamente ricos / Abstract: Aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates are stable, easy-to-prepare compounds that have been largely employed in Heck-Matsuda reactions, allowing the development of fast, mild and phosphine-free methods. Regarding direct arylations of (hetero)aromatic compounds, an area of research that emerged at the beginning of the current century, arildiazonium salts have been employed mainly as radical sources; on the other side, only one example in the literature (dating from 1999) presented arylations of heteroaromatic compounds with aryldiazonium salts in a non-radicalar, transition metal-catalyzed process, with poor yields being observed. With that in mind, it is clear that a methodology exploiting the full potential of aryldiazonium salts in a non-radicalar fashion is highly desirable. Therefore, in the present work a methodology for the direct arylation of indoles, benzofuran and benzothiophene employing palladium as catalyst is presented. The high nucleophilicity of indoles, that are prone to react with these salts to furnish azocompounds (dyes), could be surpassed, with the desired monoarylated products being obtained with both high yields and regioselectivity. The behaviour of 2-methylfuran and thiophene was also investigated. Mechanistically, evidences pointing to the formation of a highly electrophilic cationic arylpalladium species that is attacked by the electronrich heterocycles are presented / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Face à l’apparition alarmante et continue de résistance massive des bactéries à l’arsenal actuel d’antibiotiques, la recherche de nouveaux agents antibactériens est actuellement un enjeu sociétal de tout premier ordre. Bien que connus depuis plus de 50 ans, les thiopeptides antibiotiques suscitent actuellement un très fort regain d’intérêt de la communauté scientifique internationale en raison de leurs propriétés antibactériennes remarquables, notamment contre les staphylococcus areus résistants à la méthiciline et les enterococci résistants à la vancomycine, impliquées dans de nombreuses infections qui engagent la vie des patients, et qui s’exercent de façon très intéressante selon deux modes d’action d’inhibition de la synthèse protéique originaux et encore inexploités en thérapie antibiotique humaine. Le travail développé s’inscrit dans ce programme international de valorisation pharmacologique qui repose pour une grande part sur le développement d’approches synthétiques rapides et modulables. Le projet a été centré en particulier sur la conception et la mise en oeuvre de nouveaux plans de synthèse des unités centrales di- ou trithiazolylpyridines, appelées coeurs hétérocycliques, communs à de nombreux thiopeptides de la série d et qui représentent les principaux défis synthétiques. Dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche du laboratoire ciblé sur l’étude de nouvelles méthodes de fonctionnalisation directe d’aromatiques et d’hétérocyclique, un premier travail méthodologique d’étude de la fonctionnalisation directe dans deux séries structurellement représentatives, thiazole-4-carboxylate et 2-cétothiazole, a été réalisé. Ainsi, une nouvelle méthodologie originale d’hétéroarylation directe pallado-catalysée régioselective du thiazole-4-carboxylate de tert-butyle avec une large gamme d’halogéno(hétéro)aromatiques a été développée avec succès. Une seconde méthodologie originale d’hétéroarylation directe de 4-bromo-2-cétothiazoles selon une séquence réactionnelle de boroylation pallado-catalysée suivie d’un couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura (BSC) a également été développée. Un second travail a porté sur l’exploitation des deux méthodologies de fonctionnalisation directe en série thiazolique développées et associées à la méthodologie de construction thiazolique de Hantzsch pour proposer et mettre en oeuvre un nouveau plan de synthèse expéditif et général d’accès aux coeurs hétérocycliques communs à une grande majorité des thiopeptides de la série d basé sur la fonctionnalisation séquencée d’un précurseur pyridinique aisément accessible. En particulier, la stratégie envisagée a permis, à partir des esters 5-bromopicolinates, la préparation tout d’abord d’un analogue thiazolique du coeur hétérocyclique des sulfomycines puis celle des coeurs hétérocycliques des micrococcines et des amithiamicynes. / Facing the alarmist and constant emergence of novel resistances of bacteria to the current arsenal of antibiotics, the research of novel antibacterial agents is of main importance in our modern society. Though being well-known since 50 years, the thiopeptide family display a high renewed of interest due to their high antibacterial properties against the Gram-positive bacteria, including the multi-drugs resistant staphylococcus areus strains (MRSA) and vancomycinresistant enterococci (VRE), through interestingly two original modes of action of the inhibition of the protein synthesis, yet unexploited by human therapeutics. The present work takes part of the current active international research program of pharmalogical valorisation of thiopeptides as novel human antibacterial therapeutics and one of the major points is the development of innovative and versatile synthetic approaches. Toward this direction, the project is mainly based upon the design of original synthetic strategy to the most synthetically challenging di- or trithiazolypyridines heterocyle cores of thiopeptide of serie d. In the course of a current research program on the development of metallo-catalyzed direct C-H(X) functionnalization in heteroaromatics series, the first part of this work had been focused on the setting of two innovative direct C-H(X) functionnalization methodologies in two structurally representative scaffolds, thiazole-4-carboxylate and 2- ketothiazoles. Thus, the direct regioselective C-H heteroarylation of thiazole-4-carboxylate as well as the direct C-Br heteroarylation of 4-bromo-2-ketothiazole through a boroylation Suzuki coupling sequence (BSC) have been examined. The last part of the work has been focused on the use of both novel direct C-H(Br) functionalization methodologies in thiazole series combined with the Hantzsch thiazole synthesis to propose a novel general and versatile synthetic approach toward the common heterocyclic cores of several thiopeptides of serie d through a pyridine modulation strategy from a ready available pyridine precursor. In particular, the novel developed strategy has been sucessfully applied to the preparation of the sulfomycinamate thio-analog as well as the heterocyclic cores of micrococcins and amithiamycins.

The antiviral or anticancer activities of C-5 modified pyrimidine nucleoside analogues validate the need for the development of their syntheses. In the first half of this dissertation, I explore the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of allylphenylgermanes with aryl halides in the presence of SbF5/TBAF to give various biaryls by transferring multiple phenyl groups, which has also been applied to the 5-halo pyrimidine nucleosides for the synthesis of 5-aryl derivatives. To avoid the use of organometallic reagents, I developed Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of 5-halo pyrimidine nucleosides. It was discovered that 5-aryl pyrimidine nucleosides could be synthesized by Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of N3-free 5-halo uracil and uracil nucleosides with simple arenes or heteroaromatics in the presence of TBAF within 1 h. Both N3-protected and N3-free uracil and uracil nucleosides could undergo base-promoted Pd-catalyzed direct arylation, but only with electron rich heteroaromatics. In the second half of this dissertation, 5-acetylenic uracil and uracil nucleosides have been employed to investigate the hydrogermylation, hydrosulfonylation as well as hydroazidation for the synthesis of various functionalized 5-vinyl pyrimidine nucleosides. Hydrogermylation of 5-alkynyl uracil analogues with trialkylgermane or tris(trimethylsilyl)germane hydride gave the corresponding vinyl trialkylgermane, or tris(trimethylsilyl)germane uracil derivatives. During the hydrogermylation with triphenylgermane, besides the vinyl triphenylgermane uracil derivatives, 5-[2-(triphenylgermyl)acetyl]uracil was also isolated and characterized and the origin of the acetyl oxygen was clarified. Tris(trimethylsilyl)germane uracil derivatives were coupled to aryl halides but with decent yield. Iron-mediated regio- and stereoselective hydrosulfonylation of the 5-ethynyl pyrimidine analogues with sulfonyl chloride or sulfonyl hydrazine to give 5-(1-halo-2-tosyl)vinyluracil nucleoside derivatives has been developed. Nucleophilic substitution of the 5-(β-halovinyl)sulfonyl nucleosides with various nucleophiles have been performed to give highly functionalized 5-vinyl pyrimidine nucleosides via the addition-elimination mechanism. The 5-(β-keto)sulfonyluracil derivative has also been synthesized via the aerobic difunctionalization of 5-ethynyluracil analogue with sulfinic acid in the presence of catalytic amount of pyridine. Silver catalyzed hydroazidation of protected 2'-deoxy-5-ethynyluridine with TMSN3 in the presence of catalytic amount of water to give 5-(α-azidovinyl)uracil nucleoside derivatives was developed. Strain promoted Click reaction of the 5-(α-azidovinyl)uracil with cyclooctyne provide the corresponding fully conjugated triazole product.

Part 1: Transition-metal-catalyzed direct transformations of aromatic C-H bonds are emerging as valuable tools in organic synthesis. These reactions are attractive because of they allow for inherently efficient construction of organic building blocks by minimizing the pre-activation of substrates. Of these processes, direct arylation has recently received much attention due to the importance of the biaryl core in medicinal and materials chemistry. Also, alkyne hydroarylation has garnered interest because it allows for the atom-economical synthesis of functionalized alkenes directly from simple arenes and alkynes. Described in this thesis are number of advancements in these areas. First, palladium catalyzed direct arylation of azine N-oxides using synthetically important aryl triflates is described. Interesting reactivity of aryl triflates compared to aryl bromides was uncovered and exploited in the synthesis of a compound that exhibits antimalarial and antimicrobial activity. Also reported is the efficient, direct arylation enabled (formal) synthesis of six thiophene based organic electronic materials in high yields using simple starting materials. Additionally, the site-selective direct arylation of both sp2 and sp3 sites on azine N-oxide substrates is described. The arylation reactions are carried out in either a divergent manner or a sequential manner and is applied to the synthesis of the natural products, Papaverine and Crykonisine. Mechanistic investigations point towards the intimate involvement of the base in the mechanism of these reactions. Next, the rhodium(III)-catalyzed hydroarylation of internal alkynes is described. Good yields are obtained for a variety of alkynes and arenes with excellent regioselectivity for unsymmetrically substituted alkynes. Mechanistic investigations suggest that this reaction proceeds through arene metalation with the cationic rhodium catalyst, which enables challenging intermolecular reactivity. Part 2: Access to single enantiomer compounds is a fundamental goal in organic chemistry and despite remarkable advances in enantioselective synthesis, their preparation remains a challenge. Kinetic resolution of racemic products is an important method to access enantioenriched compounds, especially when alternative methods are scarce. Described in this thesis is the resolution of tertiary and secondary alcohols, which arise from ketone and aldehyde aldol additions. The method is technically simple, easily scalable, and provides tertiary and secondary alcohols in high enantiomeric ratios. A rationale for the unique reactivity/selectivity associated with (1S,2R)-N-methylephedrine in the resolution is proposed. Organocatalysis is a rapidly developing, powerful field for the construction of enantioenriched organic molecules. Described here is a complimentary class of organocatalysis using simple aldehydes as temporary tethers to perform challenging formally intermolecular reactions at room temperature. This strategy allows for the enantioselective, intermolecular cope-type hydroamination of allylic amines with hydroxyl amines. Also, interesting catalytic reactivity for dichloromethane is revealed.

Palladium-catalyzed reactions for carbon-carbon bond formation have had a significant impact on the field of organic chemistry in recent decades. Illustrative is the 2010 Nobel Prize, awarded for “palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis”, and the numerous applications of these transformations in industrial settings. This thesis describes recent developments in C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation, focusing on alkane arylation reactions and arylative dearomatization transformations. In the first part, our contributions to the development of intramolecular C(sp3)-H arylation reactions from aryl chlorides are described (Chapter 2). The use of catalytic quantities of pivalic acid was found to be crucial to observe the desired reactivity. The reactions are highly chemoselective for arylation at primary aliphatic C-H bonds. Theoretical calculations revealed that C-H bond cleavage is facilitated by the formation of an agostic interaction between the palladium centre and a geminal C-H bond. In the following section, the development of an alkane arylation reaction adjacent to amides and sulfonamides is presented (Chapter 3). The mechanism of C(sp3)-H bond cleavage in alkane arylation reactions is also addressed through an in-depth experimental and theoretical mechanistic study. The isolation and characterization of an intermediate in the catalytic cycle, the evaluation of the roles of both carbonate and pivalate bases in reaction mechanism as well as kinetic studies are reported. Our serendipitous discovery of an arylation reaction at cyclopropane methylene C-H bonds is discussed in Chapter 4. Reaction conditions for the conversion of cyclopropylanilines to quinolines/tetrahydroquinolines via one-pot palladium(0)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation with subsequent oxidation/reduction are described. Initial studies are also presented, which suggest that this transformation is mechanistically unique from other Pd catalyzed cyclopropane ring-opening reactions. Preliminary investigations towards the development of an asymmetric alkane arylation reaction are highlighted in Chapter 5. Both chiral carboxylic acid additives and phosphine ligands have been examined in this context. While high yields and enantiomeric excesses were never observed, encouraging results have been obtained and are supported by recent reports from other research groups. Finally, in part two, the use of Pd(0)-catalysis for the intramolecular arylative dearomatization of phenols is presented (Chapter 7). These reactions generate spirocyclohexadienones bearing all-carbon quaternary centres in good to excellent yields. The nature of the base, although not well understood, appears to be crucial for this transformation. Preliminary results in the development of an enantioselective variant of this transformation demonstrate the influence of catalyst activation on levels of enantiomeric excess.

Aromatic rings are privileged structures found in a diverse range of natural and synthetic compounds, thus synthetic methods for their functionalisations are important in organic synthesis. Despite significant advancements made, especially in the field of transition metal catalysis, work still continues for the development of milder, more efficient, and more atom economical reactions. We describe here our efforts towards the development of decarboxylative/direct C(aryl)–N and C(aryl)–C bond forming reactions using aromatic carboxylic acids and unfunctionalised arenes as cheap and widely available aromatic sources. The investigations into copper-catalysed and copper/palladium-catalysed intermolecular and copper/silver/palladium-catalysed intramolecular decarboxylative amination of aromatic carboxylic acids are reported. A new approach to decarboxylation of benzoic acids is also described. The reaction uses silver (I) catalyst and peroxydisulfate salt to generate aryl radicals via oxidative decarboxylation. The applications of this approach in intra- and intermolecular decarboxylative C–H arylation, and protodecarboxylation are described. Also described is the development of silver-catalysed trifluoromethylation of simple arenes and heteroarenes. The reaction proceeds via radical trifluoromethylation using trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane as the trifluoromethyl radical source. This method has been applied to the trifluoromethylation of complex agrochemical molecules, proving its synthetic utility in late-stage functionalisation. Furthermore, we describe the exploitation of trifluoroacetate derivatives as cheap trifluoromethylating reagents in copper-mediated decarboxylative C–H trifluoromethylation of 2-phenylpyridine.

No description available.