Class of 2013 Abstract / Specific Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of aseptic techniques in preventing microbial growth. Methods: Five stations at varying degrees of aseptic technique evaluated the purity of transfers into two different growth media. Stations included a control using proper aseptic technique under a laminar flow hood, “Clean Nurse” used proper aseptic technique on sanitized countertop, “Sloppy Nurse” used no aseptic technique on un-sanitized counter top, “Clumsy Nurse” dropped the syringe on the floor, used no aseptic technique on un-sanitized counter top, and “The Paramedic” used proper aseptic technique on outdoor picnic table. Fluid was transferred from a dextrose and sodium solution 10 times, each time with a new needle, into TSB growth media bags. Then, 1 mL growth media was pulled from GrowMed media vial with 1 mL volume room air and agitated. The remaining room air was ejectedandmedia re-injected back into vial, and repeated ten times using same needle and syringe. Samples placed in an incubator at 29oC and visually checked for signs of bacterial growth after 14 days. The experiment was repeated once. Main Results: Out of the five scenarios that were prepared in duplicate, only one sample yielded contamination. The one positive result was from one sample attained from the “Clumsy Nurse” station. There were 20 samples taken with a total contamination rate of 5%, utilizing the Yates’s chi-square test generated a p value of > 0.01. Conclusion: Although proper aseptic technique is a valuable practice for patient safety, the overall risk to the patient is relatively low.

No description available.

No description available.

Στην παρούσα διατριβή προσεγγίσθηκε η βιολογική συνιστώσα του φαινομένου της άσηπτης χαλάρωσης των υλικών των ορθοπαιδικών προθέσεων. Κατ’ αρχήν μελετήθηκαν διεξοδικά περιπροθετικοί ιστοί (IFT και PCT) υγρό (PSSF) από πέντε ασθενείς οι οποίοι υποβλήθηκαν σε επέμβαση αναθεώρησης λόγω άσηπτης χαλάρωσης των προθέσεων. Το ενδεχόμενο σηπτικής χαλάρωσης αποκλείσθηκε με μικροβιολογικό και ιστοπαθολογικό έλεγχο. Οι ιστοί αυτοί εκχυλίσθηκαν παρουσία αναστολέων των πρωτεασών ώστε να αποκλεισθεί το ενδεχόμενο in vitro ενεργοποίησης των περιεχομένων στα εκχυλίσματα ενζύμων. Σε όλα τα δείγματα και σε συμφωνία με άλλους ερευνητές, ανιχνεύθηκε ζελατινολυτική και κολλαγονολυτική δραστικότητα. Ο προσδιορισμός της πρώτης έγινε με χρήση ζυμογραφήματος ζελατίνης, αξιολόγηση και επεξεργασία των ζωνών λύσεως, ενώ για την δεύτερη χρησιμοποιήθηκε το συνθετικό πεπτίδιο DNP-S και χρωματογραφία υψηλής επίδοσης ανάστροφης φάσης RP-HPLC. Οι δραστικότητες που ανιχνεύθηκαν οφείλονταν σε εκφραζόμενες στους ιστούς ΜΜPs. Η ζελατινολυτική δραστικότητα οφειλόταν κατά το πλείστον σε ζελατινάσες (MMP-2 και MMP-9), οι οποίες όμως στο μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό τους ανιχνεύθηκαν σε σύμπλοκη με TIMPs μορφές. Η ειδική ζελατινολυτική δραστικότητα μεταξύ δειγμάτων ίδιας κατηγορίας ιστών (IFT ή PCT) δεν παρουσίαζε μεταβολή ανεξάρτητα από το είδος της αρθροπλαστικής ή την παρουσία οστεόλυσης. Ελαττωμένη δραστικότητα εμφάνισαν τα δείγματα των PSSF. Η κολλαγονολυτική δραστικότητα, η οποία ήταν αυξημένη στα δείγματα όπου συνυπήρχε περιπροθετική οστεόλυση, οφειλόταν κυρίως σε κολλαγονάσες του ενδιάμεσου στρώματος. Πιο σημαντική συμβολή φάνηκε ότι είχε η ΜΜΡ-13, η οποία ανιχνεύθηκε στα περισσότερα δείγματα σε ενεργό μορφή, σε σχέση με την ΜΜΡ-1. Η ΜΤ-1-ΜΜΡ μάλλον δεν ανιχνεύθηκε λόγω του τρόπου αρχικής επεξεργασίας των εκχυλισμάτων. Σε πειράματα που ακολούθησαν και δεν περιλαμβάνονται στην παρούσα μελέτη, ανιχνεύθηκε κυρίως σε σύμπλοκη με ΤΙΜΡ-2 μορφή. Συνοψίζοντας τα παραπάνω προέκυψε το συμπέρασμα ότι στους περιπροθετικούς ιστούς εκφράζονται μέλη της οικογένειας των ΜΜPs, που εμπλέκονται, σε διαφορετικό βαθμό το κάθε ένα, στην διαδικασία της οστικής απορρόφησης και της άσηπτης χαλάρωσης. Η ανίχνευση δε δραστικοτήτων στους ιστούς των PCT, αντίστοιχων μάλιστα με αυτών των IFT, στηρίζει την υπόθεση της έναρξης της κυτταρικής αντίδρασης του οργανισμού, στα μικροσωματίδια των υλικών, στον ιστό αυτόν. Η διευκρίνιση του ακριβούς ποσοστού συμμετοχής της κάθε μίας ΜΜΡ αναμένεται να δώσει σημαντική ώθηση στην προσπάθεια επιβράδυνσης των διαδικασιών της χαλάρωσης, μέσω της χρήσης ειδικών και πιθανώς εκλεκτικών φαρμακευτικών αναστολέων των ενζύμων αυτών. Στα πλαίσια της παραπάνω πιθανής θεραπευτικής προσέγγισης μελετήθηκε η επίδραση μερικών γνωστών μη-στεροειδών αντιφλεγμονωδών φαρμάκων (ΜΣΑΦ) στην, επαγόμενη από δέκα IFT, in vitro παραγωγή ΜΜPs και ΤΙΜΡs. Λόγω δε της πολυπλοκότητας των παθογενετικών μηχανισμών της οστικής απορρόφησης, μελετήθηκε η επίδραση των φαρμάκων αυτών και σε άλλους εμπλεκόμενους, στην οστεόλυση και την χαλάρωση, παράγοντες (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α και PGE2). Τα ΜΣΑΦ που δοκιμάσθηκαν ήταν η ασεκλοφαινάκη, η πιροξικάμη, η τενοξικάμη και η ινδομεθακίνη, ενώ για τον προσδιορισμό της επίδρασής τους χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ζυμογράφημα ζελατίνης και τεχνικές ELISA. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν στατιστικά μη-σημαντική ανασταλτική επίδραση στα επίπεδα των MMPs και των αναστολέων τους, σημαντικότατη αναστολή της PGE2, αναστολή της IL-6 και του TNF-α ιδιαίτερα από ασεκλοφαινάκη και τενοξικάμη και αύξηση των επιπέδων IL-1β (ιδιαίτερα από την ασεκλοφαινάκη). Για να υποστηριχθεί βέβαια η θέση της χορήγησης των ΜΣΑΦ αυτών με σκοπό τουλάχιστον την επιβράδυνση των διαδικασιών της χαλάρωσης απαιτούνται μετρήσεις σε μεγαλύτερο αριθμό δειγμάτων ή in vivo μετρήσεις. / In this study the biological mechanisms, which contribute to aseptic loosening process, were evaluated. Periprosthetic tissues (IFT and PCT) and liquids (PSSF) from five patients, who subjected to hip revision due to aseptic loosening, were collected. The possibility of septic loosening was, by histopathological and culture examinations, excluded. Extraction of tissues and dialysis were, in the presence of proteinases inhibitors, performed in order to exclude the in vitro activation of the sample-enzymes. Collagenolytic and gelatinolytic activity were, in all samples, detected. In order to examine the gelatinolytic activity, all samples were subjected in gelatin zymography and the lysis bands were evaluated. The collagenolytic activity was examined by using the DNP-S peptide and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The activities, mentioned above, were the outcome of, expressed in periprosthetic tissues, MMPs. The gelatinolytic activity was the result of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), which were mainly in complex with TIMPs forms detected. The specific gelatinolytic activities of the samples were almost equal, independently the type of arthroplasty and the presence or absence of osteolysis. In PSSF samples low activity was detected. Collagenolytic activity, which was higher in samples collected from osteolytic lesions, was the result of presence and action of interstitial callagenases. MMP-13 seems to have the major contribution, compared to MMP-1 in collagenolytic activity. MT1-MMP was not detected, possibly due to the extraction methods. In more recent and unpublished results, MT1-MMP was detected in complex to TIMP-2. In brief, different members of the MMP family are expressed in periprosthetic tissues and fluids. These MMPs contribute in different way in loosening and osteolysis processes. The fact that in PCTs high activities were measured can support the hypothesis that all the biological events that lead to loosening start to take place in the PCT tissue. The contribution of each MMP in these processes has to be elucidated in order to try to decelerate them by using selective MMPs-inhibitors. In order to evaluate the possible usage of several well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for retarding the loosening process, the in vitro effect of these drugs in the IFT- induced production of MMPs and TIMPs was studied. Because of the complexity of the involved in pathogenesis factors, the effect of the drugs in other soluble cytokines (such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-a) and PGE2 was also measured. For all these experiments cultures of IFT of ten patients were used. Aceclofenac, Piroxicam, Tenoxicam and Indomethacin were used. The drugs didn’t have a statistically significant effect in the MMPs or TIMPs production. In all cases the inhibitory effect on PGE2 was potent. Aceclofnac and tenoxicam reduced strongly the IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Finally the drugs seemed to induce the ΙL-1β levels (especially aceclofenac). More experimental studies are necessary for supporting the usage of the tested drugs, for retarding the aseptic loosening phenomenon. In vivo studies will also be useful.

No description available.

Class of 2011 Abstact / OBJECTIVES: To determine if aseptic methods prescribed by the USP 797 are effective in preventing microbial growth when compounding intravenous medication. Sample size: 60 individual IV preparations, 20 for the control group and 20 per test group. METHODS: Sixty agar plates were made. The IV preparations for the control group were compounded with aseptic technique: washing hands with soap and water, wearing gloves, cleaning all ports with alcohol, and working in a laminar flow hood. A syringe was used to inject the water from the vial into the IV bag. This procedure was repeated in the same manner for Group A (no use of laminar flow hood) and Group B (no swiping of the injection ports with an alcohol swab), minus the aseptic technique in question. Once all 60 IV preparations were completed, a sterile inoculation tool was used to obtain a sample from the port of the IV bag. The plates were then inoculated. RESULTS: When compared to the control group, microbial growth in Group A was not significant (p=0.14). The contamination rate for Group B was also not significant (p=0.07). CONCLUSION: Solutions compounded using abbreviated techniques (not swabbing injection ports and not using laminar flow hood) are not more likely to be contaminated than when using all proper aseptic techniques simultaneously.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Karen A. Schmidt / The demand for ultra high temperature processed and aseptically packaged dairy foods is growing throughout the U.S. The technology provides value-added food preservation for many foods including flavored milks, puddings, custards, creams, ice-cream mixes, whey-based drinks, sports drinks, and yogurt. Ultra high temperature nonfat milk, milk, light cream, and 18% cream are used throughout the U.S. by the restaurant and food service industries. There are several advantages to aseptic processing and packaging over traditional pasteurization. Advantages include extended shelf life, lower energy costs, and the elimination of required refrigeration during storage and distribution. Challenges are present in all aspects of dairy processing. Major challenges associated with ultra high temperature processing and aseptic packaging of dairy foods include product quality loss, such as age gelation, fat separation, and flavor loss, as well as manufacturing issues such as limited production capacity, potential contamination, slow packaging speeds, and limited shelf life knowledge. This report reviews the history of aseptic processing, principles of ultra high temperature processing, principles of aseptic filling, quality control of UHT dairy foods, and regulations for dairy processors.

Orientador: Flavio Luis Schmdit / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:59:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Scucuglia_Marcio_M.pdf: 2766345 bytes, checksum: df718c4c465f3ea8e35d990cbd5ffbc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Tanques assépticos são equipamentos aplicados em linhas de processamento de produtos longa-vida, com o objetivo de estocar o produto previamente esterilizado até o envase asséptico, mantendo a condição de esterilidade comercial obtida nas etapas anteriores. Para evitar a recontaminação do produto, o equipamento deve ser levado a condição de esterilidade, sendo aplicado um procedimento de aquecimento, desaeração e esterilização. Por ser uma etapa crítica, o ciclo de esterilização é validado por protocolos específicos que visam garantir a integridade da operação. A demanda de equipamentos com capacidades cada vez maiores e as implicações desse aumento na eficiência da esterilização tornaram importante uma análise mais detalhada dos resultados obtidos nos protocolos atuais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os ciclos de esterilização de um tanque asséptico, baseado na distribuição de temperatura e pressão em seu interior, e a partir dos resultados, aumentar a compreensão dos fenômenos envolvidos na esterilização e quantificar sua eficiência. A análise das variáveis revelou que o ciclo de desaeração do tanque asséptico não foi completa, com retenção de ar representando de 13 a 23% do volume total do equipamento. Como consequência o processo de esterilização ocorreu em condição de não saturação de vapor. Esta situação altera o mecanismo de destruição térmica de microrganismos da condição úmida para não-úmida, na qual a resistência térmica dos esporos é mais elevada, levantando a questão da real eficiência dos processos e protocolos de esterilização atuais. .A aparente garantia da esterilidade comercial dos processos atuais pode ser explicada pelo uso de temperaturas e tempos excessivos. A revisão de procedimentos, protocolos e critérios de sucesso dos projetos existentes pode resultar em maior segurança quanto à eficiência de esterilização e redução de custos. Um novo protocolo de validação é proposto em refletindo os novos critérios de sucesso estabelecidos neste trabalho / Abstract: Aseptic tank systems are applied to production lines for shelf-stable, long-life products in order to store sterile product until aseptic filling, maintaining the commercial sterility condition achieved from previous production steps. To avoid microbial recontamination of the product, a sterility condition must be achieved in the aseptic tank system through the application of a heating, venting, and sterilization cycle. This cycle must be submitted to specific validation protocols to ensure operational integrity. The demand for larger capacity systems and the implication of this volume increase on sterilization efficiency require a more detailed review of the results obtained from current validation protocols. The purpose of this work was to evaluate an aseptic tank¿s sterilization cycles, through study of temperature distribution and internal pressure, in order to better understand key phenomena in aseptic tank sterilization and to quantify its efficiency. The analysis showed that the venting cycle was insufficient, with remaining air on the order of 13%-23% of the total tank volume. Consequently, the subsequent sterilization process was not conducted at the saturation point for steam. This different condition changes the kinetics for thermal destruction of microorganisms from a wet state to a dry state in which thermal resistance of spores is higher. This finding raises a question regarding the true efficacy of the sterilization process and validation protocols currently applied. The apparent success of current sterilization processes could be explained by the usage of excessive temperature and time. The review of procedures, protocols, and success criteria of current projects could result in greater assurance of sterilization efficacy and in cost reduction. A new validation protocol is proposed to reflect the new success criteria developed in this work / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho microbiológico de uma linha de processamento e envase asséptico de caldo de cana acidificado. Para este fim foram identificados pontos críticos de controle em uma planta piloto instalada no Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo, no campus de Pirassununga/SP. Inicialmente o caldo de cana foi extraído e acidificado com ácido cítrico a um valor de pH equivalente a 4,3. A bebida acidificada foi pasteurizada a 95 °C / 30 s, resfriada a 10 °C e acondicionada assepticamente em garrafas plásticas seladas por indução. O envase do produto foi conduzido em uma cabina de fluxo de ar unidirecional ISO classe 5. As garrafas foram descontaminadas por aspersão de ácido peracético a 0,05% (v/v), por 20 s a 45 ºC. Os selos e as tampas foram esterilizados a 121 ºC / 15 min. Realizaram-se três processamentos de caldo de cana, em datas distintas, tendo sido caracterizada a matéria-prima e avaliados a qualidade microbiológica do caldo recém-extraído; a água de enxágue final da linha de processamento e envase, após a sua desinfecção com solução de ácido peracético (0,1% v/v) a 50 ºC durante 40 min; a embalagem e o produto final. Testes de escala hedônica de 7 pontos foram aplicados para avaliar a aparência, o aroma e o sabor da bebida processada. Os valores médios de pH, de acidez titulável e de sólidos solúveis determinados na matéria-prima foram equivalentes a 5,1; 0,061%(m/v) e 22,3 ºBrix, respectivamente. As médias das contagens de micro-organismos mesófilos aeróbios totais e de bolores e leveduras no caldo in natura foram equivalentes a (6,26 e 5,20) logUFC/mL, respectivamente. As médias das contagens na água de enxágue final (pasteurizada) da linha de processamento e envase foram inferiores a 1 UFC/mL. As contagens de mesófilos, de bolores e leveduras nas embalagens foram igualmente inferiores a 1 UFC/embalagem. As médias das contagens de mesófilos aeróbios e de bolores e leveduras na bebida acidificada e pasteurizada foram equivalentes a (2,63 e < 1) logUFC/mL, respectivamente. As médias de notas obtidas nos testes de escala hedônica de 7 pontos variaram entre 5,8 e 6,1; demonstrando a elevada aceitação do caldo de cana acidificado. Concluiu-se que a planta de processamento avaliada mostrou-se apta ao processamento de caldo de cana acidificado, estocado sob refrigeração. / This study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological performance of a pilot plant designed for acidified sugarcane juice processing. For this purpose, critical control points in a pilot plant were identified. The juice was extracted in a stainless steel electric cylinder mill and then acidified with citric acid until attaining the pH of 4.3. Next, it was pasteurized in a plate heat exchanger at 95 ºC/30 s and then cooled to 10 ºC before being filled into a plastic bottle and induction sealed. Product\'s filling was performed in an ISO class 5 unidirectional air-flow cabin. Bottles were decontaminated by 0.05% peracetic acid (PAA) spray, at 45 ºC for 20 s. Seals and caps were sterilized at 121 ºC/15 min. Three batches of acidified sugarcane juice were carried out. The qualities of the raw material, rinse water of the processing and filling line (after sanitation with 0.1% PAA at 50 ºC for 40 min), packaging and end product, were all microbiologically evaluated. Seven-point hedonic scale tests were used to evaluate the sensory acceptance of the product. The mean values of pH, titratable acidity and soluble solids content determined in raw sugarcane juice were 5.1, 0.061%(w/w) and 22.3 ºC, respectively. The total aerobic mesophilic and the molds and yeasts mean counts in natural fresh sugarcane juice were (6.26 and 5.20) logCFU/mL, respectively. The mesophilic and the molds and yeasts mean counts taken, in both rinse water samples of the processing line and the bottles, were lower than 1 logCFU/mL. The mesophilic and the molds and yeasts mean counts in acidified and pasteurized sugarcane juice were (2.63 and lower than 1) logCFU/mL, respectively. A beverage with a high sensory acceptance with average scores ranging from 5.8 to 6.1 was achieved. The findings indicated that the procedures that were evaluated met standards for acidified sugarcane juice to be produced then stored under refrigeration.

A necrose asséptica da cabeça do fêmur (NACF) em cães é uma doença auto limitante do quadril em desenvolvimento, caracterizada por uma necrose asséptica, seguida por fratura subcondral, fragmentação, revascularização e remodelação na cabeça femoral. A etiologia da doença é obscura. A radiografia é a modalidade de imagem padrão utilizada para diagnosticar a doença em cães. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de janeiro de 2000 até janeiro de 2010 nas radiografias de coxal com NACF nos cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Radiografias com NACF foram reavaliadas e os graus de alterações radiográficas foram correlacionados a raça, sexo, idade, membro(s) acometido(s). Foi estudado também a evolução radiográfica dos pacientes que tinham mais de um exame realizado. Analisando os resultados, observou-se que as três principais raças acometidas foram Poodles, Yorkshires e Pinschers. A NACF acomete principalmente animais jovens e de pequeno porte, porém no estudo houve um animal de grande porte e alguns animais com idade avançada. Não houve uma predisposição sexual. Com relação aos membros acometidos, notou-se que o grau 5 da doença apresenta maior incidência no membro pélvico direito e ao estudar a evolução da NACF, observou-se tratar de uma doença progressiva e de evolução lenta. Foram avaliadas imagens em filme radiográfico e imagens digitalizadas, sendo possível fazer uma comparação entre os dois métodos. Todas as imagens digitalizadas foram encontradas, ao contrário das imagens em filme radiográfico, demonstrando a facilidade e rapidez que a digitalização pode trazer. / Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) in dogs is a self limiting disease of the developing hip, characterized by an aseptic necrosis, followed by subchondral fracture, fragmentation, revascularization and remodeling of the femoral head. The etiology of the disease is unclear. In dogs the standard imaging modality is radiography. A retrospective study from January 2000 to January 2010 of ANFH cases attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo was done. Radiographs of the hips diagnosed with ANFH where reexamined, the degree of changes established correlating data with breed, gender, age, and affected member. The three major breeds involved were Poodles, Yorkshires and Pinschers. The ANFH mainly affects young and small animals, but in this study there was one large animal and some animals with advanced age. There was no sexual predisposition. In the affected limbs, it was noted that the grade 5 of the disease has a higher incidence in the right limb. In patients with more than one examination evolution of the radiographic changes was analyzed. No regression of radiographic changes was registered and ANFH showed to be a progressive disease with slow evolution. To work with conventional and digital images showed no difficulty in reading but a substantial portion of conventional images were not found.