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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Produção, recuperação e avaliação de pectinases de Aspergillus niger LB-02-SF obtidas em biorreator de tambor rotativo

Poletto, Patrícia 10 April 2015 (has links)
No presente trabalho, a produção de pectinases por Aspergillus niger LB-02-SF em estado sólido foi estudada em biorreator de tambor rotativo em escala de bancada. Adicionalmente, a extração e a concentração do extrato enzimático foram avaliadas. Com o extrato concentrado por ultrafiltração, formulações com KCl e glicerol foram testadas quanto à conservação da atividade enzimática e à eficiência no tratamento de sucos de frutas. Com respeito à produção das pectinases em biorreator, os parâmetros de operação avaliados foram: a agitação, a temperatura do cultivo, o volume de ocupação (30, 50 e 70%) e o fluxo específico de ar (0,18, 0,36, 0,54, 0,72 e 0,90 LkgM – litros de ar por kg de meio por minuto). Ensaios sem e com agitação do biorreator (frequência de 1 rpm por 5 minutos, a cada 120 minutos) indicaram que, para o volume de ocupação de 30%, a agitação leva ao aumento do crescimento fúngico e à redução da produção de enzimas, enquanto que com 50% de ocupação, comportamento oposto foi observado. Com 70% de ocupação, não foi observada diferença significativa entre as atividades pectinolíticas obtidas com e sem agitação, sendo que, em ambos os casos, a produção foi prejudicada pela insuficiente aeração do meio. O intervalo entre os eventos de agitação foram avaliados para o volume de ocupação em 70%, não sendo observada diferença significativa na produção de pectinases nos intervalos de 120 minutos (condição padrão) e 90 minutos. Para um intervalo de 60 minutos, a atividade reduziu-se em aproximadamente 58%. Os cultivos com controle de temperatura em 34oC e sem controle indicaram que a produção enzimática foi favorecida com a elevação natural da temperatura do cultivo, um aspecto que pode estar relacionado a uma condição de estresse que levaria à maior produção enzimática. Fluxos específicos de ar entre 0,18 e 0,90 LkgM foram testados em ensaios com 30 e 50% de volume de ocupação do biorreator. Maior crescimento fúngico foi atingido quando o biorreator foi carregado com menor volume de ocupação. Com o fluxo intermediário de 0,54 LkgM, as maiores atividades enzimáticas para ambos os volumes de ocupação foram atingidas; porém, a ocupação de 50% do volume resultou na maior atividade pectinolítica, 178,2 U/g, com uma atividade de 133,4 U/g sendo medida com 30% de ocupação. No estudo sobre a extração de pectinases do meio sólido, com água pH 4, sob agitação de 200 rpm, foi observado que tempos entre 15 e 120 minutos apresentaram resultados similares. Os resultados atingidos apontam que para maior produção enzimática o biorreator deve ser operado com 50% de ocupação, fluxo específico de ar de 0,54 LkgM e intervalos entre as agitações de 120 minutos. Temperaturas de extração de 20, 30 e 40oC não influenciaram na extração de proteínas, porém a atividade de pectinases foi reduzida em 40% a 40oC, possivelmente em razão da termoestabilidade da enzima. Entre as razões de extração sólido / líquido avaliadas, o valor de 1/10 foi a que resultou na maior atividade enzimática solubilizada, sendo recuperados 81% da atividade pectinolítica presente no meio. Nos ensaios de concentração, a ultrafiltração do extrato concentrado sem qualquer tratamento prévio resultou em recuperação de 59% das enzimas e em fluxo final de permeado da ordem de 11 L/m2/h. Por outro lado, o protocolo de operação que incluía o uso de carvão ativado e microfiltração, apresentou recuperação de enzimas de 74% e fluxo final de permeado de 24 L/m2/h, demonstrando a importância dos pré-tratamentos na ultrafiltração. Previamente à preparação das formulações enzimáticas, um volume de 30 L de extrato bruto foi concentrado 103 vezes por ultrafiltração, com recuperação enzimática de 69%, e um extrato com 663 U/mL foi obtido. Este extrato concentrado foi formulado com 20, 30, 40 e 50% (m/m) de glicerol e 2% (m/m) de KCl e avaliado, por 59 semanas, quanto à conservação da atividade a 5°C. Ao final do período de teste, a amostra controle (sem aditivos) teve queda de 25% da atividade além de apresentar contaminação microbiana, enquanto as formulações mantiveram a atividade em torno de 100% durante todo o experimento. A formulação com 50% de glicerol foi utilizada na maceração de uva bordô e na despectinização de sucos de maçã, uva rosada e amora, demonstrando comportamento similar aos encontrados com as preparações comerciais Novozym 33095 e Pectinex Ultra SP-L utilizadas como referência. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. / In the present work, the production of pectinases by Aspergillus niger LB-02-SF in solid-state cultivation was studied using a rotating drum bench bioreactor. Furthermore, extraction and concentration of enzymes by ultrafiltration were evaluated. Formulations with the concentrated extract, KCl and glycerol were assayed with respect to the maintenance of activity level and the efficiency in the treatment of fruit juices. With respect to the production of enzymes in bioreactor, the operational parameters evaluated were agitation, cultivation temperature, occupation volume (30, 50 and 70%) and specific air flow (0.18, 0.36, 0.54, 0.72 e 0.90 LkgM – liter of air per kilogram of medium per minute). Tests without and with agitation of the bioreactor (1 rpm per 5 minutes each 120 minutes) indicated that, with occupation volume of 30%, agitation leads to increasing fungal growth and decreasing enzyme production, whereas with 50% of occupation an opposite behavior was noticed. With 70% of occupation volume, no significant difference was observed among the pectinolytic activities achieved with and without agitation, the production being hindered in both cases by the insufficient aeration of medium. The interval between agitation events was evaluated for an occupation volume of 70% and no significant difference in enzyme production was observed for the intervals of 90 and 120 minutes (standard condition). For the interval of 60 minutes, the activity was reduced in approximately 58%. The cultivations with temperature control at 34oC and without control indicated that enzyme production was favored with the natural increase of medium temperature, an aspect that could be related to a stress condition that would lead to a higher enzyme production. Specific air flows between 0.18 and 0.90 LkgM were evaluated for 30 and 50% of bioreactor occupation volume. Larger fungal growth was observed when the bioreactor was loaded with the smallest occupation volume. With the intermediate flow of 0.54 LkgM, the highest enzyme activities were achieved for both occupation volumes; however, the occupation volume of 50% resulted the higher activity of 178.2 U/g, with an activity of 133.4 U/g being measured for 30% of occupation. The results achivied indicated that for a higher enzyme production, the bioreactor should be conducted with 50% of occupation volume, specific airflow of 0.54 LkgM and interval between the agitations of 120 minutes. In the study on the extraction of pectinases from the solid medium with water pH 4, under agitation, it was observed that extraction times from 15 to 120 minutes presented similar results. The extraction temperatures of 20, 30 and 40oC did not influence protein extraction, but pectinase activity was reduced in 40% at 40oC, possibly due to the low enzyme thermostability. Among the extraction ratios of solid/liquid assessed, the value 1/10 resulted in the highest enzyme activity solubilized, with recovery of 81% of the pectinolytic activity that was present in the medium. In the concentration tests, ultrafiltration of concentrated extract with no previous treatment resulted in 59% of enzyme activity recovery and in a final permeate flux of about 11 L/m²/h. On the other hand, the operation protocol that included the use of activated charcoal, microfiltration and ultrafiltration presented enzyme recovery of 74% and final permeate flux of 24 L/m2/h, results that demonstrate the importance of pre-treatments in this process. Previously to the preparation of enzyme formulations, a volume of 30 L of enzyme extract was 103-fold concentrated by ultrafiltration, with 69% of enzyme recovery, and a final 663-U/mL extract was obtained. This concentrated extract was formulated with 20, 30, 40 and 50% (w/w) of glycerol and 2% (w/w) of KCl and evaluated for 59 weeks with respect to the enzyme activity conservation at 5ºC. At the end of the test period, the blank sample (with no additives) presented an activity decrease of 25% and also microbial contamination, whereas the formulations preserved 100% of the initial activity along the experiment. The 50%-glycerol formulation was used for Bordô grape maceration and for depectinization of apple, Rosé grape and blackberry juices, showing statistically similar results to those obtained with the commercial preparations Novozym 33095 and Pectinex Ultra SP-L used as reference. The results attained in this work pointed out to the possibility of scaling-up this process, from the enzyme production in solid-state cultivation to the achievement of an enzyme formulation that has shown potential to be used in the industry of fruit juice.
42

Modelagem do crescimento de Aspergillus niger em nectar de manga, frente a pH e temperatura / Growth modeling of Aspergillus niger in mango nectar, as a function of pH and temperature

Silva, Alessandra Regina da 14 July 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Pilar Rodriguez de Massaguer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T17:12:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AlessandraReginada_M.pdf: 1247823 bytes, checksum: dd191945f3ada429831c4afb80ae10e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Em 2005, a produção mundial de manga ¿in natura¿ foi de 850000 toneladas, sendo o que Brasil ocupa o sétimo lugar no ranking mundial de produção. Neste mercado, o néctar de manga ocupa o terceiro lugar da preferência mundial por sabor. Considerando-se que os contaminantes emergentes deste produto são fungos que apresentam características de resistência ao processo de pasteurização empregue pelas indústrias, torna-se essencial que se conheça o nível de contaminação do produto por estes bolores ermoresistentes, bem como que se identifique qual espécie é a mais termoresistente isolada do produto. Além disso, como o processo de pasteurização por si só não é capaz de eliminar totalmente essa micobiota contaminante, sem alterar sensorialmente o produto, é indispensável o estudo do efeito de fatores controladores do crescimento destes microrganismos termoresistentes, bem como que se modele seu crescimento em função de alterações nestes fatores. Considerando o exposto, esta pesquisa visou: i. quantificar, isolar e identificar o bolor mais termoresistente presente em néctar de manga; ii. avaliar o efeito das variáveis controladoras do crescimento sobre os parâmetros de crescimento desse isolado, quando em dois níveis de inoculação, 6,8x100esp./mL e 9,3x103esp./mL, selecionando as variáveis de maior impacto, via modelagem preditiva primária; iii modelar os parâmetros de crescimento, como tempo de adaptação (l; dias) e taxa de crescimento (m; mm.dia-1) do bolor mais termoresistente utilizando a modelagem polinimial de superfície de resposta. Para tanto, 50L de néctar de manga foram utilizados para o isolamento das linhagens termoresistentes, conforme descrito por Bechaut & Pitt (2001). Para delineamento da termoresistência dos isolados utilizou-se metodologia adaptada de Baglioni (1998). No teste do nível baixo de inóculo (100esp./mL de néctar de manga), a temperatura variou de 12 a 25°C, o pH, de 3,2 a 4,8 e a aw de 0,979 a 0,988, mediante um desenho fatorial 23 acrescido de 3 pontos centrais e 6 axiais; já para o nível de inóculo de 103esp./mL, a temperatura variou de 18 a 22°C, o pH de 3,5 a 4,5 e aw de 0,970 a 0,990, mediante desenho fatorial 23 com 3 pontos centrais. Os dados do incremento diário nas medidas de diâmetro foram ajustados pelos modelos de crescimento de Baranyi (Baranyi & Roberts, 1995) e de Gompertz modificado (Zwietering et al., 1994). Para a modelagem secundária do crescimento, utilizou-se um desenho fatorial 22 com 3 pontos centrais e 4 axiais, sendo que a temperatura variou de 17,2 a 22,8°C e o pH variou de 3,2 a 4,7, com aw fixada em 0,980 (comum ao produto). Para estas avaliações o fungo foi inoculado em 230mL de néctar de manga, previamente esterilizados, dispostos em garrafas PET, higienizadas segundo Petrus (2000). A contagem total de bolores termoresistentes presentes no néctar de manga foi de 7,4x103esp./mL, deste total foram isoladas 8 linhagens diferentes, sendo a que apresentou maior termoresistência (100°C/15min) identificada como Aspergillus niger. Considerando-se o nível de inóculo baixo (6,8x100esp./mL de néctar de manga), observou-se que reduções de pH causaram aumento do tempo de adaptação (4 para 10 dias), bem como incrementos de 0,01 na aw o diminuíram em 3 dias, sendo que em temperaturas inferiores a 18°C não foi observado o crescimento do fungo. Já considerando-se o nível de inóculo de 9,3x103esp./mL, observou-se que a aw, na faixa natural ao produto, não apresentou impacto significativo (p<0,05) sobre os parâmetros de crescimento do microrganismo. Em condições de abuso de temperatura, uma redução de 5,6°C (22,8 para 17,2°C), implicaram em aumento de 23 dias no tempo de adaptação do fungo. De maneira semelhante, quando o pH do néctar de manga passou de 4,0 para 4,7, o tempo de adaptação do microrganismo passou de 11 para 3 dias e o diâmetro final da colônia triplicou. Cabe salientar que o modelo de Baranyi demonstrou melhor performance no ajuste dos dados de crescimento, com valores maiores valores de R2 (0,998). Para a modelagem polinomial de superfície de resposta a aw foi fixada em 0,980 (natural do produto). O modelo obtido para tempo de adaptação, com parâmetros significativos (p<0,05) temperatura, linear e quadrática e pH linear (com valores codificados) foi: . Este modelo foi verificado com R2 0,981, 1.06 de fator bias, 1,16 de fator exatidão e relação Fval/Ftab de 23,4. As análises estatísticas do modelo demonstraram que reduções no valor de pH em 0,5 unidade podem ser capazes de duplicar o tempo de vida útil do produto (10 para 20 dias). Efeitos semelhantes foram observados para reduções de temperatura da ordem de 0,8°C. Considerando-se a taxa de crescimento, o modelo polinomial obtido, tendo como fatores significativos (p<0,05) pH, linear e quadrático e temperatura linear e quadrática, com valores codificados, foi: Este modelo foi verificado com R2 0,882, 1.06 de fator bias, 1,16 de fator exatidão e relação Fval/Ftab de 2.6. Análises estatísticas do modelo demonstraram que, em pH 4,0 e 20°C é observada menor taxa de crescimento (1,33mm.dia-1). Assim sendo, os resultados demonstraram que pH e temperatura são fatores que exercem influência significativa sobre o crescimento de A.niger, em néctar de manga. Entretanto, estes fatores, nos níveis estudados, somente retardam o crescimento do microrganismo, não o impedindo. É essencial então o controle por refrigeração, visando evitar abusos de temperatura, já que em temperaturas =15°C, independentemente do nível de inóculo utilizado, não foi notado o crescimento de A.niger. De modo similar, deve-se também optar pelo controle rígido nos valores de pH, pois alterações de 0,5 unidade podem implicar em mudanças severas na vida de prateleira do produto. Entretanto, somente alterações em valores de pH e temperatura não são suficientes para garantir a estabilidade microbiológica do produto, já que esta depende da qualidade da matéria-prima, dentre outros fatores, contudo, tanto pH quanto temperatura podem atuar como coadjuvantes na preservação do néctar de manga / Abstract: In 2005, the world production of mango fruits was 850,000ton and Brazil was the 7th in ranked of world production. The mango nectar is the third ranked in flavor preference. Concerning the emerging contaminant microorganisms of this product are molds, which are able to survive pasteurization process, it is essential to know the contamination level of heat resistant molds in this product and to identify the most heat resistant. Moreover, pasteurization process is unable to eliminate these molds, so it is necessary to study both the effect of hurdle factors and the interaction of factors in the growth. The aim of this research was: i. to quantify, isolate and identify the most heat resistant mold in the mango nectar; ii. to evaluate the effect of hurdle factors on growth parameters of the isolated, considering two levels of inoculum, 6.8x100 and 9.3x103spores/mL of mango nectar, selecting the most impact variables through primary modeling; iii. to model growth parameters such adaptation time (l; days) and growth rate (m; mm.day-1) of the most heat resistant mold by polynomial response surface. For this purpose, 50L of mango nectar were used for isolating the thermal resistant strains (Bechat & Pitt, 2001). To screen of heat resistantance of the isolated was performed as indicated in Baglioni (1998). Concerning low inoculum level (100spores/mL mango nectar), temperature was from 12 to 25°C, pH, from 3.2 to 4.8 and aw, from 0.979 to 0.988, which were tested by a central composite design, 23 with 3 central points and 6 star points. For 103spores/mL of mango nectar, temperature was from 18 to 22°C, pH, from 3.5 to 4.5 and aw, from 0.970 to 0.990, tested by factorial design 23 with 3 central points. Fungal growth was measured as colony diameter on daily basis. Primary predictive models of Baranyi & Roberts and modified Gompertz were used to fit growth data. For a secondary polynomial model was used a central composite design 22 with 3 central points and 4 star points, in which temperature varied from 17.2 to 22.8°C and pH, from 3.2 to 4.7, and aw was fixed at 0.980. For all experiments conducted the mold was inoculated in 230mL PET bottles mango nectar, sanitized according to Petrus (2000). The total count average of heat resistant molds from mango nectar was . 4x103spores/mL, from this total were isolated 8 different strains and the most heat resistant was Aspergillus niger (100°C/15 minutes). Concerning the low inoculum level (100spores/mL of mango nectar), was observed that pH reductions increase adaptation time from 4 to 10 days, as well, an increase of 0,01 on aw reduced shelf life in 3 days. In temperatures =18°C the growth mold was not observed. For inoculation level 9.3x103spores/mL of mango nectar, was observed that aw was not significant (p<0.05) on the mold growth parameters. In abuse temperatures conditions, reductions of 5.6°C (from 22.8 to 17.2°C), increase the adaptation time in 23 days. Same effects were observed when pH of mango nectar changed from 4.0 to 4.7, while adaptation time decreased from 11 to 3 days and the maximum diameter tripled. It was verified that Baranyi & Roberts¿ model adjusted better the experimental data, with higher adjustment coefficients (0.998). The obtained model for adaptation time, with temperature, (temperature)2 and pH as significant factors (p<0.05), was: . This model was verified with R2 0.981, 1.06 bias factor, 1.16 accuracy factor and Fval/Ftab 23.4. The statistical analyses demonstrate that a decrease in pH of 0.5 unit could double the product shelf-life (from 10 to 20 days). The same effect was observed with reductions of about 0.8°C in temperature. The maximum shelf life obtained (about 30 days) was for pH 3.28 and 17.2°C. The obtained model for growth rate, with pH, (pH)2, temperature and (temperature)2 as significant factors was: This model was verified with R2 0.882, 1.06 bias factor, 1.16 accuracy factor and Fval/Ftab 2.6. Statistical analysis demonstrated when pH was 4.0 and temperature was 20°C, the growth rate was lower (1.33mm.day-1). Thus, pH and temperature were significants factors (p<0.05) on growth of A.niger in mango nectar. However, for the studied levels, this factor only retards the mold growth, without eliminating. So, it is essential to control storage refrigeration, avoiding abuse temperature, since temperatures = 15°C, do not permit A.niger growth, no matter the inoculum level. In the same manner, variation in pH of 0.5 units can implicate in strong changes in product shelf life. However pH and temperature variation are not able to guarantee the product microbial stability, since it depends on raw material quality assurance, among other factors. Hence, pH and temperature can contribute to mango nectar preservation / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
43

Remoção de metil paration e atrazina em reatores de bancada com fungos / Removal of methyl parathion and atrazine in reactors with fungi

Glória Maria Marinho Silva Sampaio 12 August 2005 (has links)
Neste estudo foi avaliada a remoção de metil paration - inseticida e atrazina - herbicida presentes em água, em reatores de bancada, com fungos. A pesquisa foi dividida em quatro etapas: operação em batelada com metil paration e micélio fúngico, com e sem glicose; teste de toxicidade em placas com Aspergillus niger AN400; operação em batelada com os pesticidas atrazina e metil paration e esporos de Aspergillus niger AN400, com e sem glicose; e operação em reatores de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente. Na primeira etapa, a remoção de metil paration foi de 97% nos reatores sem glicose e 94% nos reatores com glicose com 32 dias de reação. Na operação em batelada, com esporos, um modelo cinético de primeira ordem representou bem a velocidade de decaimento de metil paration nesta fase, principalmente, nos reatores que continham glicose. Para os experimentos sem adição de glicose, a constante cinética foi de 0,063 &#177 0,005/h, enquanto que para os experimentos com glicose a constante foi de 0,162 &#177 0,014/h. Dessa forma, a adição de glicose resultou efetivamente em aumento na velocidade de conversão do inseticida. Na fase experimental, com atrazina e esporos de Aspergillus niger AN400, a presença do substrato primário (glicose) não teve influência na remoção de atrazina, sendo que os percentuais de remoção foram muito próximos aos percentuais encontrados nos reatores sem glicose. O estudo cinético, nessa fase com atrazina e esporos, revelou que para os experimentos sem a adição de glicose, o valor da velocidade de conversão de atrazina (RATZo) foi de 0,023/d, enquanto que para os experimentos com glicose (RATZo) foi 0,022/d. Portanto, a adição de glicose parece não ter influenciado significativamente a velocidade de remoção do herbicida por Aspergillus niger AN400. O teste de toxicidade demonstrou que metil paration e atrazina não inibiram o crescimento do fungo nas várias concentrações testadas, inclusive nas mais elevadas, que foram 60 mg/L e 25 mg/L para metil paration e atrazina, respectivamente. No reator de leito fixo a remoção de metil paration foi de 40% com 12 h de tempo de detenção hidráulica, e 0,5 g glicose/L. Porém, quando a concentração de glicose foi duplicada a remoção de metil paration diminuiu para 35%. Neste reator o pH se manteve na faixa ácida 3,4 a 5,2, considerada ideal para os fungos. Os resultados encontrados mostram a viabilidade dos fungos para remoção desses pesticidas, considerados persistentes no ambiente. / In this study the removal of methyl parathion was evaluated - insecticide and atrazine - herbicide present in water, in reactors with fungi. The research was divided in four stages: operation in batch reactors with methil parathion and micelium fungus, with and without glucose; toxicity test in plates with Aspergillus niger AN400; operation in batch reactors with the pesticides atrazine and methyl parathion and spore of Aspergillus niger AN400, with and without glucose; and operation in reactors of fixed bed and ascending flow. In the first stage the removal of methyl parathion was 97% in reactors without glucose and 94% in reactors with glucose in 32 days of reaction time. In the operation in batch with spores, a kinetic model of first order represented very well the speed of decline of the methyl parathion in this step, in the reactors that contained glucose, mainly. For the experiments without the glucose addition, the kinetic constant was 0,063 &#177 0,005/h, and for the experiments with glucose the constant was of 0,162 &#177 0,014/h. In that way, the glucose addition resulted in increase in the speed of conversion of the insecticide. In the experimental step with atrazine and spores of Aspergillus niger AN400, the presence of the primary substratum (glucose) didn\'t have influence in the atrazine removal, and the percentile removal lays very close to the percentile found in the reactors without glucose. The kinetic study, in that step with atrazine and spores, revealed that for the experiments without the glucose addition, the value of the speed conversion of atrazine (RATZo) was 0,023/d, and for the experiments with glucose (RATZo) was 0,022/d. Therefore, the glucose addition seems not to have influenced significantly the speed of removal of the herbicide for Aspergillus niger AN400. The toxicity test demonstrated that methyl parathion and atrazine didn\'t inhibit the growth of fungi in the several concentrations, including in high concentrations, that were tested 60 mg/L and 25 mg/L to methyl parathion and atrazine, respectively. The reactor of fixed bed got removal of methyl parathion of 40% in 12 hours of detention hydraulic, in 0,5 g glicose/L. However, when the glucose concentration was doubled the removal of methyl parathion decreased to 35%. In this reactor the pH kept in the acid strip (3,4 - 5,2), considered ideal for the fungi, and conductivity values didn\'t favor the hydrolysis of the insecticide. The found results show the viability of the fungi for removal of those pesticides, considered recalcitrant to the environment.
44

Atividade de óleos essenciais sobre espécies de Aspergillus spp. aflatoxigênicas isoladas de castanha do Brasil / Activity of essential oils on aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus spp. isolated from Brazil nuts

Possari, Camila Kopezky, 1987- 09 October 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T00:07:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Possari_CamilaKopezky_M.pdf: 2524622 bytes, checksum: e715e6d4f298fb93b3325792c5427282 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A castanha do Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) é a segunda mais importante fonte extrativista da floresta amazônica. Desta forma, não são utilizados defensivos químicos e a produção da castanha do Brasil é considerada orgânica tendo sua extração ambientalmente correta, porém este baixo nível tecnológico favorece o crescimento de fungos potencialmente produtores de micotoxinas como os do grupo Aspergillus section flavi. Visando reduzir esta contaminação, uma das possibilidades é a utilização de óleos essenciais, que apresentam propriedades antimicrobianas. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica de 11 óleos essenciais de espécies medicinais e aromáticas sobre cepas aflatoxigênicas de A. flavus, A. nomius e A. arachidicola isoladas de castanha do Brasil. O ensaio de microdiluição mostrou que os óleos que apresentaram melhor atividade antifúngica contra estes os isolados foram Cinnamomum burmannii e Eugenia caryophyllata, com MIC de 250 'mu'g/mL e 500 'mu'g/mL, respectivamente. A inibição do crescimento micelial dos fungos foi melhor quando estes foram submetidos à ação por contato com os óleos essenciais, do que por ação de seus compostos voláteis, sendo as concentrações referentes às de MIC capazes de inibir totalmente o crescimento dos fungos. A produção de aflatoxina por A. flavus foi inibida somente pelo óleo essencial de E. caryophyllata, na concentração de 500 'mu'g/mL. Ensaios in vivo conduzidos com a casca da castanha do Brasil mostraram que o óleo essencial de C. burmannii inibiu o fungo a 500 'mu'g/mL e propiciou maior redução na porcentagem de infecção pelos isolados de A. flavus. Quanto aos isolados de A. nomius e A. arachidicola, a menor porcentagem de infecção foi obtida após tratamento com o óleo essencial de E. caryophyllata na concentração de 1000 'mu'g/mL. Os óleos de E. caryophyllata e C. burmanni mostraram ser alternativas naturais para controle do crescimento de A. flavus, A. nomius e A. arachidicola e da produção de aflatoxinas por A. flavus, através da ação na redução da contaminação fúngica das castanhas do Brasi / Abstract: The Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) is the second most important forest source of the Amazon rainforest. Thus, no chemical pesticides are used and the production of Brazil nuts is considered organic and an environmentally friendly extraction. However, this low technological level favors the growth of potentialy mycotoxin producing fungi such as Aspergillus section flavi. In order to reduce this contamination, one possibility is the use of essential oils that exhibit antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of 11 essential oils of medicinal and aromatic species on aflatoxigenics strains of Aspergillus flavus, A. nomius and A. arachidicola isolated from Brazil nuts. The microdilution assay showed that the oils from Cinnamomum burmannii and Eugenia caryophyllata presented the best antifungal activity against all isolates, with MIC of 250 'mu'g/mL and 500 'mu'g/mL, respectively. The inhibition of mycelial growth of the fungi was better when submitted to action by contact than by action of oils volatile compounds, with concentrations of MIC able to completely inhibit the growth of fungi. The aflatoxin production was inhibited only by E. caryophyllata essential oil at a concentration of 500 'mu'g/mL . In vivo assays conducted with shells of Brazil nut showed that the essential oil of C. burmannii at 500 'mu'g/mL provided greater reduction in the percentage of infection by A. flavus isolates. As the isolates of A. nomius and A. arachidicola, the infection rate was lower after the treatment with the essential oil of E. caryophyllata in the concentration of 1000 'mu'g/mL. The essential oils of E. caryophyllata and C. burmannii showed to be natural alternatives for controlling the growth of A. flavus, A. nomius and A. arachidicola and aflatoxin production by A. flavus, through the reduction of the fungal contamination of Brazil nuts / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos
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Produção e caracterização de [beta]-glicosidase vegetal e microbiana e sua aplicação para conversão de isoflavonas glicosiladas em isoflavonas agliconas / Production and characterization of vegetal and microbiana B-glicosidase and its application for conversion of isoflavonas glicosiladas in isoflavonas agliconas

Lima, Alice Fujita 30 May 2003 (has links)
Orientador: Yong K. Park / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_AliceFujita_M.pdf: 897627 bytes, checksum: 3a8e323d6f68e62513bf09906ac96620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Há evidências de que o consumo de soja beneficia a saúde contribuindo para a prevenção de doenças crônicas devido as isoflavonas presentes nessa leguminosa. Essas isoflavonas têm sido intensamente estudadas devido suas propriedades biológicas, tais como: atividade estrogênica e anti-estrogênica, anti-carcinogênica, antioxidante, antifúngica e anti-hemolítica. A soja possui três tipos de isoflavonas agliconas: daidzeína, genisteína e gliciteína. As mesmas isoflavonas quando glicosiladas são chamadas daidzina, genistina e glicitina. A enzima b-glicosidase é capaz de transformar isoflavonas glicosiladas em agliconas. Há evidências que as isoflavonas glicosiladas não são absorvidas pelo intestino somente as agliconas são absorvidas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar b-glicosidases de fungos filamentosos e b-glicosidase de leguminosas. A partir da extração enzimática foram selecionadas as de maior atividade enzimática, uma enzima de feijão fava (Phaseolus lunatus) com 0,71U/mL e outra enzima de Aspergillus niger com 0,77U/mL. Foi então feita caracterização bioquímica dos extratos brutos enzimáticos. O extrato bruto de feijão fava apresentou pH e temperatura ótimos a pH 5,5 e 60°C, respectivamente. Mostrou-se estável em uma faixa ampla de pH entre 5,0 a 9,0 e temperatura de 40°C a 55°C. O extrato bruto de Aspergillus niger teve pH e temperatura ótimos a pH 5,0 e 60°C, respectivamente. Mostrou-se estável a uma temperatura de 40°C a 55°C e em pH de 4,0 a 9,0. As enzimas, vegetal e microbiana, foram parcialmente purificadas. A b-glicosidase de feijão fava foi purificada 4 vezes em coluna CM-Sepharose com 77,05% de recuperação e atividade específica de 0,18U/mg de proteína. Apresentando 5 bandas na eletroforese SDS-PAGE. A b-glicosidade de A. niger foi purificada 14 vezes em coluna CM-Sephadex C-50 com 2,2%de recuperaçãoe atividade específica de 17U/mg de proteína e apresentou 4 bandas na eletroforese. O estudo da aplicação das enzimas variando o substrato e sua concentração, tempo de reação, tipo e quantidade da enzima para a conversão das isoflavonas glicosiladas em agliconas mostrou-se que todos esses fatores podem influenciar a conversão. Pode-se concluir que enzimas de Phaseolus lunatus e Aspergillus niger convertem isoflavonas glicosiladas (daidzina e genistina) em isoflavonas agliconas (daidzeína e genisteína) / Abstract: There are evidences that the consumption of soy products provides benefits that may help prevent against chronic diseases due to the isoflavones present in these seeds. The isoflavones have been intensively studied due to their biological properties, such as: estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidative, antifungal and antihemolytic activities. The soybeans have three types of isoflavones aglycones: daidzein, genistein and glycitein. In the b-glucosidase form, they become: daidzin, genistin and glicitin. Several workers reported that the enzyme b-glucosidase is able to convert isoflavone glycosides to aglucones. Others artic1es showed that the isoflavone glycosides are not absorbed in the gut, only the aglucones are absorbed. The aim of this work was to study P-glucosidase from filamentous fungus and b-glucosidase from leguminous seeds. It was selected enzymes which had the highest activity, the enzyme from lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) with 0.71U/mL and other enzyme from Aspergillus niger with 0.77U/mL. The crude extract from lima beans showed optimum activity at pH 5.5 and 60°C, respectively. It's had high thermo stability and pH range of action was between 5.0 and 9.0 and temperature was 40°C to 55°C. The crude extract from Aspergillus niger had maximum activity at pH 5.0 and 60°C and it's also showed high thermo stability at 40°C to 55°C and stable in pH between 4.0 to 9.0. The following steps were purified vegetal and microbial enzymes. The b-glucosidase from lima beans was purified 4 times by CM-Sepharose column and obtained 77.05% of recovered and specific activity of 0.18U/mg of protein. The SDS-P AGE e1ectrophoresis gave 5 bands. The P-g1ucosidase from A.niger was purified 14 times by CM-Sephadex C 50 column and obtained 2.2% of recovered and specific activity of 17U/mg of protein. The electrophoresis gave 4 bands. After that, were studied applications of enzymes measuring the profile of isoflavones: changing the substrate and their concentration, reaction time, type and amount of enzyme to convert isoflavone glycosides in aglucones and were observed that all factors influenced the conversion. In conclusion enzymes from Phaseolus lunatus and Aspergillus niger hydrolyzed the isoflavone glycosides (daidzin and genistin) to yield isoflavone aglucones (daidzein and genistein) / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
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Efeitos do cobre em aspergillus niger ucp/wfcc 1261 : aspectos morfológicos, ultraestruturais e bioquímicos

Luna, Marcos Antônio Cavalcanti 15 July 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcos_antonio_cavalcanti_luna.pdf: 4233655 bytes, checksum: abc1a2fbaf78592ac2630414037305c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The knowledgement about the biodiversity and the bioprospection of new microorganisms are the main focus of the biotechnological age, since the use of these organisms in the areas of food, health, environment and industry is increasing in the current world-wide scene. The use of microorganisms is one alternative potential for ambient and industrial biotechnology. Present proposal aims at to provide informations about the physiological mechanisms by using the evaluation of growth, accumulation of polyphosphate, total proteins, extracellular enzyme activity, antioxidant enzyme systems and metal renoção by Aspergillus niger UCP / WFCC 1261, isolated from caatinga, depending on the induction of oxidative stress by copper in the culture medium. The isolate was grown on Sabouraud medium containing copper at concentrations of 0.5 mM, 1 mM and 2 mM for 15 days under a temperature of 28 ° C. The variation of polyphosphate, total protein and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured as a function of cultivation in different media in the presence and absence of metal. For the determination of enzyme activities, extracellular specific methodologies were used during growth in the absence and presence of the metal ion. Morphological and ultrastructural aspects were analyzed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results could be used to generate essential knowledge related to the behavior understanding face the copper presence and its potential application in the biotechnological processes related to environment remediation polluted with the heavy metal. / O conhecimento da biodiversidade e bioprospecção de novos micro-organismos tornaram-se um dos focos principais da era biotecnológica, visto que a utilização destes organismos na busca de soluções nas áreas de alimento, saúde, meio ambiente e indústria vem crescendo de forma acelerada no atual cenário mundial. A utilização de micro-organismos é tida como uma potencial alternativa para a biotecnologia ambiental e industrial. A presente proposta visa gerar informações acerca dos mecanismos fisiológicos, através da avaliação dos aspectos relativos ao crescimento, proteínas totais, acumulação de polifosfato, atividade das enzimas extracelulares, sistemas antioxidante enzimático e remoção do metal, por Aspergillus niger UCP/ WFCC 1261, isolado da caatinga, em função da indução de estresse oxidativo por cobre no meio de cultivo. O isolado foi cultivado em meio Sabouraud, contendo cobre, nas concentrações de 0,5 mM; 1mM e 2 mM durante 15 dias, sob a temperatura de 28 ºC. A variação do polifosfato, proteínas totais e atividades das enzimas antioxidantes, foram avaliadas em função do cultivo nos diferentes meios, na presença e ausência do metal. Para as determinações das atividades das enzimas extracelulares foram utilizadas metodologias específicas, durante o crescimento na ausência e em presença do íon metálico. Os aspectos morfo-ultraestruturais foram analisados sob microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados obtidos fornecem informações essenciais para o entendimento da diversidade microbiana, bem como dados acerca do comportamento do micro-organismo frente ao cobre com sua potencial aplicação nos processos biotecnológicos associados à remediação de ambientes poluídos com cobre.
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Genetic engineering and evaluation of Aspergillus niger for heterologous polysaccharase production

Rose, Shaunita Hellouise 03 1900 (has links)
Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cellulose and hemicellulose represents the two most abundant groups of renewable polysaccharides known to man. Apart from their presence in plant material, they also contribute to a significant portion of inexpensive readily available material, such as wastes and bypro ducts from forestry / agricultural origin. The chemical composition of plant material varies, but the biomass content consists of approximately 75% carbohydrate polymers (cellulose and hemicellulose) and 25% lignin. The enzymes required for the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose are collectively called cellulases and hemicellulases. These enzymes have a broad spectrum of industrial applications including the production of fuel ethanol through fermentations, reducing the amount of chlorine required for bleaching in the pulp and paper industry, increasing dough volume in the baking industry, improving digestion and nutritional value of animal feed, increasing clarification and enhancing the filterability of wine, beer and fruit juice, etc. Therefore, a large potential market exists for cellulases and hemicellulases provided their production is economical and the product, authentic. Aspergilli occur in a wide variety of habitats including soil, stored food and feed products and decaying vegetation. The advantages for using A. niger as host for heterologous enzyme production include good protein secretion, industrial fermentation technology dating as far back as 1919, being a non-pathogenic fungus with GRAS status, no special substrate or cultivation requirements, FDA approval of numerous enzymes (homologous and heterologous) produced, etc. In this study an Aspergillus expression vector was constructed using the constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (gpdp) of A. niger and the glucoamylase terminator (glaAT) of Aspergillus awamori. The cDNA copies of the eg! and xyn2 genes of Trichoderma reesei, cbhl-4 of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, man! of Aspergillus aculeatus and xyn3 of Aspergillus kawachii were introduced into the expression vector, respectively. All the plasmids were co-transformed with plasmid p3SR2 to A. niger and transformants selected for stable plasmid integration into the genome of the host. The recombinant enzymes EgI, Xyn2, Cbhl-4, Man! and XynC were successfully expressed and secreted at activity levels of 2300, 8000, 500, 6000 and 900 nkatlml, respectively. The enzymes were produced as functional entities and were subsequently characterized. The EgI, Xyn2 and ManI were evaluated as feed additives for the possible use in the animal feed industry. Improved biomass gain was observed with in vivo studies on poultry. With the possible mass production of heterologous enzymes in mind, a simple medium had to be devised for their inexpensive production. Molasses medium (available from the South African sugar industry) was therefore evaluated and the cultivation conditions optimized for it's possible use as cultivation substrate for A. niger. The evaluation was done on the grounds of EgI and Xyn2 activity produced which was monitored over time. This study highlighted the possible use of A. niger for the heterologous production of enzymes, the use of industrial substrate for cultivation and paved the way for the high level expression of industrially important genes at low cost and a positive environmental impact. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sellulose en hemisellulose verteenwoordig die twee vollopste herwinbare polisakkariede bekend. Behalwe vir hul teenwoordigheid in plantmateriaal, dra hulle ook by tot 'n beduidende fraksie van goedkoop, maklik bekombare materiaal soos afval- en byprodukte van bosbou I landbou oorsprong. Soos te verwagte, varieër die chemiese samestelling van die plantmateriaal, maar die biomassa-inhoud bestaan uit naastenby 25% lignien en 75% koolhidraatpolimere (sellulose and hemicellulose). Die ensieme benodig vir die afbraak van sellulose en hemisellulose staan gesamentlik as sellulases en hemisellulases bekend. Hierdie ensieme het 'n breë spektrum van industriële toepassings insluitende die produksie van brandstofalkohol d.m.v. fermentasies, vermindering in die hoeveelheid chloor benodig vir die bleikproses in die pulp-en-papier industrie, toename in deegvolume in die bakkersindustrie, verbetering van verteerbaarheid en verhoging van voedingswaarde van dierevoer, toename in verheldering en verbeterde filtreerbaarheid van wyn, bier en vrugtesap, ens. Dus bestaan daar 'n groot potensiële mark vir sellulases en hemisellulases, mits hul produksie ekonomies en die produk outentiek is. Aspergilli kom in 'n wye verskeidenheid van omgewings voor, insluitende grond, gestoorde voedsel- en voerprodukte asook ontbindende plante materiaal. Die voordele vir die gebruik van A. niger as gasheer vir heteroloë ensiemproduksie sluit in 'n goeie proteïen produseerder, industriële fermentasietegnologie dateer sover terug as 1919, 'n nie-patogeniese fungus met GRAS-status, benodig geen spesiale substrate of kwekingskondisies nie, FDA goedkeuring vir 'n groot aantal ensieme (homoloog sowel as heteroloog) wat reeds geproduseer word, ens. In hierdie studie is 'n Aspergillus uitdrukkingsvektor gekonstrueer deur van die konstitutiewe gliseraldehied-3-fosfaat dehidrogenase promoter (gpdp) van A. niger en die glukoamilase termineerder (glaAT) van Aspergillus awamori gebruik te maak. Die cDNA kopiee van die die eg! en xyn2 van Trichoderma reesei, cbhl-4 van Phanerochaete chrysosporium, man! van Aspergillus aculeatus en die xynC van Aspergillus kawachii was onderskeidelik na die uitdrukkingsplasmied oorgedra. Alle plasmiede is gesamentlik met die p3 SR2 plasmied na A. niger getransformeer en vir stabiele integrasie in die gasheergenoom geselekteer. Die rekombinante ensieme Egl, Xyn2, Cbhl-4, Manl en Xyn3 is suksesvol uitgedruk en teen aktiviteitsvlakke van 2300, 8000, 500, 6000 en 900 nkat/ml, onderskeidelik uitgeskei. Die ensieme is as funksionele entiteite geproduseer en vervolgens gekaraktiriseer. Die Egl, Xyn2 en Manl is as voertoevoegings vir die moontlike gebruik in die dierevoerindustrie geëvalueer. Verbeterde biomassa toename is in die in vivo studie op pluimvee waargeneem. Met die moontlikheid van grootskaalse heteroloë ensiemproduksie in gedagte, moes 'n eenvoudige substraat vir hul goedkoop produksie gevind word. Molasse medium (verkrygbaar vanaf die Suid Afrikaanse suiker industrie) was derhalwe geëvalueer en die kwekingskondisies geoptimiseer vir die moontlike gebruik as kwekingssubstraat vir A. niger. Vir die evaluasie is die Egl en Xyn2 aktiwiteite onder verskillende toestande geproduseer en oor tyd gemonitor. Hierdie studie beklemtoon die moontlike gebruik van A. niger vir heteroloë produksie van ensieme, die gebruik van industriële substrate as kwekingsmedium en baan die weg vir ekonomiese, hoëvlakuitdrukking van industrieelbelangrike ensieme met 'n positiewe implikasie op die omgewing.
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Development and analysis of recombinant fluorescent probes for use in live cell imaging of filamentous fungi

Altenbach, Kirsten January 2010 (has links)
The molecular cloning and subsequent engineering of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) of the jellyfish Aequoria victoria allowed a novel approach to the investigation of cell signalling. GFP and its mutants can now not only be used to target specific organelles in living cells but also function as a basis for a variety of sensors for biologically important ions and molecular interactions. GFP-based Ca2+- sensors have been successfully used for studies in mammalian and plant cells. In filamentous fungi, however, they have not yet been reported to work. Since only little is known about calcium signalling in filamentous fungi, this project aimed to improve existing GFP-based Ca2+- sensors by exchanging the original fluorophores for improved versions and expressing those in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. During this project, the donor and acceptor fluorophores of 3 existing Ca2+-FRETprobes based on cameleons and troponin C-sensors, have been changed, 2 novel positive FRET controls have been designed and these , as well as donor and acceptor fluorophores alone, have been expressed in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. The probes were assessed using different imaging techniques, such as conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and spectral imaging using a Leica TSC SP5 confocal and IRIS, a novel spectral imaging device designed at Heriot Watt University. Problems were encountered that prevented FRET analysis using CLSM and IRIS. These were due mainly to the difference in expression level of the constructs and the distribution of the emission bandpasses of the IRIS system. Analysis of the spectral data obtained on the Leica confocal system and analysis of the FLIM results, however, revealed significant differences between the donor only and the positive FRET controls. Spectra of the positive FRET controls and the Ca2+-sensitive probes showed emission peaks of both the donor and the acceptor fluorophores upon excitation of the donor fluorophore alone while analysis of the FLIM results revealed an additional decay component in the positive FRET controls. Both results are very strong indicators that we can detect FRET in living hyphae of Aspergillus niger transformed with the probes designed during this project.
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Výskyt β-rutinosidasy v eurokaryotických mikroorganismech / Occurrence of β-rutinosidase in eukaryotic microorganisms

Adamcová, Kateřina January 2014 (has links)
Rutinosides are very common glycosidic aroma precursors. The glycosidic moiety influences wine aroma, flavour and taste of juices, so its cleavage has many consequences. These interesting insights led us to a diglycosidase - the extracellular β-rutinosidase from Aspergillus niger. The purified β- rutinosidase was partly analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF. The insert encoding for β-rutinosidase was ligated into the expression vector pPICZα A. Pichia pastoris KM71H was used as an expression system. It was find out, that β rutinosidase gene consists of a 1137 bp, encoding protein with 379 amino acids. The enzyme was determined to have relative molecule mass 60 kDa by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were found to be 3,0 and 50 řC, respectively. p-Nitrophenyl-β-rutinoside was used as a substrate Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Fungal transformation of phosphate minerals

Bahri-Esfahani, Jaleh January 2014 (has links)
No description available.

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