O crescente aumento do volume de tráfego, o excesso de cargas e a carência de manutenção têm contribuído cada vez mais para a degradação prematura dos pavimentos asfálticos. Na procura por materiais de elevado desempenho, uma alternativa que vem ganhando destaque é a incorporação de cal hidratada a concretos asfálticos. Nesta dissertação apresentam-se e analisam-se os resultados de uma investigação sobre a influência de dois tipos de cal (calcítica e dolomítica) em misturas asfálticas formuladas com ligante convencional e polimerizado. Os resultados demonstraram que a melhoria das propriedades de concretos asfálticos depende significativamente da qualidade da cal e do teor utilizado, sendo que não se observaram benefícios adicionais ao aumentar-se o teor de 1% para 2%. A cal calcítica mostrou-se mais eficiente na melhoria das propriedades das misturas asfálticas, proporcionando aumentos significativos de módulo de resiliência e resistência à tração. Além disso, nas misturas com cal ocorreram menores reduções de resistência e de módulo com a elevação da temperatura de ensaio e após processo de condicionamento para simular os efeitos deletérios da água e envelhecimento. De forma geral, a influência da cal foi mais efetiva em misturas com ligante convencional, onde sua incorporação promoveu comportamento semelhante, ou em alguns casos até superior, ao das misturas elaboradas com ligante modificado. Amostras sem cal acumularam deformações permanentes superiores no ensaio de creep dinâmico às registradas em amostras com cal hidratada, sem observarem-se comportamentos significativamente diferentes com ligantes convencional ou modificado. Ao analisar-se a influência de cal no envelhecimento de ligantes (RTFOT), observaram-se menores variações de viscosidade (menor enrijecimento) em amostras de ligante convencional com cal calcítica, seguindo tendência constatada em trabalhos internacionais, que relatam redução na taxa de envelhecimento em misturas asfálticas devido à incorporação de cal. A análise global dos resultados de ensaios realizados nesta pesquisa aponta que é possível produzir misturas asfálticas de elevado desempenho e durabilidade através da incorporação de cal hidratada, mas que a magnitude dos benefícios obtidos depende significativamente da qualidade da cal (porcentagem de óxido de cálcio) e do tipo de ligante utilizados em sua formulação. / The increasing growth of traffic volume and overloading and the lack of maintenance have growingly contributed for asphalt pavements early distress. In the search for high performance materials, the incorporation of hydrated lime to asphalt concretes has been gaining relevance. In this dissertation the results of a research on the influence of two kinds of lime (calcitic and dolomitic) in asphalt concretes (AC) with conventional and polymer binders are presented and analyzed. Laboratory tests results show that the improvement of AC properties highly depend on lime quality and content, no additional benefits being observed when lime content increases from 1% to 2%. Calcitic lime showed to be more efficient improving AC properties, especially regarding resilient modulus and split tensile strength, which significantly increased. Besides, adding lime made asphalt mixes strength and modulus less sensitive to temperature increase and also to hardening and to water deleterious effects. All in all, lime benefits were stronger when added to AC with conventional binder. In fact, asphalt mixtures with conventional binder and calcitic lime performed even better than mixtures with polymermodified binder. In dynamic creep tests, specimens of AC without lime accumulated higher permanent deformations than AC specimens with hydrated lime, regardless the type of binder. Regarding the influence of lime in binders aging (RTFOT), viscosity variations of lesser magnitude were observed in samples of conventional binder and calcitic lime, following the pattern described in international works, which report the decrease of aging rate of asphalt mixtures due to lime incorporation. Globally, tests results point out that asphalt mixtures with high modulus and resistance to permanent deformation may be obtained by adding hydrated lime. However, the extent of benefits highly depends on lime quality (calcium oxide content) and type of asphalt binder used.

Submitted by ALEMAR TORRES (eng.alemar@hotmail.com) on 2018-10-04T18:36:40Z No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Alemar Pereira Torres.pdf: 3472665 bytes, checksum: 739d2a2cb37b6b4c6c7bae27196eb300 (MD5) Carta Encaminhamento_Autodepósito.pdf: 69827 bytes, checksum: 7b9ac0105db5d66ddd514b4063de104d (MD5) Ata de defesa.pdf: 494649 bytes, checksum: 6ef792196a9ddb6664cb8563e825accc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PPGCEM Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais (ppgcem@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-09T17:07:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Alemar Pereira Torres.pdf: 3472665 bytes, checksum: 739d2a2cb37b6b4c6c7bae27196eb300 (MD5) Carta Encaminhamento_Autodepósito.pdf: 69827 bytes, checksum: 7b9ac0105db5d66ddd514b4063de104d (MD5) Ata de defesa.pdf: 494649 bytes, checksum: 6ef792196a9ddb6664cb8563e825accc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-10-09T17:28:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Alemar Pereira Torres.pdf: 3472665 bytes, checksum: 739d2a2cb37b6b4c6c7bae27196eb300 (MD5) Carta Encaminhamento_Autodepósito.pdf: 69827 bytes, checksum: 7b9ac0105db5d66ddd514b4063de104d (MD5) Ata de defesa.pdf: 494649 bytes, checksum: 6ef792196a9ddb6664cb8563e825accc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T17:28:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Alemar Pereira Torres.pdf: 3472665 bytes, checksum: 739d2a2cb37b6b4c6c7bae27196eb300 (MD5) Carta Encaminhamento_Autodepósito.pdf: 69827 bytes, checksum: 7b9ac0105db5d66ddd514b4063de104d (MD5) Ata de defesa.pdf: 494649 bytes, checksum: 6ef792196a9ddb6664cb8563e825accc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-18 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Biochar is a charcoal derived from the carbonization of biomass under a low oxygen atmosphere. Its origin is due to the study developed in the so-called "Indian black earth", which considerably improves the agricultural properties of a soil. In the work under study the influence of biochar as a participant of composites with soil and asphalt mixtures is analyzed by means of the four point bending test. We also compare these results regarding the responses of the formulations with the presence of native charcoal from the Amazon region. For this, prismatic formations of natural clay soil (SN), soil-charcoal (SCV), soil-biochar (SBC), asphalt concrete (CA), asphalt-charcoal concrete (CACV) and concrete asphalt-biochar (CABC). The results showed that the biomass, which participates in composites with the clay soil, improved the stiffness properties, with the purpose of its use in base and sub-base of pavements, culminating in higher values for complex module regarding the mixtures with charcoal . Allus asphaltic composites with biochar and charcoal were verified for both values of stiffness inferior to the standard asphalt concrete, considering average temperature of 25oC. However, for the 40oC temperature, representative of the surface of the pavements of the city of Manaus, these formulations proved to be more advantageous in comparison to the concrete reference, conceiving an alternative for the achievement of road systems with better performance in the Amazon region. / O biochar é um carvão vegetal oriundo da carbonização de biomassa sob baixa atmosfera de oxigênio. Sua origem deve-se ao estudo desenvolvido na chamada “terra preta de índio”, a qual melhora consideravelmente as propriedades agrícolas de um solo. No trabalho em pauta analisa-se a influência do biochar como partícipe de compósitos com solo e misturas asfálticas, por meio do ensaio de flexão a quatro pontos. Também se comparam tais resultados relativos as respostas das formulações com a presença do carvão vegetal nativo da região amazônica. Para tal moldaram-se os corpos de prova de formato prismático do solo argiloso natural (SN), solo-carvão vegetal (SCV), solo-biochar (SBC), concreto asfáltico (CA), concreto asfáltico-carvão vegetal (CACV) e concreto asfáltico-biochar (CABC). Os resultados registraram que o biocarvão, participante em compósitos com o solo argiloso, melhorou as propriedades de rigidez, com a finalidade de seu emprego em base e sub-base de pavimentos, culminando em maiores valores para módulo complexo respeitante as misturas com o carvão vegetal. Alusivo aos compósitos asfálticos com biochar e carvão vegetal, verificou-se para ambos valores de rigidez inferior ao concreto asfáltico padrão, considerando temperatura média de 25oC. No entanto, para a temperatura de 40oC, representativa da superfície dos pavimentos da cidade de Manaus, tais formulações se mostraram mais vantajosos frente ao concreto referência, concebendo uma alternativa para a consecução de sistemas viários com melhor desempenho na região Amazônica.

Orientador: Vladimir Antonio Paulon / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T19:32:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meneguini_EduardoCesarAntonelli_D.pdf: 4162044 bytes, checksum: 987787614d2ef9437a3937a43815bde9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a determinação das principais propriedades do asfalto borracha e das propriedades mecânicas de um concreto asfáltico, tendo, como adição, o uso de borracha moída de pneus usados, tratada com solução de hidróxido de sódio comercial. Obtivemos, com o tratamento superficial da borracha de pneus usados, melhor interface entre a borracha e asfalto, assim como com o concreto asfáltico e a borracha, alcançando sensível aumento da durabilidade do asfalto-borracha. Realizamos, primeiramente, ensaios para caracterizar o asfalto-borracha tratado de acordo com as Normas vigentes, ensaios de durabilidade e, em seguida, ensaios mecânicos do concreto asfáltico. A recuperação elástica do asfalto-borracha utilizando pó de borracha tratada com hidróxido de sódio aumentou em 10% quando comparados com asfalto-borracha sem tratamento. Os resultados demonstraram melhora da estabilidade à estocagem em 42% nos ensaios realizados. Os ensaios de envelhecimento demonstraram que o tratamento do pó de borracha com hidróxido de sódio aumentou sensivelmente sua durabilidade. O ensaio de variação de massa, após o ensaio de envelhecimento, demonstrou que a perda de massa dos corpos de prova utilizando pó de borracha tratada com hidróxido de sódio foi 111% melhor quando comparados com os corpos de prova utilizando pó de borracha sem tratamento. Concluímos que há grande aplicabilidade deste asfalto-borracha na construção civil / Abstract: The main objective of this study is to determine the main properties of the asphalt-rubber and the mechanical properties of an asphalt concrete, with the addition of ground rubber from second-hand tires, treated with a sodium hydroxide commercial solution. We obtained, with the superficial treatment of rubber from second-hand tires, a better interface between the rubber and the asphalt, as well as with the asphalt concrete and the rubber, achieving significant increase in the durability of the asphalt-rubber. We undertake tests to characterize the treated asphalt-rubber according to current standards, durability tests, and then mechanical tests of the asphalt concrete. The elastic recovery of the rubber asphalt with rubber powder treated with sodium hydroxide increased by 10% compared to the untreated rubber asphalt. The results showed an improved stability to storage in 42% in the tests. The aging tests showed that the treatment of the rubber powder with sodium hydroxide significantly increased their durability. The mass change test after the aging test showed that the mass loss of the specimens with rubber powder treated with sodium hydroxide was 111% better when compared to the specimens with rubber powder without treatment. We conclude that there is great use of this rubber asphalt in the construction industry / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d’une convention entre le Cerema (Centre d’Etude et d’Expertise sur les Risques, l’Environnement, la Mobilité et l’Aménagement) et l’ENTPE (Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat). Ce travail concerne l’étude et la modélisation du comportement des enrobés bitumineux, dans les domaines des petites et grandes déformations, soit respectivement les comportements viscoélastique et viscoplastique.Après une étude bibliographique portant sur les propriétés mécaniques des enrobés bitumineux en petites et grandes déformations et la présentation des modèles de comportement viscoélastique linéaire et viscoplastique, ce mémoire s’organise en cinq chapitres. Les deux premières parties concernent le développement du modèle DBN, et la description de la version introduite dans cette thèse : la version EPPI (Elastique Parfaitement Plastique Isotrope). Cette formulation tridimensionnelle vise à décrire les comportements viscoélastique et viscoplastique des enrobés bitumineux avec un formalisme unique, suffisamment simple pour être implémenter dans un code de calcul aux éléments finis. Le modèle est ensuite développé et implémenté dans un code de calcul homogène, permettant ainsi de réaliser des simulations d’essais expérimentaux classiques.Les deux chapitres suivants traitent de la campagne expérimentale réalisée dans cette thèse. Il s’agit d’abord de décrire l’ensemble des procédures et conditions d’essais. Deux types d’essais sont réalisés : module complexe pour la caractérisation du comportement viscoélastique et traction simple pour la caractérisation du comportement viscoplastique. Ensuite, l’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux et observations issus de cette campagne sont présentés et permettent de dessiner quelques conclusions.Enfin, le dernier chapitre traite des simulations réalisées à partir du modèle DBNEPPI. Ces résultats permettent dans un premier temps de tester la validité du modèle (essais de module complexe, essais cycliques de traction-compression). Enfin une étude des effets transitoires lors des essais de module complexe est présentée. / The thesis has been realized within the framework of a partnership between the Cerema (Center for Studies and Expertise on Risks, Environment, Mobility, and Urban and Country Planning) and the ENTPE (National School for Public State Works). This work deals with the study and the simulation of the behavior of bituminous mixtures, in the domains of small and large amplitudes of solicitations. These domains correspond to the viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior.First a bibliographical review on mechanical properties of the bituminous mixtures under small and large amplitudes of solicitations and a review of the several models describing the viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior of bituminous mixtures is presented. This thesis is then composed of 5 main chapters.The two first deals with the development of the DBN model and mainly with the introduction of its new version EPPI (Elastic Perfectly Plastic and Isotropic). This formulation aims at describing the viscoelastic and viscoplastic behaviors together in a unique formalism, but simple enough to be implemented in a finite elements calculation program. This version of the DBN model is then implemented in a homogeneous computation code so as to be able to simulate classical experimental test.The two following chapter are devoted to the experimental campaign made during this research work. First a global description of the experimental procedures and test conditions is presented. Two kinds of tests are performed: complex modulus tests so as to characterize the viscoelastic behavior and simple traction tests for viscoplastic behavior. Finally results and observations issued from this campaign are detailed and some conclusions can be drawn.Finally the last chapter deals with the simulations performed thanks to the DBNEPPI model. These results aim at verifying the validity of the model introduced. Then a study about the transient effects during complex modulus tests on bituminous mixtures is detailed.

abstract: The use of reinforcing fibers in asphalt concrete (AC) has been documented in many studies. Published studies generally demonstrate positive benefits from using mechanically fiber reinforced asphalt concrete (M-FRAC); however, improvements generally vary with respect to the particular study. The widespread acceptance of fibers use in the asphalt industry is hindered by these inconsistencies. This study seeks to fulfill a critical knowledge gap by advancing knowledge of M-FRAC in order to better understand, interpret, and predict the behavior of these materials. The specific objectives of this dissertation are to; (a) evaluate the state of aramid fiber in AC and examine their impacts on the mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures; (b) evaluate the interaction of the reinforcement efficiency of fibers with compositions of asphalt mixtures; (c) evaluate tensile and fracture properties of M-FRAC; (d) evaluate the interfacial shear bond strength and critical fiber length in M-FRAC; and (e) propose micromechanical models for prediction of the tensile strength of M-FRAC. The research approach to achieve these objectives included experimental measurements and theoretical considerations. Throughout the study, the mechanical response of specimens with and without fibers are scrutinized using standard test methods including flow number (AASHTO T 378) and uniaxial fatigue (AASHTO TP 107), and non-standard test methods for fiber extraction, direct tension, semi-circular bending, and single fiber pull-out tests. Then, the fiber reinforcement mechanism is further examined by using the basic theories of viscoelasticity as well as micromechanical models. The findings of this study suggest that fibers do serve as a reinforcement element in AC; however, their reinforcing effectiveness depends on the state of fibers in the mix, temperature/ loading rate, properties of fiber (i.e. dosage, length), properties of mix type (gradation and binder content), and mechanical test type to characterize M-FRAC. The outcome of every single aforementioned elements identifies key reasons attributed to the fiber reinforcement efficiency in AC, which provides insights to justify the discrepancies in the literature and further recommends solutions to overcome the knowledge gaps. This improved insight will translate into the better deployment of existing fiber-based technologies; the development of new, and more effective fiber-based technologies in asphalt mixtures. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2020

The diploma thesis deals with the design of an asphalt mixture for an abrasive layer with a standard R-material content (20 %) without the use of other softening additives, while the properties of the aged asphalt binder in the mixture were compensated by dosing "softer binder 70/100". Asphalt mixtures type ACO 11+ are designed to meet the requirements ČSN 73 6121: 2019. The aim of the work is to verify the expected properties of the asphalt mixture performed functional and empirical tests according to the standards for asphalt mixtures of the ČSN EN 12697 series.

Impact resonance testing is a well-documented non-destructive testing method and its applications on asphalt concrete have also been implemented successfully. The test is carried out manually by inducing an impact in order to excite the test specimen and taking measurements of the vibrational response. In an effort to improve the manual procedure of impact resonance testing, an automated non-contact methodology is developed and its applicability with regards to low temperature behaviors of asphalt concrete is investigated. Results from this work show that repeatable fundamental resonance frequency measurements can be performed on a disc shaped specimen in an automated manner without the need to open the thermal chamber. The measurements obtained from the new method have been verified by taking similar resonance frequency measurements using an instrumented impact hammer. It has also been shown in this work that the proposed method is suitable to investigate the lone effects of cyclic thermal conditioning on asphalt concrete without any other possible biasing effects associated with contact in the conventional testing. A hysteretic behavior of stiffness modulus is obtained on three different asphalt concrete specimens subjected to repeated low temperature cyclic conditioning. Reduced modulus values at each temperature are obtained in all the tested specimens after a low temperature stepwise conditioning at temperatures from 0oC to -40 oC. This observed behavior shows that the dynamic modulus of the tested specimens is affected by low temperature conditioning. The norm of the complex modulus decreases and the phase angle or damping ratio increases after low temperature conditioning. Hence, valuable and practical low temperature characteristics of different asphalt concrete mixtures can possibly be obtained by using the proposed methodology.

Asphalt-Portland Cement Concrete Composite (APCCC) is a hot-mix asphalt with air voids in the range of 25 to 30 percent which is later filled with resin modified cement grout. The resin modified cement grout consists of portland cement, fly ash, sand, water, and prosalvia (PL7) additive. The objective of the research was primarily to evaluate the asphalt-portland cement concrete composite under laboratory conditions. Asphalt-portland cement concrete composite specimens were prepared using the Marshall procedure. The physical and durability properties of APCCC were evaluated at one, three, seven, and 28 days of curing. The evaluated physical properties include stability, indirect tensile strength, compressive strength, and resilient modulus, while the evaluated durability properties include water sensitivity, freeze-thaw and chloride intrusion resistance. Specimens were also tested for different moist curing levels to evaluate the optimum moist curing period. Three moist curing periods were evaluated: no-moist curing, one-day moist curing, and three-day moist curing. The test results were compared with those of SM-5 hot-mix asphalt (a Virginia surface mix); results of chloride intrusion resistance were compared with those of portland cement concrete specimens exposed to similar conditions. The study concluded that asphalt-portland cement concrete composite is an effective alternative technique to be used as an overlay on bridge decks especially with preformed membranes, due to its high strength, durability, and lower air void content. / Master of Science

This thesis investigates the effect of added asphalt binder content on the performance and volumetric properties of asphalt concrete mixes containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Mixes with three different percentages of RAP (0%, 20%, 40%) obtained from an asphalt producer and three different percentages of asphalt binder (design asphalt content, design +0.5%, and design +1.0%) were evaluated. Additionally, a laboratory produced mix containing 100% RAP with four asphalt binder contents (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) was also evaluated in order to determine the binder level that optimizes mix performance for the extreme case in RAP utilization. Performance of the mixtures was evaluated based on three criteria: stiffness (dynamic modulus), fatigue resistance (flexural beam), and rutting resistance (flow number). Results showed that a 0.5% increase in binder content improved both the fatigue and rutting resistance of the 0% and 20% RAP mixes with only slight decreases in dynamic modulus. However, the addition of various amounts of binder to the 40% RAP mix led to a significant decrease in rutting resistance with little or no improvement to fatigue resistance. Volumetric analysis was performed on all of the mixes to determine how the added binder content affected mix volumetric properties. Results of volumetric testing, specifically asphalt content and Voids in the Total Mix (VTM) at the design compaction effort, Ndesign, revealed that the 40% RAP mix incorporated a significantly higher level of binder during plant production which very likely contributed to the decrease in rutting resistance once additional binder was added in the laboratory. Additionally, the gyratory compaction effort that would result in 4 percent VTM at the optimal binder content over the three performance tests, N4%, was calculated for each mix. Results indicated that the VTM for the optimally performing 20% and 40% RAP mixes were well below current Virginia Department of transportation (VDOT) production standards. In addition, N4%, for the optimally performing 20% and 40% RAP mixes was 50% or less than the current design compaction effort of 65 gyrations. / Master of Science

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Flexible pavement designers have a choice of two wearing course: either asphalt concrete or surfacing seals. The latter have been widely used by several countries as their preferred wearing course over other methods, especially countries with a limited number of average inhabitants per square kilometre. Moreover, the surfacing seals were identified as an efficient cost effective road preventive maintenance technique. Surfacing seals in New Zealand, South Africa and Australia cover about 65%, 80% and 90% of their surfaced road networks respectively. The preference of surfacing seals is due to their competitive initial cost and ease of construction. In South Africa, the life expectancy of surfacing seals varies between 8 and 12 years with an average of 10 years. This has not been the case in a number of surfacing seals constructed in winter, especially when the night recorded temperature is below 10oC. The dominant failure mechanism is ravelling (chip loss) soon after construction due to traffic loading. This chip loss is linked to the poor adhesion bond development rate in the bitumen-aggregate system during winter adverse conditions. In order to address the issue of premature chip loss the need for the development of a robust adhesion test method was identified. For that purpose, recently, researchers in the bitumen industry developed the Bitumen Bond Strength test method. This method was used in this study. This study intends to contribute to the understanding of binder-aggregate adhesion bond development for winter surfacing seals using the BBS test. Binder type, precoat type and conditioning, aggregate type and curing time are amongst the factors influencing winter seals adhesion bond performance. An experimental matrix involving three types of binder, two types of aggregate, four different precoating fluids, two precoat conditionings and two binder-curing times were then developed and investigated. Winter weather parameters affecting adhesion properties were also taken into consideration during the course of the investigation. Throughout the test, the procedure described in AASHTO TP 91-11 was followed. However, in order to enhance the control of the binder application temperature, a new method for hot applied binder sample preparation was developed as part of this study. The findings show that there is a significant difference between adhesion properties of the hot applied binders (70/100 and S-E1) and the emulsion (SC-E1). In most of the cases, the hot applied binders performed better than the emulsion. The failure mode observed was found to be linked to the condition of the precoating. The influence of the precoat type and conditioning, and effect of binder curing time were significantly highlighted. The use of a dry precoat benefited the adhesion bond strength up to around 50% relatively to the corresponding non-precoated combination. However, a decrement in the bond strength due to precoating of up to 28.7% was also observed. A statistical analysis using ANOVA did not illustrate any statistical significant effect of the aggregate type. The interaction effects analysis using ANOVA revealed the aggregate type interacting with precoat type to be the most influential interaction at level two. The precoat conditioning implication to the adhesion development rate, which influences the time for opening to traffic after construction, was illustrated. Insightful aspects on the compatibility between the binder type and precoat type and conditioning during the aggregate precoating practices and on the time for opening to traffic are highlighted. Finally, the repeatability analysis proved the BBS test to be a repeatable testing method with caution. Recommendations for further studies that could support the conclusions drawn in this study were provided. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Buigbare plaveiselontwerpers het 'n keuse van twee deklae: óf Asfalt of oppervlak seëls. Laasgenoemde word algemeen gebruik deur verskeie lande as hul voorkeur deklaag, veral die lande met beperkte aantal gemiddelde inwoners per vierkante kilometer. Verder, is die seëls geïdentifiseer as 'n doeltreffende koste-effektiewe deklaag tegniek. Oppervlakseëls in Nieu-Seeland, Suid-Afrika en Australië dek ongeveer 65%, 80% en 90% van hul padnetwerke onderskeidelik. Die seëls se voorkeur is te danke aan hul mededingende aanvanklike koste en eenvoudige vorm van die konstruksie. In Suid-Afrika wissel die seël se lewensverwagting tussen 8 en 12 jaar met 'n gemiddeld van 10 jaar. Dit is egter nie die geval van 'n aantal seëls wat in die winter gebou word nie, veral wanneer die aangetekende nagtemperatuur onder 10o C daal nie. Die dominante swigtingsmeganisme is stroping (klipverlies) kort na konstruksie. Hierdie klipverlies is gekoppel aan die power kleef-ontwikkeling van bitumen gedurende die winter. Ten einde die probleem van voortydige klipverlies aan te spreek het die behoefte vir die ontwikkeling van 'n robuuste toetsmetode ontstaan. Om hierdie rede het navorsers onlangs in die bitumenbedryf die “BBS toetsmetode” ontwikkel en is dié toetsmetode in hierdie studie gebruik. Hierdie studie beoog om by te dra tot die begrip van bindmiddel-klip kleefontwikkeling vir die winter seëls dmv die BBS toets. Die faktore, insluitend maar nie beperk tot bindmiddeltipe, voorafdekking (“PRECOAT”) -tipe en kondisionering, aggregaattipe en kuurtyd beïnvloed winter seëls se kleefeienskappe. 'n Eksperimentele matriks met drie tipes bindmiddels, twee tipes aggregate, vier verskillende voorafdekking-vloeistowwe, twee voorafdekking kondisionering en twee bindmiddel kuurtye is toe ontwikkel en ondersoek. Winter weer parameters wat kleefeienskappe beïnvloed is ook in ag geneem tydens die verloop van die ondersoek. Regdeur die studie is die prosedure AASHTO TP 91-11 gevolg, maar ten einde die beheer van die bindmiddel spuittemperatuur te verbeter, is ‘n nuwe metode vir warmspuit-bindmonsters voorbereiding ontwikkel as deel van hierdie studie. Die bevindinge toon dat daar 'n beduidende verskil tussen die kleefeienskappe van die warm aangewende bindmiddels (70/100 en S-E1) en die emulsie (SC-E1) is. In die meeste van die gevalle het die warmspuit-bindmiddels beter as emulsie gevaar. Daar is gevind dat die swigtingsmeganisme verbind word met die toestand van die voorafdekking. Die invloed van voorafdekkingtipe, kondisionering, en die effek van bindmiddelkuurtyd is duidelik uitgelig. Die gebruik van droë voorafdekking het die kleefkrag tot sowat 50% verhoog relatief tot die ooreenstemmende onbedekte klipkombinasie. Daar is egter ook ‘n verlaging van die kleefkrag weens voorafdekking gevind van tot so hoog soos 28,7 persent. Die statistiese ontleding met behulp van ANOVA het geen statisties beduidende effek van die verksillende aggregaattipe te vore gebring nie. Die interaksie-effek analise, met behulp van ANOVA, het wel die interaksie met voorafdekkingtipe met aggregaat die mees invloedryke bevestig. Die voorafdekking kondisioneering het ver rykende kleefkrag implikasies bloot gelê, wat die tyd vir die opening van die verkeer na konstruksie beïnvloed. Insigwekkende aspekte oor die versoenbaarheid tussen die bindmiddeltipe, voorafdekkingtipe, kondisionering, voorafdekkingpraktyk en tyd tot opening vir verkeer word uitgelig. Ten slotte, die herhaalbaarheidsanalise het die BBS toets as 'n herhaalbare toetsmetode met omsigtigheid bewys. Daar is aanbevelings tot verdere studies, wat uit die gevolgtrekking gekom het, gemaak.