Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-07-18T12:16:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivot total.pdf: 1749338 bytes, checksum: 27366dd411e0d722fa03c5cd9e087c4e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T12:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivot total.pdf: 1749338 bytes, checksum: 27366dd411e0d722fa03c5cd9e087c4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work presents the results of research conducted in the city of Sapé, PB, that had as objective identify the perception that the users of the social assistance politics have about the eventual benefits, considering the perspectives of the right and of the help, and analyzing it as its repercussions for the process of affirming the social assistance as a right. Thus, the data collecting was conducted between the months of November 2013 and December 2014 and was made through the observation, by the review of the documents and literature pertinent and by the application of the formularies with the users that had access the benefits, with reference to the month of August 2013. Altogether, it was identified that the perception of beneficiaries reflects the limitations presents in the legal and operational plans, approaching more of the help than the notion of the right, setting is, therefore, an obstacle to the consolidation of the right to social assistance. Starts by the presupposition that the social assistance, instituted as right ensured by the Constitution and by specific law, don't have the faculty of, by itself, leave the traces of one past full of practices and conceptions misrepresented. For this, it is necessary to stimulate political projections that guides their management to the sense of break this paradigm, at one movement that integrate all their provisions to the assurance of the users' rights. The regulation and operation of the eventual benefits, as components of the Brazilian’s System of Social Assistance (SUAS), presents itself as an indispensable element in this process of consolidation, once these have particular association with welfarism and clientelism expresses along the career of the social assistance and that, and how is possible to deduce from the data that describes the reality of the manage this right, presented in this discussion, still resist insistently. / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da pesquisa realizada no município de Sapé, PB, que teve por objetivo identificar a percepção que os usuários da política de assistência social detêm sobre os benefícios eventuais, considerando as perspectivas do direito e da ajuda, e analisando-a quanto aos seus rebatimentos para o processo de afirmação da assistência social enquanto direito. Para tanto, a coleta de dados foi realizada entre os meses de novembro de 2013 e dezembro de 2014 e se deu através da observação, do levantamento documental e bibliográfico pertinente e da aplicação de formulários junto aos usuários que acessaram os benefícios eventuais, tendo por referência o mês de agosto de 2013. De modo geral, identificou-se que a percepção dos beneficiários é reflexo das limitações presentes no plano legal e operativo, aproximando-se mais da noção de ajuda do que da do direito, configurando-se, portanto, em um obstáculo para a consolidação do direito à assistência social. Essa constatação fundamenta-se no pressuposto de que a assistência social, ao se constituir como direito assegurado pela Constituição Federal e por Lei específica, não detém a faculdade de, por si só, abandonar os vestígios de um passado abarrotado de práticas e concepções deturpadas. Para tanto, é preciso estimular projeções políticas que orientem sua gestão no sentido da quebra deste paradigma, num movimento que integralize todas as suas provisões para a garantia do direito dos usuários desta política. A regulamentação e operacionalização dos benefícios eventuais, enquanto componentes do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) brasileiro, se apresenta como elemento indispensável nesse processo de consolidação, uma vez que estes possuem particular associação ao assistencialismo e ao clientelismo expressos por muito tempo na trajetória da assistência social.

O objetivo desse trabalho é abordar a produção sócio-histórica de representações sobre o abandono e a delinqüência de menores em Belo Horizonte entre os anos de 1921 e 1941. Através da abordagem de espaços lugares e instituições especificamente destinadas aos menores ou apropriadas por eles, tentei entender a forma como a noção de delinqüência e abandono circulava nos espaços da Capital de Minas Gerais no período em apreço. Dessa forma, abordei, ainda que sucintamente, a cidade de Belo Horizonte na condição de espaço geográfico que oferece múltiplos lugares à apropriação para seus habitantes. Revelou-se a forma preconceituosa com que se concebiam os usos do espaço urbano pelos pobres, mas de maneira mais aguda pelos menores. A escola e a educação primária, que deveriam privilegiar a presença dessas personagens da urbanidade modernizante caracterizada na Nova Capital, cidade pedagógica por excelência, não lograram êxito em cumprir um projeto de escolarização de massas, ainda que ensejassem fazê-lo pelo uso do primado da obrigatoriedade. Nem mesmo essa estratégia com todos os dispositivos postos a funcionar foi capaz de efetivar a matrícula, freqüência e aproveitamento escolar de boa parte do contingente de menores pobres da cidade e do Estado de Minas Gerais. A resistência empreendida por esse setor da sociedade possuía diversos matizes dentre os quais a pobreza e a necessidade do trabalho em prol do sustento da família, quando essa existia. Desenhou-se, assim, um cenário no qual se passou de uma obrigatoriedade escolar que se pretendeu generalizante a outra de caráter seletivo, pois que se pretendia eficiente e funcional. No contexto onde se localiza a pesquisa, um dos principais elementos da produção dessa noção de delinqüência foi a reforma jurídica encetada pelos setores dominantes naquilo que concerne à legislação para menores. Nesse sentido, foi preciso abordar o processo de produção das leis e projetos que tem na Lei de Orçamento 4.242 de 1921 um marco essencial, muito embora os anseios de regulamentação reportem aos anos iniciais da República. A partir de 1921 caminha-se em direção à consolidação do Código de Menores de 1927, passando pela apresentação de projetos com esse fim, englobando a promulgação de Regulamentos de Assistência de âmbito nacional e estadual, em Minas Gerais. A promulgação do Código de Menores em 1927 constitui-se em um marco referencial na consolidação da noção de menor. Ao produzi-lo, produzirá também um termo pelo qual passarão a ser identificadas crianças e adolescentes abandonados, delinqüentes, desvalidos, mas também pobres trabalhadores e meninos e meninas de rua. Trata-se de um processo de despersonalização que remeterá a infância e a adolescência para uma identidade jurídica. Ao tornar-se jurídica, a identidade social das crianças e adolescentes abandonados, delinqüentes, desvalidos e expostos, entre outros designativos, tornar-se-á caso de polícia. Entre outras esferas da sociedade na qual o Código de Menores influiu, sobremaneira, figura o trabalho dos menores. Num contexto de profundas transformações sócio-econômicas, em cuja principal mudança é a relativização do setor agrário e o incremento da indústria, o aproveitamento da mão-de-obra dos menores exigirá sua regulamentação entre outras coisas por chocar-se com a representação de criança e infância ora produzidas e por constituir-se num óbice à escolarização primária pretendida para todas as crianças. Considerando o processo de urbanização e o caráter atrativo que ele exercerá sobre as populações do interior, foi preciso levar em conta que os deslocamentos populacionais se constituíram como um corolário dessa urbanização, cooperando para aumentar o contingente de famílias pobres, desempregadas e sem moradia, aumentando por conseqüência o número de menores abandonados e delinqüentes. O trabalho dos menores, observado na cidade, alocava a mão-de-obra de crianças e adolescentes pobres em atividades mal remuneradas sob condição de risco físico e moral. Dentre elas, figurava a venda de objetos, serviços e principalmente jornais. O perigo iminente que a presença dessas crianças nas ruas representava à defesa social e à própria integridade delas exigirá uma tomada de posição da sociedade organizada que encontrará no Código de Menores um instrumento significativa de respaldo à criação de instituições de preservação e reforma. Dentre elas foram criadas o Abrigo de Menores e Escola de Reforma. Ainda que não prevista no Código, a Associação Protetora dos Vendedores de Jornais figurará como iniciativa marcante, pois que foi criada graças ao concurso de personalidades do meio político, judiciário, educacional e religioso. A produção dessas instituições no âmbito de reformas encetadas no campo educacional, dentre as quais figura o processo de consolidação da obrigatoriedade do ensino primário, pode ser entendida como um recurso adotado para relativizar a resistência das camadas pobres à escola como também como um processo de diferenciação da escola e da educação a ser oferecida aos diferentes sujeitos da sociedade. Verificar-se-á a produção de uma escola para as classes dirigentes, de caráter enciclopédico e propedêutico e outra com função formativa pelo e para o trabalho, a ser destinada aos pobres e, sobretudo, a crianças abandonadas e delinqüentes, clientes nas instituições de preservação e reforma. As noções de apropriação representação, estratégias e táticas são chamadas a conferir entendimento à leitura das fontes, em prol da produção de uma história sócio-cultural do abandono e da delinqüência de menores. A imprensa jornalística e a imprensa especializada, na pessoa da Revista Forense e da Revista do Ensino, constituíram-se em importantes fontes a atestar a produção e circulação de representações sobre a menoridade abandonada e delinqüente num diálogo profícuo com os textos legislativos. As produções históricas e historiográficas sobre o tema conduziram-me ao entendimento de várias representações acerca do objeto proporcionando um entendimento que partiu do senso comum e chegou ao conhecimento específico sobre a menoridade abandonada e delinqüente em Belo Horizonte. / The purpose of this paper is to broach the historical and social production of representations about abandonment and the juveniles\' delinquency in Belo Horizonte between the years of 1921 and 1941. Through the approach of spaces, places and institutions specifically constructed for or appropriated by them, I tried to understand how the notion of delinquency and desertion was circulating in the spaces of the Capital of Minas Gerais in the period in regard. In this way, I broached, in a summarized way, the city of Belo Horizonte as a geographical space that offers multiple places to the appropriation for his inhabitants. There was revealed the prejudiced form with which the urbane space usage was conceived by the poor people and in a sharper way for the juveniles. The school and the primary education, which should privilege the presence of these characters from the modern urbanity characterized in the New Capital, pedagogic city par excellence, did not achieve result in carrying out a project of schooling of masses and although they wished provide it as a usage of the primacy of the obligatoriness. Not even this strategy with all the devices put working was able to bring into effect the enrolment, frequency and school use of good part of the contingent of poor juveniles of the city and of the State of Minas Gerais. The resistance undertaken by this sector of the society had several shades among which the poverty and the necessity of the work on behalf of the support of the family, when that one was existing. There was drawn, so, a scenery in which the school obligatoriness that intended to be wide given place to another with a selective character, so what was claimed efficiently and functionally. In the context where the research was realized, one of the principal elements the contributed for the production of this notion of delinquency was the legal reform started by the dominant sectors in the legislation for juveniles. Therefore, it was necessary to broach the process of production of the laws and projects that has in the Law of Budget 4.242 of 1921 an essential great landmark though the longings of regulations turn back to the initial years of the Republic. In 1921 the consolidation of the Juveniles\' Code of 1927 started, passing by the presentation of projects with this objective including the promulgation of Bills of Assistance of national and state extent, in Minas Gerais. The promulgation of the Juveniles\' Code in 1927 constitutes a referential landmark in the process of consolidation of the juvenile\'s notion. This code will produce also a term by which abandonned, delinquent, helpless children and teenagers will start to be identified, but also poor workers, boys and girls who live around the streets. It constitutes a process of depersonalization that will send the childhood and the adolescence for a legal identity. Becoming legal the social identity of delinquent, helpless and exposed children and adolescents, between others nominalization, will become a policial case. Among other spheres of the society which the Juveniles\' Code influenced, remarkably, the work of juveniles appears. In a context of deep, social and economical transformations, whose the mainly change is the loss of importance of the agrarian sector and the growth of the industry, the utilization of juveniles\' labor will demand regulations and other attitudes because it will crash to the produced child\'s and childhood\'s representation and because it will constitute an obstacle to the primary schooling claimed for all the children. Considering the process of urbanization and its attractive character for the inland populations, it was necessary to consider that the population displacement constituted as a corollary of urbanization, cooperating to increase the contingent of poor and unemployed families without dwelling, increasing consequently the number of abandoned and delinquent juveniles. The work of the juveniles, observed in the city, was allocating the labor of poor children and adolescents in activities badly remunerated and with hard physical and moral conditions and risks. Among them, it was the sale of objects, services and mostly newspapers. The imminent danger what the presence of these children in the streets was representing to the social defense and to their entirety itself it will demand a capture of position of the organized society which will be found in the Juveniles\' Code an signficant instrument of backrest for the creation of institutions of preservation and reform. Among them there were created the Juveniles\' Shelter and School of Reform. Even it was not predicted in the Code, the Protective Association of Newspapers\' Sellers will represent an outstanding initiative, because it was created as an effort of the political, judicial, educational and religious personalities. The production of these institutions in the context of reforms started in the education field, amongst which appears the process of consolidation of the obligatoriness of the primary teaching, can be understood like a resource adopted to decrease the resistance of poor people to go to school as also a process of differentiation of the school and of the education to be offered to the different subjects of the society. It will be verified, the production of a school for the ruling classes with an encyclopedic aspect and another one with formative function for work, being intended to the poor persons and, especially, to abandoned and delinquent children, clients in the institutions of preservation and reform. The notions of appropriation, representation, strategies and tactics are called to give understanding to the reading of the sources, on behalf of the production of a social e cultural history about the abandonment and the juveniles\' delinquency. The journalistic press and the specialized press, represented by the Revista Forense (Forense Review) and for Revista do Ensino (Teaching Review) were constituted as important fountains to attest the production and circulation of representations about the abandoned e delinquent juveniles in a useful dialog with legislative texts. The historical productions concern the subject drove me to the meaning of several representations about the object, providing an understanding that started in the common sense and reached the specific knowledge concern the delinquent and abandoned juveniles in Belo Horizonte.

This thesis investigates the social and economic factors affecting small-scale forestry development in Leyte Province, the Philippines, and in particular, the potential to use typologies of rural households to aid the description and interpretation of the diversity of households in relation to forestry development. Data for the analysis of the relationships between socioeconomic factors and tree management behaviour and intentions and the construction of a typology of rural households in Leyte was gathered from four case study communities on the Island. Following focus group discussions in each of the participating communities to gather background data and populate the structured interview schedule, representative samples of 50 households were selected and interviewed in each of the four communities. Analysis of the present tree management activities of households in the four communities revealed that most households surveyed (approximately 80%) indicated that they are presently managing at least a few trees, the primary purpose of most tree management activities being to supply timber for the households' own needs. Only 10% of respondents indicated that they intend to sell trees they are presently managing, and 25% stated that they intend to plant and manage trees for the production of timber for sale in the future. Approximately 60% of responding households indicated an interest in developing commercial tree farming on the land they manage. Thus it is concluded that small-scale commercial tree growing is uncommon in the communities involved in the survey, and that many households are interested in developing their tree planting and management activities but feel constrained from participation by various factors. The first level of exploration of the socioeconomic factors affecting rural households' tree management behaviour involved univariate analyses of the relationships between households' tree management behaviour and intentions, their socioeconomic characteristics and their attitudes to forestry. The level of resources controlled by the household, in terms of the area of the land managed by the household, their tenurial security and their cash income, are correlated with higher levels of participation in forestry activities, and greater intentions to plant higher numbers of trees in the future. Some farming system variables are also related to higher levels of tree planting and management activity, including the management of livestock and of farm plots distant from their house. While control over higher than average levels of productive resources are, in general, positively correlated to the active management of trees on their land, there are patterns of exceptions to this trend. The exploration of the interrelationships between socioeconomic factors and attitudes affecting households' tree management behaviour was undertaken through the definition of a typology of rural households in relation to forestry. Five types were defined, each having different attitudes to forestry activities. The interpretation of the types was undertaken by describing and comparing the socioeconomic and behavioural characteristics of the types in the typology. The types were characterised by differences in their control of productive resources, differences in their present and intended levels and types of forestry activity, and by differences in their participation in training activities run by development programs. The characteristics of the types were found to correspond highly with descriptions of the socioeconomic factors affecting forestry activities of smallholder households reported by previous studies into and theories about the socioeconomic factors affecting smallholder forestry development. The typology of rural households does help to describe and interpret the variation within each of the four communities in terms of households' attitudes to forestry development and their socioeconomic characteristics. It is concluded that these variations between households mean that the various types of households will be affected in different ways by forestry development programs. It is also concluded that the present state of forestry policies and the market for timber products is such that substantial increase in the level of forestry activity by smallholders is unlikely without comprehensive land use planning, policy reform in regards to tree registration and transport permits, and market development. Recommendations for further research and policy development arising from the thesis focuses on the need to create enabling conditions in which forestry activities can occur and on ways to address the differing needs of the various types defined in the typology.

This thesis investigates the social and economic factors affecting small-scale forestry development in Leyte Province, the Philippines, and in particular, the potential to use typologies of rural households to aid the description and interpretation of the diversity of households in relation to forestry development. Data for the analysis of the relationships between socioeconomic factors and tree management behaviour and intentions and the construction of a typology of rural households in Leyte was gathered from four case study communities on the Island. Following focus group discussions in each of the participating communities to gather background data and populate the structured interview schedule, representative samples of 50 households were selected and interviewed in each of the four communities. Analysis of the present tree management activities of households in the four communities revealed that most households surveyed (approximately 80%) indicated that they are presently managing at least a few trees, the primary purpose of most tree management activities being to supply timber for the households' own needs. Only 10% of respondents indicated that they intend to sell trees they are presently managing, and 25% stated that they intend to plant and manage trees for the production of timber for sale in the future. Approximately 60% of responding households indicated an interest in developing commercial tree farming on the land they manage. Thus it is concluded that small-scale commercial tree growing is uncommon in the communities involved in the survey, and that many households are interested in developing their tree planting and management activities but feel constrained from participation by various factors. The first level of exploration of the socioeconomic factors affecting rural households' tree management behaviour involved univariate analyses of the relationships between households' tree management behaviour and intentions, their socioeconomic characteristics and their attitudes to forestry. The level of resources controlled by the household, in terms of the area of the land managed by the household, their tenurial security and their cash income, are correlated with higher levels of participation in forestry activities, and greater intentions to plant higher numbers of trees in the future. Some farming system variables are also related to higher levels of tree planting and management activity, including the management of livestock and of farm plots distant from their house. While control over higher than average levels of productive resources are, in general, positively correlated to the active management of trees on their land, there are patterns of exceptions to this trend. The exploration of the interrelationships between socioeconomic factors and attitudes affecting households' tree management behaviour was undertaken through the definition of a typology of rural households in relation to forestry. Five types were defined, each having different attitudes to forestry activities. The interpretation of the types was undertaken by describing and comparing the socioeconomic and behavioural characteristics of the types in the typology. The types were characterised by differences in their control of productive resources, differences in their present and intended levels and types of forestry activity, and by differences in their participation in training activities run by development programs. The characteristics of the types were found to correspond highly with descriptions of the socioeconomic factors affecting forestry activities of smallholder households reported by previous studies into and theories about the socioeconomic factors affecting smallholder forestry development. The typology of rural households does help to describe and interpret the variation within each of the four communities in terms of households' attitudes to forestry development and their socioeconomic characteristics. It is concluded that these variations between households mean that the various types of households will be affected in different ways by forestry development programs. It is also concluded that the present state of forestry policies and the market for timber products is such that substantial increase in the level of forestry activity by smallholders is unlikely without comprehensive land use planning, policy reform in regards to tree registration and transport permits, and market development. Recommendations for further research and policy development arising from the thesis focuses on the need to create enabling conditions in which forestry activities can occur and on ways to address the differing needs of the various types defined in the typology.

O objetivo desse trabalho é abordar a produção sócio-histórica de representações sobre o abandono e a delinqüência de menores em Belo Horizonte entre os anos de 1921 e 1941. Através da abordagem de espaços lugares e instituições especificamente destinadas aos menores ou apropriadas por eles, tentei entender a forma como a noção de delinqüência e abandono circulava nos espaços da Capital de Minas Gerais no período em apreço. Dessa forma, abordei, ainda que sucintamente, a cidade de Belo Horizonte na condição de espaço geográfico que oferece múltiplos lugares à apropriação para seus habitantes. Revelou-se a forma preconceituosa com que se concebiam os usos do espaço urbano pelos pobres, mas de maneira mais aguda pelos menores. A escola e a educação primária, que deveriam privilegiar a presença dessas personagens da urbanidade modernizante caracterizada na Nova Capital, cidade pedagógica por excelência, não lograram êxito em cumprir um projeto de escolarização de massas, ainda que ensejassem fazê-lo pelo uso do primado da obrigatoriedade. Nem mesmo essa estratégia com todos os dispositivos postos a funcionar foi capaz de efetivar a matrícula, freqüência e aproveitamento escolar de boa parte do contingente de menores pobres da cidade e do Estado de Minas Gerais. A resistência empreendida por esse setor da sociedade possuía diversos matizes dentre os quais a pobreza e a necessidade do trabalho em prol do sustento da família, quando essa existia. Desenhou-se, assim, um cenário no qual se passou de uma obrigatoriedade escolar que se pretendeu generalizante a outra de caráter seletivo, pois que se pretendia eficiente e funcional. No contexto onde se localiza a pesquisa, um dos principais elementos da produção dessa noção de delinqüência foi a reforma jurídica encetada pelos setores dominantes naquilo que concerne à legislação para menores. Nesse sentido, foi preciso abordar o processo de produção das leis e projetos que tem na Lei de Orçamento 4.242 de 1921 um marco essencial, muito embora os anseios de regulamentação reportem aos anos iniciais da República. A partir de 1921 caminha-se em direção à consolidação do Código de Menores de 1927, passando pela apresentação de projetos com esse fim, englobando a promulgação de Regulamentos de Assistência de âmbito nacional e estadual, em Minas Gerais. A promulgação do Código de Menores em 1927 constitui-se em um marco referencial na consolidação da noção de menor. Ao produzi-lo, produzirá também um termo pelo qual passarão a ser identificadas crianças e adolescentes abandonados, delinqüentes, desvalidos, mas também pobres trabalhadores e meninos e meninas de rua. Trata-se de um processo de despersonalização que remeterá a infância e a adolescência para uma identidade jurídica. Ao tornar-se jurídica, a identidade social das crianças e adolescentes abandonados, delinqüentes, desvalidos e expostos, entre outros designativos, tornar-se-á caso de polícia. Entre outras esferas da sociedade na qual o Código de Menores influiu, sobremaneira, figura o trabalho dos menores. Num contexto de profundas transformações sócio-econômicas, em cuja principal mudança é a relativização do setor agrário e o incremento da indústria, o aproveitamento da mão-de-obra dos menores exigirá sua regulamentação entre outras coisas por chocar-se com a representação de criança e infância ora produzidas e por constituir-se num óbice à escolarização primária pretendida para todas as crianças. Considerando o processo de urbanização e o caráter atrativo que ele exercerá sobre as populações do interior, foi preciso levar em conta que os deslocamentos populacionais se constituíram como um corolário dessa urbanização, cooperando para aumentar o contingente de famílias pobres, desempregadas e sem moradia, aumentando por conseqüência o número de menores abandonados e delinqüentes. O trabalho dos menores, observado na cidade, alocava a mão-de-obra de crianças e adolescentes pobres em atividades mal remuneradas sob condição de risco físico e moral. Dentre elas, figurava a venda de objetos, serviços e principalmente jornais. O perigo iminente que a presença dessas crianças nas ruas representava à defesa social e à própria integridade delas exigirá uma tomada de posição da sociedade organizada que encontrará no Código de Menores um instrumento significativa de respaldo à criação de instituições de preservação e reforma. Dentre elas foram criadas o Abrigo de Menores e Escola de Reforma. Ainda que não prevista no Código, a Associação Protetora dos Vendedores de Jornais figurará como iniciativa marcante, pois que foi criada graças ao concurso de personalidades do meio político, judiciário, educacional e religioso. A produção dessas instituições no âmbito de reformas encetadas no campo educacional, dentre as quais figura o processo de consolidação da obrigatoriedade do ensino primário, pode ser entendida como um recurso adotado para relativizar a resistência das camadas pobres à escola como também como um processo de diferenciação da escola e da educação a ser oferecida aos diferentes sujeitos da sociedade. Verificar-se-á a produção de uma escola para as classes dirigentes, de caráter enciclopédico e propedêutico e outra com função formativa pelo e para o trabalho, a ser destinada aos pobres e, sobretudo, a crianças abandonadas e delinqüentes, clientes nas instituições de preservação e reforma. As noções de apropriação representação, estratégias e táticas são chamadas a conferir entendimento à leitura das fontes, em prol da produção de uma história sócio-cultural do abandono e da delinqüência de menores. A imprensa jornalística e a imprensa especializada, na pessoa da Revista Forense e da Revista do Ensino, constituíram-se em importantes fontes a atestar a produção e circulação de representações sobre a menoridade abandonada e delinqüente num diálogo profícuo com os textos legislativos. As produções históricas e historiográficas sobre o tema conduziram-me ao entendimento de várias representações acerca do objeto proporcionando um entendimento que partiu do senso comum e chegou ao conhecimento específico sobre a menoridade abandonada e delinqüente em Belo Horizonte. / The purpose of this paper is to broach the historical and social production of representations about abandonment and the juveniles\' delinquency in Belo Horizonte between the years of 1921 and 1941. Through the approach of spaces, places and institutions specifically constructed for or appropriated by them, I tried to understand how the notion of delinquency and desertion was circulating in the spaces of the Capital of Minas Gerais in the period in regard. In this way, I broached, in a summarized way, the city of Belo Horizonte as a geographical space that offers multiple places to the appropriation for his inhabitants. There was revealed the prejudiced form with which the urbane space usage was conceived by the poor people and in a sharper way for the juveniles. The school and the primary education, which should privilege the presence of these characters from the modern urbanity characterized in the New Capital, pedagogic city par excellence, did not achieve result in carrying out a project of schooling of masses and although they wished provide it as a usage of the primacy of the obligatoriness. Not even this strategy with all the devices put working was able to bring into effect the enrolment, frequency and school use of good part of the contingent of poor juveniles of the city and of the State of Minas Gerais. The resistance undertaken by this sector of the society had several shades among which the poverty and the necessity of the work on behalf of the support of the family, when that one was existing. There was drawn, so, a scenery in which the school obligatoriness that intended to be wide given place to another with a selective character, so what was claimed efficiently and functionally. In the context where the research was realized, one of the principal elements the contributed for the production of this notion of delinquency was the legal reform started by the dominant sectors in the legislation for juveniles. Therefore, it was necessary to broach the process of production of the laws and projects that has in the Law of Budget 4.242 of 1921 an essential great landmark though the longings of regulations turn back to the initial years of the Republic. In 1921 the consolidation of the Juveniles\' Code of 1927 started, passing by the presentation of projects with this objective including the promulgation of Bills of Assistance of national and state extent, in Minas Gerais. The promulgation of the Juveniles\' Code in 1927 constitutes a referential landmark in the process of consolidation of the juvenile\'s notion. This code will produce also a term by which abandonned, delinquent, helpless children and teenagers will start to be identified, but also poor workers, boys and girls who live around the streets. It constitutes a process of depersonalization that will send the childhood and the adolescence for a legal identity. Becoming legal the social identity of delinquent, helpless and exposed children and adolescents, between others nominalization, will become a policial case. Among other spheres of the society which the Juveniles\' Code influenced, remarkably, the work of juveniles appears. In a context of deep, social and economical transformations, whose the mainly change is the loss of importance of the agrarian sector and the growth of the industry, the utilization of juveniles\' labor will demand regulations and other attitudes because it will crash to the produced child\'s and childhood\'s representation and because it will constitute an obstacle to the primary schooling claimed for all the children. Considering the process of urbanization and its attractive character for the inland populations, it was necessary to consider that the population displacement constituted as a corollary of urbanization, cooperating to increase the contingent of poor and unemployed families without dwelling, increasing consequently the number of abandoned and delinquent juveniles. The work of the juveniles, observed in the city, was allocating the labor of poor children and adolescents in activities badly remunerated and with hard physical and moral conditions and risks. Among them, it was the sale of objects, services and mostly newspapers. The imminent danger what the presence of these children in the streets was representing to the social defense and to their entirety itself it will demand a capture of position of the organized society which will be found in the Juveniles\' Code an signficant instrument of backrest for the creation of institutions of preservation and reform. Among them there were created the Juveniles\' Shelter and School of Reform. Even it was not predicted in the Code, the Protective Association of Newspapers\' Sellers will represent an outstanding initiative, because it was created as an effort of the political, judicial, educational and religious personalities. The production of these institutions in the context of reforms started in the education field, amongst which appears the process of consolidation of the obligatoriness of the primary teaching, can be understood like a resource adopted to decrease the resistance of poor people to go to school as also a process of differentiation of the school and of the education to be offered to the different subjects of the society. It will be verified, the production of a school for the ruling classes with an encyclopedic aspect and another one with formative function for work, being intended to the poor persons and, especially, to abandoned and delinquent children, clients in the institutions of preservation and reform. The notions of appropriation, representation, strategies and tactics are called to give understanding to the reading of the sources, on behalf of the production of a social e cultural history about the abandonment and the juveniles\' delinquency. The journalistic press and the specialized press, represented by the Revista Forense (Forense Review) and for Revista do Ensino (Teaching Review) were constituted as important fountains to attest the production and circulation of representations about the abandoned e delinquent juveniles in a useful dialog with legislative texts. The historical productions concern the subject drove me to the meaning of several representations about the object, providing an understanding that started in the common sense and reached the specific knowledge concern the delinquent and abandoned juveniles in Belo Horizonte.

La protection de l’enfance en danger reste un domaine sensible. Le dispositif français veille à répondre au mieux aux différentes situations auxquelles le mineur peut être confronté, mais les dysfonctionnements relevés ces dernières années conduisent le législateur à réorganiser le système de protection. En réponse aux attentes des professionnels, la loi du 5 mars 2007 réformant la protection de l’enfance a donc procédé à de nombreux aménagements. Pour autant, la réforme peine à se mettre en place en pratique. Les déceptions occasionnées invitent à réévaluer le système instauré. L’étude du dispositif de protection de l’enfance rend compte de son indispensable perfectionnement. La mise en perspective d’une nouvelle réforme se fait dès lors rapidement sentir en raison de l’insuffisance des critères d’intervention et de l’inadaptation des traitements. Ce bilan en demi-teinte conduit à rechercher des solutions qui pourraient être empruntées aux systèmes étrangers, qui, comme la France, reposent sur un modèle déjudiciarisé. Peu à peu, la mise en œuvre d’une nouvelle réforme de la protection de l’enfance paraît inévitable. L’amélioration du dispositif français de protection passe par deux types d’interventions essentielles. D’une part, la redéfinition des critères et l’amélioration des mesures de prise en charge devraient permettre un véritable réajustement substantiel du dispositif de protection de l’enfance. D’autre part, la refonte formelle de ce même dispositif pourrait se réaliser par le biais d’une réelle redistribution des compétences et l’élaboration d’un code uniquement consacré à la protection des mineurs et des jeunes majeurs. Ce n’est qu’à l’issue d’une telle réforme que le dispositif de protection de l’enfance pourra être considéré comme étant à la hauteur de ses ambitions. / The protection of children at risk remains a sensitive area. The French law system ensures to respond to the different situations that children may face, but the recently identified dysfunctions led the legislator (or lawmaker) to reorganize the system of protection. The law of March 5, 2007 on children’s protection brought many updates in response to the professionnals’ needs. However, the reform is struggling to be implemented in practice. The occasioned disappointments invite to reevaluate this system.The study of the protective plan of childhood brings to the conclusion of an obvious need for implementation. The perspective of a new reform appears necessary due to the lack of intervention criterias and inadequate treatments. This mixed satisfaction review leeds to find solutions that could be inspired from foreign systems, which, like in France, rely on a judicialized model. Gradually, the implementation of a new reform of children protection seems inevitable (or unavoidable). The improvement of the French protection plan, goes through two types of essential contributions. First, the redefinition of criterias and the improvement of measures of support should allow a substantial readjustment of children’s protection plan. Second, the complete redesign of the same plan could be achieved through a redistribution of skills and the development of a code dedicated to the protection of minors and young adults. It is only after such a reform that the children’s protection plan could be considered successful in meeting its ambitions.