Le fonctionnement du secteur associatif ne peut être compris sans envisager le lien qu'il entretient aux pouvoirs publics et cette intrication entre secteurs public et privé non lucratif s’avère particulièrement structurante dans le domaine du sport. En effet, ces activités sont largement administrées par des structures associatives mais la reconnaissance de l'utilité publique est ancienne et invite à leur encadrement public. L'action publique dans le domaine du sport est alors largement déléguée aux associations et fédérations sportives, lesquelles se voient attribuer dans ce cadre des ressources matérielles, humaines et symboliques qui assurent le pouvoir de prescription de l'Etat sur leur fonctionnement. C'est dans un tel contente que je propose d'envisager la politique de féminisation du football engagée par la Fédération Française de Football comme une politique publique sectorielle en faveur de l'égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, déléguée par l’État. Ainsi, ce travail propose une réflexion sur les effets de la délégation de politiques publiques vers le secteur associatif, en réalisant un détour par l’observation du travail concret des salarié-e-s de droit privé à qui incombent ces missions de service public, pour rendre compte des rapports de domination dans lesquelles ils et elles se voient pris-e-s et qui constituent autant de contraintes sur leur activité. Cette démarche permet ainsi d'envisager conjointement les conséquences de cette délégation sur les modalités de réalisation de ces missions (les effets sur les usager-e-s) et sur le travail de celles et ceux à qui incombent leur définition et leur mise en œuvre (effet sur les prestataires, salarié-e-s et bénévoles). Cette présentation s'adosse ainsi à un travail ethnographique de plusieurs années au sein des instances gestionnaires de la FFF, lequel s'est construit en partie autour de ma participation aux activités fédérales. Après avoir proposé une évaluation quantitative des modalités de diffusion du football féminin depuis le début des années 1990, je montre qu’en dépit du caractère hautement ambigu de la position de salarié-e associatif-ve – contractuellement rémunéré-e-s dans des organisations structurées par une éthique de désintéressement – celles et ceux qui sont chargé-e-s de la mise en œuvre de la féminisation à la FFF construisent leur activité autour de la vocation de service public qui la justifie et orientent en conséquence le contenu de leur activité. J’envisage ensuite la manière dont les rapports de genre dans lesquels sont prises les salariées chargées du développement du football féminin informent les orientations qu’elles donnent aux dispositifs de diffusion de cette pratique, au gré d’un travail de naturalisation des dispositions féminines, et de qualification individualisée des rapports sociaux de sexe. Ainsi, c'est en articulant des questionnements propres à la sociologie du travail (associatif), du genre et de l'action publique qu'il s'est agi de proposer une réflexion sur les enjeux de la recomposition de l'action publique, au travers des effets sociaux de sa délégation au secteur associatif. / This doctoral research has begun after I joined a workgroup of the French Football Association – the Fédération Française de Football (FFF) – in October 2012. This workgroup was focused on how to develop female football. The reason I joined the group was initially to get access to administrative data to study the career of the players. I got this access in exchange of doing some statistical work for the group. Thus, I worked during four years, with four employees of the FFF, in charge of the development of female football. Doing so, I got the chance to observe the negotiations about gender equality in football and debates about the best orientation to give to the policy of development.This work precisely deals with the construction and implementation of this new policy, created in 2011. This policy takes place in the institutional context of a partnership between the ministry of sports and the sports associations. Thus, the policy of football feminization will be seen as a delegated sectorial policy for gender equality. This mechanism of policy delegation exists in the domain of sport since the 50’s. In other words, the policy of sports is partially operated by the sports associations. The ministry of sports provides them with funds and human support (nearly 1,600 civil servants work for the sport associations). Thus, the public authority keeps a control over the policy of sport and delegates its implementation. This delegation scheme is not specific to sport and has been used in various fields since the 80’s. It is reflected in the growing number of employees in the non-profit associations sector; this sector having increasingly a role of intermediate in the public policies.Therefore, the purpose will be to illustrate the impacts of delegating the public policy related to gender equality to employees working under private law for the FFF. Consequently, their working conditions, the social relationships in which they are included will be objectively examined, to grasp how they embodied this policy and they reflect it. In that matter, it will be demonstrated that despite the great ambiguity of the employee’s status in an association – contractually hired in an organization structured around an ethic of selflessness –, the ones in charge of implementing the feminization within the FFF, build their activity around public service values which consequently impacts the content of their activities. Subsequently, I will consider how the gender inequality, in which the female employees developing the female football evolve, influences the orientations that they give to the policy of development of female football. I will demonstrate that the marginal position occupied by the female employees in the FFF reduces not only their range of actions but creates the risk of a transfer of gender inequality from the female employees to the female players. Indeed, this work proposes to reflect on the impact of delegating public policies to non-profit associations thanks to an observation study of the actual work of privately hired employees to whom the responsibility of public policy is delegated. Hence, it will interlink questionings in sociology related to gender, associative work and public policy.

Orientador: Marcia de Paula Leite / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T16:41:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cherfem_CarolinaOrquiza_D.pdf: 1753002 bytes, checksum: dd791f0f72c0511910db0f991b8eb651 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa se desenvolveu no âmbito das práticas cooperativas e associativistas de grupos sociais que se organizam em busca de geração de renda e são reunidos pela chamada Economia Solidária (ES). Essas práticas sociais, por sua vez, agrupam grande quantidade de mulheres e de negros e negras, o que não vem sendo tratado com a relevância social e política que este fato suscita. Neste contexto, algumas estudiosas que se dedicam à divisão sexual do trabalho buscam compreender os motivos da grande quantidade de mulheres encontradas nessas organizações, bem como identificar o lugar que elas ocupam nas mesmas. Contudo, os estudos em torno das questões raciais na ES não vêm apresentando a mesma amplitude: Qual a cor/raça dos participantes da Economia Solidária? Será que estas práticas sociais podem mudar o contexto de exclusão da população negra? Com o intuito de compreender este cenário, a tese defendida nesta investigação é a de que os projetos associativos e de trabalho coletivo, agrupados pelas políticas de Economia Solidária, apresentam a prioridade de enfrentamento das relações de classe, focados, sobretudo, no desemprego, oportunidades de geração de renda e superação da fome e miséria de parte da população brasileira. Porém, não priorizam as questões de gênero e raça com a mesma relevância, não considerando a coextensividade dessas relações sociais como estruturantes da sociedade, tanto como a classe. O referencial teórico-metodológico que a embasou, portanto, compreende as relações sociais por meio do cruzamento das categorias de dominação que lhes configuram, a saber: a classe, a raça e o gênero, sintetizado pelo conceito de consubstancialidade. A pesquisa foi realizada em três Organizações Sociais Produtivas (OSPs) distintas que apresentam relações com diferentes movimentos sociais e que priorizam a qualificação de seus trabalhadores e trabalhadoras. As iniciativas pesquisadas foram: Empresa Recuperada Catende-Harmonia ¿ Recife/ Pernambuco (inserida num setor predominantemente masculino); Rede de Mulheres Produtoras do Recife e Região Metropolitana (inserida no setor de artesanato, prioritariamente feminino); Cooperativa de Triagem de Resíduos Sólidos "Bom Sucesso" ¿ Campinas/São Paulo (representa um setor misto, com grande presença da população negra). Os resultados identificaram que a ênfase dada à classe social está presente pela própria existência das OSPs que se desenvolvem no enfrentamento com estruturas e grupos de poder que mantém as desigualdades sociais. Contudo, essa luta de classes tem cor e sexo que as deixam cada vez mais complexas, o que nem sempre é considerado nas práticas de ES. Tal comprovação se deu pela identificação da divisão sexual do trabalho no interior das iniciativas pesquisadas e pelas oportunidades diferenciadas para homens e mulheres em algumas experiências. Também se deu pelo silenciamento das questões raciais e pela tendência ao enegrecimento da população no âmbito das iniciativas pesquisadas. Por outro lado, os resultados apontaram avanços significativos como a possibilidade de ampliação das qualificações e aprendizagens proporcionada pelas experiências pesquisadas. Homens e mulheres, negros e negras, de baixa escolaridade e renda, tiveram oportunidades significativas de ampliar suas qualificações técnica, política e de gestão coletiva e, a partir disso, tornarem-se sujeitos políticos ao ocupar novos espaços sociais. Nessa direção, a pesquisa indicou nuances importantes para que as políticas públicas de Economia Solidária sejam compreendidas de modo consubstancial, bem como contribuiu para que outras pesquisas desenvolvidas neste campo de estudo e de ação prática possam ser analisadas a partir da coextensividade das relações sociais de gênero, raça e classe / Abstract: This research was developed within the framework of cooperative and associative practices of social groups self-organized in search of income generation, gathered by the so-called Solidarity Economy (SE). These social practices, in turn, comprise large amount of women and black men and women, which has not been treated with the social and political relevance that this fact raises. In this context, some scholars engaged in the sexual division of work seek to understand the reasons for the large number of women found in these organizations, as well as identify the place that they occupy in the same. However, the studies around the racial issues in SE don't come with the same amplitude: what is the color of participants of Solidarity Economy? Can these social practices change the context of exclusion of black population? In order to understand this scenario, the thesis defended in this investigation is that associative projects and collective work, grouped by public policies of solidarity-based economy, represent the priority of confronting class relationships, focused especially on unemployment, income generating opportunities and overcoming hunger and poverty of part of the Brazilian population. However, it does not prioritize issues of gender and race with the same relevance as class is, not considering the intersection of these social relationships as society structuring. The theoretical and methodological framework adopted, therefore, understands the social relations through the coextensivity of categories of domination that constitute them, namely: class, race and gender, synthesized by the concept of consubstantialité, translated in Brazil as consubstantiality. The results showed that the emphasis on social class is present by the own existence of OSPs developed in the process of coping with structures and power groups that maintains social inequalities. However, this class struggle has color and gender that leave them increasingly complex, which is not always considered in SE practices. This evidence was given by the identification of the sexual division of labor within the surveyed initiatives and differential of opportunities for men and women in some experiments. Also gave the silencing of racial issues and the trend of blackening population in the scope of the surveyed initiatives. On the other hand, the results showed significant progress as the possibility of expanding the skills and learning experiences provided by surveyed. Men and women, black men and women, low education and income, have significant opportunities to expand their technical policy and collective management skills, and, from that, become political subjects to occupy new social spaces. In this way, the research has indicated important nuances in order to make public policy in Solidarity Economy understood in the consubstantiality way, as well as contributed to other researches carried on this field of study, and also provides a possibility that practical action can be analyzed from coextensivity perspective in terms of class, race and gender social relations / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais na Educação / Doutora em Educação

Orientador: Miguel Juan Bacic / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T16:28:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_JorgedePaiva_M.pdf: 4861029 bytes, checksum: f261c5789c45114d334c39f798e08bca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar as possíveis formas de organização das pequenas e médias empresas, quando organizadas e articuladas sob a forma de redes de empresas e pólos industriais para a ação conjunta. Investiga-se como se formam, como funcionam, qual a influência das ações conjuntas na competitividade e os fatores restritivos e impulsionadores deste tipo de organização. Entende-se que a junção e organização das várias firmas instaladas numa dada região contribuem para a sua transformação econômica, principalmente quando levam a cabo o propósito inicial de atuar conjuntamente nas várias frentes possíveis. O trabalho apresenta um estudo destacando um projeto prático de ação conjunta aplicados às pequenas e médias empresas, exeqüível e de fácil entendimento. Como destaque, são apresentados os passos necessários para a formação de associações de empresas, o passo inicial para qualquer tipo de atuação conjunta, de acordo com a legislação. Entende-se que a junção das pequenas firmas pode resultar em benefícios para todos os participantes e também para o entorno. Os exemplos dos distritos industriais italianos, as redes de empresas e o trabalho comunitário mostram as vantagens do trabalho associativista / Abstract: The focus of this study is to analyze the possible ways of small and medium companies organization, when organized and articulated as a net of companies and industrials poles for a joined action. This study verifies how the net is created, how it works, what is the influence of the joined actions in the competitively, the restrictive features and what stimulate this kind of organization. It is known that the organization of many companies installed in one region contributes for their economic transformation, mainly when these companies have the initial of purpose acting together in all market areas. This study emphasizes a pratical project based on a joint effort applied to the small and medium companies, of easy understanfing and execution. Distinctively, it presents the necessary steps for the formation of joint ventures, the first necessary step to any kind of joined action, according to the legislation. As a result, the joining of small companies can bring benefits for all participants and also to the region. The example of Italian industrial districts, the nets of companies and the communitarian work show the advantages of the associative work / Mestrado / Gestão da Qualidade Total / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica