Ce travail visait à évaluer le potentiel d’une méthodologie innovante récemment adaptée à la Souris sur la base de tests neuropsychologiques utilisés en clinique humaine. Après optimisation de 3 tâches (PAL, VMCL, PVD) ciblant différentes fonctions cognitives chez l’animal, nos études ont établi : (1) l’existence possible d’interférences proactives lors d’apprentissages consécutifs ; (2) l’absence de déficit d’acquisition chez les souris de la lignée Tg2576 (modèle transgénique de la maladie d’Alzheimer), quelle que soit l’étendue de la charge amyloïde ; (3) l’implication spécifique du striatum dorsal lors de l’acquisition des tâches de VMCL et PAL, et celle de l’hippocampe lors du rappel de cette dernière tâche. Ces derniers résultats suggèrent qu’en dépit des efforts déployés pour s’assurer du caractère translationnel d’une tâche cognitive dans le paradigme du touchscreen, certaines adaptations inhérentes à chaque espèce influencent profondément les bases neurobiologiques associées. / This thesis work aimed to specify the potential of an innovative methodology latterly adapted in mice from neuropsychological tasks used in Humans. After the optimization of 3 assays (PAL, VMCL, PVD) taxing various cognitive functions in animals, different behavioral studies have gradually revealed: (1) the putative existence of proactive interferences over consecutive learnings in touchscreen tasks; (2) no acquisition deficit in Tg2576 mice (a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s Disease) in these paradigms, whatever the amyloid load considered; (3) the specific involvement of the dorsal striatum during the acquisition of VMCL and PAL tasks and the key role of the hippocampus during the recall of the latter task. As exemplified by the PAL task, our results suggest that despite momentous efforts in order to ensure the translational feature of touchscreen cognitive tasks, certain adaptations inherent to each species deeply influence the nature of underlying neurobiological substrates.

Initialement encodés dans l’hippocampe, les nouveaux souvenirs déclaratifs deviennent progressivement dépendants d’un réseau distribué de neurones corticaux au cours de leur maturation dans le temps. Cependant, les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires sous-­‐tendant la consolidation et le stockage à long terme de ces nouveaux souvenirs au sein des réseaux corticaux restent à élucider. Les récepteurs N-­‐méthyl-­‐D-­‐aspartate (RNMDA) jouent un rôle essentiel dans l’induction et la régulation des changements synaptiques sous-­‐tendant les processus mnésiques de type associatifs. Sur la base de leurs propriétés biophysiques respectives, nous avons formulé l’hypothèse que la redistribution synaptique des deux formes principales de sous-­‐unités GluN2 exprimées dans le néocortex adulte (GluN2A and GluN2B), pourrait constituer un mécanisme de régulation de la plasticité synaptique supportant l’intégration et la stabilisation progressive des souvenirs au niveau cortical au cours du processus de consolidation mnésique. En combinant, chez le rat adulte, une approche comportementale, biochimique, pharmacologique et des stratégies innovantes consistant à manipuler le trafic de sous-­‐unités des RNMDA à la surface synaptique, nos résultats mettent en évidence un changement cortical dans la composition synaptique en sous unités GluN2, lequel régule la stabilisation progressive de la mémoire à long terme au sein des réseaux corticaux. Nous avons d'abord établi que les RNMDA contenant la sous-­‐unité GluN2B, via leur interaction spécifique avec une protéine clé de la signalisation synaptique, la CaMKII, sont préférentiellement recrutés lors de la phase d’encodage pour permettre l’allocation des nouveaux souvenirs olfactifs associatifs dans un réseau de neurones corticaux spécifique. Au cours du processus de consolidation, nous avons révélé que la redistribution des RNMDA corticaux contenant les sous-­‐unités GluN2B vers l’extérieur ou l’intérieur de l’espace synaptique suite à l’apprentissage, contrôle respectivement la stabilisation de la mémoire à long terme et son oubli au cours du temps. Enfin, renforcer l’acquisition initiale conduit à une augmentation plus rapide du ratio post-­‐synaptique GluN2A/GluN2B et accélère la cinétique du dialogue hippocampo-­‐cortical, ce qui se traduit par une stabilisation accélérée des souvenirs au sein des réseaux corticaux. Pris dans leur ensemble, nos travaux montrent que le trafic des GluN2B-­‐RNMDA corticaux représente un mécanisme cellulaire majeur conditionnant le devenir des traces mnésiques (i.e. stabilisation versus oubli) et apporte un éclairage nouveau sur la façon dont le cerveau organise les souvenirs récents et anciens. / Initially encoded in the hippocampus, new declarative memories are thought to become progressively dependent on a broadly distributed cortical network as they mature and consolidate over time. Although we have a good understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of new memories in the hippocampus, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which recently acquired information is transformed into remote memories at the cortical level. The N-­‐methyl-­‐D-­‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is widely known to be a key player in many aspects of long-­‐term experience-­‐dependent synaptic changes underlying associative memory processes. Based on their distinct biophysical properties, we postulated that the activity-­‐dependent surface dynamics of the two predominant GluN2 subunits (GluN2A and GluN2B) of NMDARs present in the adult neocortex could provide a metaplastic control of synaptic plasticity supporting the progressive embedding and stabilization of long-­‐lasting associative memories within cortical networks during memory consolidation. By combining, in adult rats, behavioral, biochemical, pharmacological and innovative strategies consisting in manipulating trafficking of NMDAR subunits at the cell membrane, our results identify a cortical switch in the synaptic GluN2-­‐containing NMDAR composition which drives the progressive embedding and stabilization of long-­‐lasting memories within cortical networks. We first established that cortical GluN2B-­‐containing NMDARs and their specific interactions with the synaptic signaling CaMKII protein are preferentially recruited upon encoding of associative olfactory memories to enable neuronal allocation, the process via which a new memory trace is thought to be allocated to a given neuronal network. As these memories are progressively processed and embedded into cortical networks, we observed a learning-­‐induced surface redistribution of cortical GluN2B-­‐containing NMDARs outwards or inwards synapses which respectively drives the progressive stabilization and subsequent forgetting of remote memories over time. Finally, increasing the strength, upon encoding, of the initial memory leads to a faster increase of the cortical GluN2A/GluN2B synaptic ratio and accelerates the kinetics of hippocampal-­‐cortical interactions, which translated into a faster stabilization of memories within cortical networks. Taken together, our results provide evidence that GluN2B-­‐NMDAR surface trafficking controls the fate of remote memories (i.e. stabilization versus forgetting), shedding light on a novel mechanism used by the brain to organize recent and remote memories.

Les risques psychosociaux sont un enjeu de santé publique majeur, en particulier à cause des troubles qu'ils peuvent engendrer : stress, changements d'humeurs, burn-out, etc. Bien que le diagnostic de ces troubles doive être réalisé par un professionel, l'Affective Computing peut apporter une contribution en améliorant la compréhension des phénomènes. L'Affective Computing (ou Informatique Affective) est un domaine pluridisciplinaire, faisant intervenir des concepts d'Intelligence Artificielle, de psychologie et de psychiatrie, notamment. Dans ce travail de recherche, on s'intéresse à deux éléments pouvant faire l'objet de troubles : l'état émotionnel et l'état dépressif des individus.Le concept d'émotion couvre un très large champ de définitions et de modélisations, pour la plupart issues de travaux en psychiatrie ou en psychologie. C'est le cas, par exemple, du circumplex de Russell, qui définit une émotion comme étant la combinaison de deux dimensions affectives, nommées valence et arousal. La valence dénote le caractère triste ou joyeux d'un individu, alors que l'arousal qualifie son caractère passif ou actif. L'évaluation automatique des états émotionnels a suscité, dans la dernière décénie, un regain d'intérêt notable. Des méthodes issues de l'Intelligence Artificielle permettent d'atteindre des performances intéressantes, à partir de données capturées de manière non-invasive, comme des vidéos. Cependant, il demeure un aspect peu étudié : celui des intensités émotionnelles, et de la possibilité de les reconnaître. Dans cette thèse, nous avons exploré cet aspect au moyen de méthodes de visualisation et de classification pour montrer que l'usage de classes d'intensités émotionnelles, plutôt que de valeurs continues, bénéficie à la fois à la reconnaissance automatique et à l'interprétation des états.Le concept de dépression connaît un cadre plus strict, dans la mesure où c'est une maladie reconnue en tant que telle. Elle atteint les individus sans distinction d'âge, de genre ou de métier, mais varie en intensité ou en nature des symptômes. Pour cette raison, son étude tant au niveau de la détection que du suivi, présente un intérêt majeur pour la prévention des risques psychosociaux.Toutefois, son diagnostic est rendu difficile par le caractère parfois anodin des symptômes et par la démarche souvent délicate de consulter un spécialiste. L'échelle de Beck et le score associé permettent, au moyen d'un questionnaire, d'évaluer la sévérité de l'état dépressif d'un individu. Le système que nous avons développé est capable de reconnaître automatiquement le score dépressif d'un individu à partir de vidéos. Il comprend, d'une part, un descripteur visuel spatio-temporel bas niveau qui quantifie les micro et les macro-mouvements faciaux et, d'autre part, des méthodes neuronales issues des sciences cognitives. Sa rapidité autorise des applications de reconnaissance des états dépressifs en temps réel, et ses performances sont intéressantes au regard de l'état de l'art. La fusion des modalités visuelles et auditives a également fait l'objet d'une étude, qui montre que l'utilisation de ces deux canaux sensoriels bénéficie à la reconnaissance des états dépressifs.Au-delà des performances et de son originalité, l'un des points forts de ce travail de thèse est l'interprétabilité des méthodes. En effet, dans un contexte pluridisciplinaire tel que celui posé par l'Affective Computing, l'amélioration des connaissances et la compréhension des phénomènes étudiés sont des aspects majeurs que les méthodes informatiques sous forme de "boîte noire" ont souvent du mal à appréhender. / Psychosocial risks are a major public health issue, because of the disorders they can trigger : stress, mood swings, burn-outs, etc. Although propoer diagnosis can only be made by a healthcare professionnel, Affective Computing can make a contribution by improving the understanding of the phenomena. Affective Computing is a multidisciplinary field involving concepts of Artificial Intelligence, psychology and psychiatry, among others. In this research, we are interested in two elements that can be subject to disorders: the emotional state and the depressive state of individuals.The concept of emotion covers a wide range of definitions and models, most of which are based on work in psychiatry or psychology. A famous example is Russell's circumplex, which defines an emotion as the combination of two emotional dimensions, called valence and arousal. Valence denotes an individual's sad or joyful character, while arousal denotes his passive or active character. The automatic evaluation of emotional states has generated a significant revival of interest in the last decade. Methods from Artificial Intelligence allow to achieve interesting performances, from data captured in a non-invasive manner, such as videos. However, there is one aspect that has not been studied much: that of emotional intensities and the possibility of recognizing them. In this thesis, we have explored this aspect using visualization and classification methods to show that the use of emotional intensity classes, rather than continuous values, benefits both automatic recognition and state interpretation.The concept of depression is more strict, as it is a recognized disease as such. It affects individuals regardless of age, gender or occupation, but varies in intensity or nature of symptoms. For this reason, its study, both at the level of detection and monitoring, is of major interest for the prevention of psychosocial risks.However, his diagnosis is made difficult by the sometimes innocuous nature of the symptoms and by the often delicate process of consulting a specialist. The Beck's scale and the associated score allow, by means of a questionnaire, to evaluate the severity of an individual's state of depression. The system we have developed is able to automatically recognize an individual's depressive score from videos. It includes, on the one hand, a low-level visual spatio-temporal descriptor that quantifies micro and macro facial movements and, on the other hand, neural methods from the cognitive sciences. Its speed allows applications for real-time recognition of depressive states, and its performance is interesting with regard to the state of the art. The fusion of visual and auditory modalities has also been studied, showing that the use of these two sensory channels benefits the recognition of depressive states.Beyond performance and originality, one of the strong points of this thesis is the interpretability of the methods. Indeed, in a multidisciplinary context such as that of Affective Computing, improving knowledge and understanding of the studied phenomena is a key point that usual computer methods implemeted as "black boxes" can't deal with.

This thesis has two distinguish parts. The first part concerns the study of n-ary algebras. A n-ary algebra is a vector space with a multiplication on n arguments. Classically the multiplications are binary, but the use of ternary multiplication in theoretical physic like for Nambu brackets led mathematicians to investigate these type of algebras. Two classes of n-ary algebras are fundamental: the associative n-ary algebras and the Lie n-ary algebras. We are interested by both classes. Concerning the associative n-ary algebras we are mostly interested in 3-ary partially associative 3-ary algebras, that is, algebras whose multiplication satisfies ((xyz)tu)+(x(yzt)u)+(xy(ztu))=0. This type is interesting because the previous woks on this subject was not distinguish the even and odd cases. We show in this thesis that the case n=3 can not be treated as the even cases. We investigate in detail the free partially associative 3-ary algebra on k generators. This algebra is graded and we compute the dimensions of the 7 first components. In the general case, we give a spanning set such as the sub family of non zero vector is a basis. The main consequences are the free partially associative 3-ary algebra is solvable. In the free commutative partially associative 3-ary algebra any product on 9 elements is trivial. The operad for partially associative 3-ary algebra do not satisfy the Koszul property. Then we study n-ary products on the tensors. The simplest example is given by a internal product of non square matrices. We can define a 3-ary product by taking A . ^tB . C. We show that we have to generalize a bit the definition of partial associativity for n-ary algebras. We then introduce the products -partially associative where  is a permutation of the symmetric group of degree n. Concerning the n-ary algebras, two classes have been defined: Filipov algebras (also called recently Lie-Nambu algebras) and some more general class, the n-Lie algebras. Filipov algebras are very important in the study of the mechanic of Nambu-Poisson, and is a particular case of the other. So to define an approach of Maurer-Cartan type, that is, define a scalar cohomology, we consider in this work Fillipov as n-Lie algebras and develop such a calculus in the n-Lie algebras frame work. We also give some classifications of n-ary nilpotent algebras. The last chapter of this part concerns my work in Master on the Poisson algebras on polynomials. We present link with the Lie algebras is clear. Thus we extend our study to Poisson algebras which associated Lie algebra is rigid and we apply these results to the enveloping algebras of rigid Lie algebras. The second part concerns intervals arithmetic. The interval arithmetic is used in a lot of problems concerning robotic, localization of parameters, and sensibility of inputs. The classical operations of intervals are based of the rule : the result of an operation of interval is the minimal interval containing all the result of this operation on the real elements of the concerned intervals. But these operations imply many problems because the product is not distributive with respect the addition. In particular it is very difficult to translate in the set of intervals an algebraic functions of a real variable. We propose here an original model based on an embedding of the set of intervals on an associative algebra. Working in this algebra, it is easy to see that the problem of non distributivity disappears, and the problem of transferring real function in the set of intervals becomes natural. As application, we study matrices of intervals and we solve the problem of reduction of intervals matrices (diagonalization, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors).

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Orientador: Jefferson Nascimento de Oliveira / Resumo: Os direitos da natureza são indispensáveis para a harmonia nos espaços de atuação e desenvolvimento da vida, onde o uso e a ocupação do solo impactam diretamente na disponibilidade e qualidade de recursos fundamentais como a água e outros bens comuns. Com a observação de iniciativas transnacionais, governamentais, laboratórios de ciência aberta, empresas e ONGs, esta pesquisa exploratória consolida cenários sobre intensos fluxos de multidões à deriva de projeções e sobre a capacidade adaptativa de aglomerados no Antropoceno. São elementos onde a Internet e os paradigmas do serviço total incitam plataformas digitais para novos produtos e serviços, adequadas à realidade dos jogos sociais contemporâneos. Com bases e referenciais em governança eletrônica para as águas, os resultados das explorações resultam na descoberta das organizações associativas cibernéticas (cyorgs) e as características fundamentais dos Escritórios da Resiliência Hídrica. Amparados por espaços antropológicos, de interação e implementações estratégicas de inovação em sustentabilidade, os produtos constroém a plataforma ÁguasML - Bem Comum em Mídia Livre, implementada digitalmente com código aberto via portais de notícias, ambientes de aprendizagem, automatizações e aplicativos para coleta e distribuição de dados. Apontam também alguns dos componentes das plataformas hidrotecnológicas nos Escritórios da Resiliência Hídrica, assim como os conteúdos, as experiências e as características de tecnologias resilient... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The rights of nature are indispensable for harmony in the spaces of participation and development of life, where the use and occupation of the lands directly affect the availability and quality of water and other commons. Observing transnational initiatives, governments, open science laboratories, corporations and NGOs, this exploratory research consolidates scenarios of intense flows of crowds drifting from projections and adaptive capacity in the Anthropocene. They are elements in which the internet and the paradigms of the total service incite digital platforms for new products and services, adapted to the mechanized reality of contemporary social games. With these baselines and benchmarks in electronic governance for water, the results of explorations are the discovery of cybernetic associative organizations (cyorgs) and the fundamental characteristics of Water Resilience Office´s. Based on anthropological spaces, spaces of interaction and strategic implementations of innovation in water sustainability, the work build the ÁguasML - Commons in Open Media platform, digitally implemented with open source through news portals, e-learning environments, automations and applications for collection and data distribution. They also show some of the components of hydrotechnology platforms at the offices for water resilience, as well as the contents, experiences and characteristics of resilient technologies in situations of water scarcity and vulnerability of rights. This office gen... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

In this research, the teaching styles of one biology teacher in each of three high schools in Rwanda are investigated. The purpose of the research is to find out how the adopted biology teaching styles impact on the teacher-student interaction and on the student‟s learning of biology in Kigali City in Rwanda. This research is descriptive and it is conducted in the qualitative research paradigm. The research approach used is a case study in three state and subsidised high schools. The research methods included interviews with six students and three teachers, classroom observations of three biology lessons per teacher and field-notes. The Rwandan education system has introduced a new approach to teaching i.e. the learner-centred pedagogy through an associative teaching style. In high schools, this new approach was first implemented in the school year 2011 but this implementation has been constrained by the scarcity of resources. Furthermore, some biology teachers, at the start of 2011, were not yet informed by educational authorities about the implementation of the learner-centred pedagogy. Thus, this research shows that some biology teachers are still using the teacher-centred approach; this is the case for Mr. Odumbe, whose teaching style is dominated by the transmissive approach, or the case of Mr. Kaggwa, whose view is that the educational authorities encourage the transmissive method of teaching. Even though the learner-centred pedagogy is encouraged because it fosters lasting knowledge and easy application of knowledge acquired in everyday life, the group work approach to teaching has been poorly managed and did not achieve desired results where it was used during this research. The participating biology students and teachers see the learner-centred pedagogy as slowing down the progression of teaching the content matter while the national examination covers the whole curriculum content. Therefore, although teachers were using different teaching approaches, once they are asked which approach they can choose to use, both students and teachers prefer to continue to use the teacher-centred approach in order to meet the content outcomes required in the national examination. Another result was that all participating students found their teachers supportive and nurturing and research is encouraged by all teachers regardless of their dominating teaching styles.

L’apprentissage des relations entre événements dans notre environnement nous permetd’anticiper des futures cibles et guide notre comportement. Une partie de cet apprentissage alieu sans intention, i.e. implicitement. Notre capacité limitée de traitement, qui contraste avec larichesse de notre environnement, impose la sélection d’une partie des informations sensorielles.Quels stimuli sont donc sélectionnés quand on apprend des associations ? Dans quelle mesurel’apprentissage sollicite des ressources attentionnelles ? Cette thèse porte sur les interactionsentre l’attention et l’apprentissage associatif.Dans la première partie expérimentale, nous avons étudié si la capture attentionnellependant l’apprentissage associatif est modulée par la prédictibilité de la cible. Nous avonsconçu 2 études EEG dans lesquels nous avons manipulé la valeur de la contingence entre indiceet cible. Nous avons trouvé deux biais attentionnels différents. Dans la première expérience lescibles inattendues ont montré une priorité attentionnelle, tandis que dans la deuxième ce sontles cibles prédictibles qui ont été privilégiées, y compris quand l’apprentissage est implicite.Ceux deux biais attentionnels, qui ont déjà été décrits en référence aux cibles dans des modèlesattentionnels de l’apprentissage, pourraient être au service de buts comportementaux différents.Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons étudié si les ressources attentionnelles disponiblesaffectent la capacité à discriminer des associations entre un indice et une cible. Pour cela nousavons mesuré la sensibilité aux associations sous différentes contraintes attentionnelles, à l’aided’un paradigme de double tâche. Nos données montrent que la discrimination est diminué parune tâche de suppression articulatoire concurrente et abolie par une tâche de charge cognitiveélevée. Bien qu’il ait été suggéré que l’apprentissage associatif puisse être automatique, nosdonnées montrent qu’il sollicite des ressources attentionnelles considérables. / Learning relations between events in our environment allows us to anticipate futureoutcomes and guides our decisions. Part of this learning occurs without intention, implicitly.Given the enormous amount of information available, which contrasts with our limitedprocessing capacity, the selection of certain stimuli becomes crucial. So which stimuli do weselect when we learn associations? How do the available attentional resources modulatelearning? This thesis focuses on the intertwining between associative learning and attention.In the first experimental part, we investigated whether the deployment of attentionduring associative learning is modulated by expectations. In particular, we conducted twoEEG studies in which we manipulated the contingent relation between a cue and an outcome.We found two different attentional biases. In the first experiment, unexpected outcomescaptured attention preferentially whereas predictable outcomes were prioritized in the second,and importantly even when the learning of the associations was implicit. We argue that theseattentional biases, which have already been described in attentional models of associativelearning, likely serve different goals.In the second experimental part, we examined to what extent associative learningrequires attention. With that aim, we measured sensitivity to contingency in three studiesunder different attentional constraints. Our data show that the ability to assess associations isdiminished by an articulatory suppression secondary task and is abolished by a highlydemanding task. While it has been suggested that associative learning might be an automaticprocess, our findings demonstrate that attention is critical to contingency assessment.

Bei Untersuchungen zur klassischen Konditionierung mit mehreren prädiktiven Hinweisreizen konnte in den letzten Jahren gezeigt werden, daß Personen mit schizophrenen Spektrumsstörungen Besonderheiten beim Erlernen von Ereignisrelationen aufweisen. Bei den in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Experimenten wird assoziatives Lernen bei Gesunden und bei Personen mit schizophrenen Spektrumsstörungen einer elektrophysiologischen Betrachtung zugänglich gemacht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein modifiziertes Reizinteraktionsparadigma verwendet, bei dem mit Hilfe zweier Hinweisreize ein Zielreiz vorhergesagt werden soll. Dabei wurde das prädiktive Potential eines Hinweisreizes konstant gehalten. Die Änderung der prädiktiven Validität des zweiten Hinweisreizes führte zu zwei Versuchsbedingungen: In einer war dieser Hinweisreiz ein guter Prädiktor für den Targetreiz, in der anderen ein schlechter Prädiktor. Die Kontingenzurteile der unselektierten und der niedrigschizotypischen Probanden sind durch eine kompetitive Beziehung der Hinweisreize charakterisiert. Die Kontingenzen eines Hinweisreizes werden unterschätzt, wenn ein zweiter besser zur Vorhersage des Targets geeignet ist. Die Kontingenzurteile der hochschizotypischen Probanden weisen dieses Muster nicht auf. Wird hier ein Hinweisreiz als ein valider Prädiktor für den Zielreiz erkannt, fällt auch die Beurteilung für die Kontingenzbeziehung zwischen dem zweiten Reiz und dem Zielreiz höher aus. Die elektrophysiologischen Daten unterstützen die Auffassung, daß nach jedem Lerndurchgang eine Fehlerkorrektur stattfindet. Normale und Schizotypiker unterscheiden sich diesbezüglich nicht. Gruppenunterschiede gibt es allerdings bei der durch die Hinweisreize ausgelösten N150, deren Amplitude bei den Schizotypikern an temporo-okzipitalen Ableitorten kleiner ist. Der Reizkompetitionseffekt konnte nur in der Versuchsbedingung induziert werden, die eine hohe Arbeitsgedächtnisauslastung erforderte. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse wird vor dem Hintergrund des aktuellen Forschungsstands diskutiert. / Several studies of classical conditioning with more than one predictive stimulus report that persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders have deviances in learning how related to each other. I used a modified cue interaction paradigm to make associative learning accessible to an electrophysiological investigation. Participants had to predict a target stimulus based on two preceding cues, keeping the predictive potential of one cue constant. The predicitve validity of the second cue changed, yielding two different validity conditions: in one condition the second cue was a very good predictor of the target cue, in the other validity condition this cue predicted the target at random level. Judgements of contigencies of unselected probands and psychometric selected low schizotypals between target and each cue can be described as "competitive": Contingencies between one cue and target were judged lower if a second cue was a better predictor for the target, whereas contigency judgements of psychometric selected schizotypals can be described as "cooperative": If one cue is judged as being a relative valid predictor, the contingency between the second cue and target were also judged higher. Electrophysiogical dates supports the view of correcting errors after each learning trial. There seems to be no difference between high and low schizotypes. Differences on group-level appeared on cue-evoked event-related potentials, especially on the occipito-temporal N150-amplitudes, which were smaller in schizotypes. Cue-Competition could only induced in the low working memory load version of the cue competition paradigm. The relevance of these results are discussed with reference to recent research on associative learning and schizophrenia.

Estudos mostram que vivemos uma crise socioambiental sem precedentes. Apesar de ser considerada uma crise sistêmica, a agricultura convencional progride, constituindo uma das atividades que mais contribui para os impactos negativos tanto ambientais como sociais da atualidade. No mundo, as relações socioeconômicas estão estabelecidas segundo uma ordem de valores, na qual justificações mercantis e industriais possuem uma grande aceitação e legitimidade. A economia é considerada, para alguns autores, como o coração das ações humanas. No entanto, tal ordenamento fundado em justiça industrial-mercantil impacta negativamente diversas dimensões da vida em sociedade. Neste quadro, movimentos de contestação desta ordem emergem buscando legitimidade com vistas à profundas transformações sociais e ambientais. É assim que ocorre a multiplicação das CSAs (Comunidade que Sustenta a Agricultura), representando uma experiência inovadora de associativismo, aproximando consumidores e agricultores. Seu crescimento é exponencial no Brasil e no mundo. Trata-se de uma perspectiva de busca de uma nova estrutura de relação socioeconômica com a agricultura familiar, pautadas em princípios de um compromisso com a agroecologia, a solidariedade, a confiança mútua e a localidade. Nosso estudo aspira traçar seus potenciais e limitações em termos de aceitação social com o apoio de análises inspiradas na teoria das justificações, considerando a emergência de uma nova ordem de justiça, a justiça ecológica. / Studies show that we are experiencing an unprecedented socio-environmental crisis. Despite considered a systemic crisis, conventional agriculture is progressing, constituting one of the activities that contributes most to the negative environmental and social impacts in present time. In the world, socioeconomic relations are established according to an order of values, in which market and industrial justifications have great acceptance and legitimacy. The economy is considered, for some authors, as the heart of human actions. However, such an order based on industrial-mercantile justice impacts negatively various dimensions of life in society. In this context, movements contesting this order emerge seeking legitimacy towards profound social and environmental transformations. This is how CSAs (Community Supported Agriculture) multiply, representing an innovative experience of associativism, bringing together consumers and farmers. Its growth is exponential in Brazil and in the world. It seeks a new socioeconomic relationship structure, based on a commitment to an agroecological agriculture, solidarity, mutual trust and locality. Our study aspires to trace its potentials and limitations in terms of social acceptance with the support of analyzes inspired by the theory of justifications, considering the emergence of a new order of justice, the ecological justice.