M.Ed. (Subject Didactics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The primary motor cortex (M1) is an important site for learning new motor skills. While rewardis known to both enhance and accelerate motor learning, the mechanism by which reward exertsthese effects remains unclear. Previous studies in primates have demonstrated reward-relatedactivity in M1, however, it is not known whether reward is represented among different neuronalcell types in M1, or if the representations change over the course of reward-based associativelearning. We begin by reviewing advances in optogenetic methods that have enabled thedissection of cortical circuits underlying sensorimotor behaviours with a special focus on thefunctional roles of cell-type specific connections in governing sensorimotor informationprocessing and learning and memory. We then used in vivo, two-photon calcium imaging tocharacterize reward and reward-related responses in pyramidal neurons (PNs), PV-INs, SST-INsand VIP-INs while mice simultaneously performed a head-fixed auditory classical conditioningtask. We found that different cell types had distinct responses to the conditioned stimulus (CS)and to reward, and these responses underwent differential changes over the course of associativelearning. Notably, VIP-INs preferentially represented reward and their reward responsesincreased with learning, while PV-INs preferentially represented the CS, and their CS responsesincreased with learning. Lastly, to identify which brain regions might provide reward-relatedinput to VIP-INs, we performed cell-type specific monosynaptic rabies tracing and generatedcomparative brain-wide maps of input to VIP-INs, PV-INs, SST-INs and PNs in M1. Weidentified preferential input from the orbital frontal cortex (ORB) to VIP-INs compared to theother IN subtypes. These results suggest that ORB may convey reward-related input to VIP-INsand thereby disinhibit local MOP circuitry during reward-based learning. Together, these studiesprovide a potential mechanism for how reward modulates motor learning.

During the last two decades, the performance of CPU has been developed much faster than that of memory. In order to reduce the performance gap between CPU and memory, cache memories should have been used between CPU and memory. In general, cache memory is a small and fast buffer to reduce memory access time by saving data in advance before CPU uses. There are two types of cache memory: instruction cache and data cache. In addition, there can be multi-levels (Level 1, 2, ?etc) in memory hierarchy (memory and cache memories) for system purpose: the level 1 (on-chip) cache is the closest one to CPU and it affects system performance directly. In this study, we evaluated two factors in designing an efficient Level 1 data cache. Those factors are: distance between two data in an array and multi xor mapping functions in a bank. We designed a data cache called SLDC (Store/Load Dependent Cache, Two-way) to implement the first factor. This cache uses the distance between two data addresses of data-transfer instructions (load and store). It groups close data into the same group and places into the same bank. The other cache we designed for the second factor is called Multi-XOR (MXOR). The MXOR splits the cache virtually into several zones (2 to 6 areas); a different xor mapping function per area is used to index data (for better cache utilization). In this study, we used the SimpleScalar simulation program to implement data cache with SPEC2000FP benchmark programs. Based on the experiment results, we recommended considering those factors in designing an efficient cache memory since SLDC and MXOR show some improvement (5-to-10%) compared to a conventional cache memory (two-way set-associative).

No description available.

No description available.

<p> Learning processes have been demonstrated to play an integral role in drug tolerance. More recently, researchers have found that associative mechanisms also play an important role in the adaptation to cold exposure (Riccio, MacArdy & Kissinger, 1991). The present study investigated the effect of contextual stimuli on temperature response to repeated heat stress. Rats receiving repeated heat exposures (56°C, 10 min, 6 trials) demonstrated adaptation to the heat as measured by a decrease in hyperthermia. The tolerance to the heat stress was not disrupted by changing the contextual cues associated with the heat. These findings demonstrate tolerance to repeated heat stress but do not provide evidence of associative learning in this adaptation. Future experiments should assess the question of thermoregulation and associative processes using highly discriminant conditioning environments.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

This thesis aims to investigate how well associative learning can account for human sequence learning under incidental conditions. It seems that we can learn complex sequential information about events in our environment, for example language or music, incidentally, without being aware of it. Awareness is, however, a complex issue with arguments for (Dienes, 2012) and against (Shanks, 2005) the existence of implicit learning processes. A dual process account proposes that there exist two different learning systems, one based on conscious, controlled reasoning and rules, and the other based on automatic association formation, which can take place outside of awareness (McLaren, Green, & Mackintosh, 1994). This thesis attempts to use the predictions of an associative account in conjunction with a suitable method for investigating implicit learning: sequence learning (Destrebecqz & Cleeremans, 2003). The research involves a collection of serial reaction time (SRT) tasks whereby participants respond to on-screen stimuli that follow a sequence that they were (intentional learning) or were not (incidental learning) informed of. Following on from the experimental design of Jones and McLaren (2009) this thesis provides evidence that humans differ in their ability to learn different sequential contingencies. After training sequences of trials where the current trial location was twice as likely to be either: the same as (Same rule); or different to (Different rule) the location two trials before this, participants were far better at learning the latter rule. I found that this result was not adequately simulated by the benchmark associative model of sequence learning, the Augmented SRN (Cleeremans & McClelland, 1991), and present a revised model. This model, amongst other attributes, represents all the stimuli experienced by participants and can therefore learn stimulus-response contingencies. These seem to block learning (to some extent) about the Same rule thus providing an associative explanation of the advantage for acquisition of the Different rule. Further predictions regarding the role of additional stimuli alongside sequence learning were then derived from this associative account and tested on human participants. The first of these was that additional stimuli within the task will interact with sequence learning. I found that human participants show increased Same rule learning when additional, concurrently presented stimuli follow the previous element in the sequence. I demonstrate that when participants perform an SRT task where responses are predicted by the colour of a cue, they are able to learn about this relationship in the absence of awareness. Using this cue-response learning I further investigate cue-competition between sequences and colours under incidental conditions and find evidence that suggests between cue associations may alter the influence of cue competition. These results altogether suggest that stimuli – both simple and sequential – can be learned under incidental conditions. This thesis further proposes that learning about simple and more complex relationships between stimuli interacts according to the predictions of an associative account and provides evidence that contributes to a dual process understanding of human learning.

Le caoutchouc naturel (CN) est un élastomère produit à partir du latex d'Hevea brasiliensis. Ce matériau est constitué en moyenne de 94% (m/m) de poly(cis-1,4-isoprène) et de 6% (m/m) de composés non-isoprènes avec notamment des lipides (1,5-3,0%), des protéines (~ 2,0%) et des éléments minéraux (0,2%). Ces composés non-isoprènes seraient responsables de la structure associative ainsi que des propriétés remarquables du CN. Ce matériau présente une grande variabilité de ses propriétés de mise en œuvre, liée aux conditions agronomiques (saison, clones, système d'exploitation) et aux différents procédés de fabrication existants. Le projet CANAOPT, dans lequel s'inscrit cette thèse, vise à identifier et à quantifier les sources de variabilité, ainsi qu'à développer de nouveaux grades de CN à variabilité réduite et contrôlée pour les applications antivibratoires. Ces travaux de thèse visent à mieux comprendre l'origine du gel du CN et son influence sur les propriétés rhéologiques du matériau. Cette phase gel (ou gel total) est constituée d'une fraction insoluble en solvant organique appelée le macrogel, et d'une fraction de microagrégats dispersés dans la fraction soluble et appelée le microgel.Le premier axe de recherche de cette thèse vise à identifier l'effet du gel sur les propriétés rhéologiques du CN. Dans ce but, des méthodes ont été développées afin de quantifier les différents taux de gels du CN, de caractériser la structure des chaînes de poly(cis-1,4-isoprène) et des microagrégats (SEC-MALS en mode TBABr), mais également de mesurer les propriétés rhéologiques en double cisaillement (DMTA). Une méthode permettant de caractériser rapidement le taux de composés non-isoprènes des échantillons par spectroscopie FT-IR a également été mise au point. Des corrélations ont d'abord été mises en évidence entre les masses molaires moyennes des macromolécules et les propriétés rhéologiques d'une sélection de 25 échantillons différents. Enfin, une corrélation a également été mise en évidence entre le taux de gel total et le paramètre K' décrit par le modèle de Perez. Ce paramètre est déterminé graphiquement par la représentation Cole-Cole. En parallèle, ces travaux se sont portés sur une caractérisation physico-chimique du microgel et du macrogel du CN. Une méthodologie d'extraction du microgel a été mise en place, et a permis la caractérisation des microagrégats du CN. La composition, le degré de réticulation, et les propriétés rhéologiques des macrogels issus d'une sélection de 11 échantillons de CN ont également été étudiés. Il a été montré que le taux de protéines contenus dans le macrogel (5-51% m/m) est directement lié à son degré de réticulation et impacte ses propriétés rhéologiques, très supérieures à celles du CN brut et de la fraction soluble correspondants. / Natural Rubber (NR) is an elastomer made from Hevea brasiliensis latex. It contains about 94% (w/w) of cis-1,4-polyisoprene and 6% (w/w) of non-isoprene compounds, such as lipids (1.5-3.0%), proteins (~ 2.0%) and minerals (0.2%). These non-isoprene compounds are assumed to be responsible for the associative structure and the outstanding properties of NR. However, substantial variability in NR properties is caused by diverse agronomic conditions (season, clones and tapping system) and by the different manufacturing processes. This PhD thesis is part of the French CANAOPT project, which aims to create new NR grades with reduced and controlled variability for antivibratory applications. This PhD work aims for a better understanding of the origin of the NR gel phase and its influence on rheological properties. The gel phase of NR (or total gel) is composed of a fraction that is insoluble in organic solvent (macrogel), and of microaggregates dispersed in the soluble fraction (microgel). The first component of this PhD research set out to identify the impact of the gel phase on NR properties. To that end, characterization methods were developed in order to investigate the different gel contents, the structures of cis-1,4-polyisoprene chains and microaggregates (SEC-MALS in TBABr mode), and also rheological properties in double-shear solicitation (DMTA) of NR samples. The non-isoprene contents (lipids and proteins) were also investigated using a new characterization method in FT-IR spectroscopy, developed during this PhD work. Correlations between the average molar masses of the macromolecules and the rheological properties of 25 NR samples were highlighted. Finally, a correlation was found between the total gel content and a K' parameter, introduced by the Perez model and graphically determined by the Cole-Cole representation.At the same time, physicochemical characterization of the microgel and the macrogel of NR samples was undertaken. First, a new method was developed in order to extract and study NR microaggregates. The composition, the degree of crosslinking and the rheological properties of macrogels extracted from 11 NR samples were also investigated. It was found that the protein content (5-51% w/w) of the macrogel was clearly correlated to its degree of crosslinking. The macrogel protein content also influenced its rheological properties, which were much greater than those of the corresponding NR and soluble fraction.

La décharge contrôlée par barrière diélectrique est un type de décharge hors-équilibre, fonctionnant à la pression atmosphérique. Normalement, elle est générée en état filamentaire qui se caractérise par une multitude de micro-décharges. Par contre, dans certaines conditions, nous pouvons obtenir une décharge homogène. Par exemple, dans notre étude, une décharge homogène est obtenue en atmosphère principale d’azote à la pression atmosphérique et comme ses caractéristiques électriques sont similaires à celles d’une décharge sombre de Townsend à basse pression, elle est appelée décharge de Townsend à la pression atmosphérique (DTPA). Pour maintenir un claquage de Townsend, un effet mémoire entre deux décharges est nécessaire. Cet effet mémoire conduit à la création d’électrons germes sous faible champ qui, lors de l’inversion de polarité permettent l’obtention d’une décharge homogène. Un marqueur de cet effet mémoire observable par les caractéristiques électriques de la décharge est le saut de courant quand la tension du gaz passe par zéro: plus le saut de courant est grand, plus l’effet mémoire est important. Des études précédentes ont montré l’importance des métastables de l’azote N2(A), qui produisent des électrons par émission secondaire entre deux décharges lors du bombardement des surfaces diélectriques. Néanmoins, nous observons que l’ajout d’une faible quantité de gaz oxydant (ici de l’oxygène) permet d’obtenir une décharge homogène plus stable, malgré la destruction considérable de N2(A) par quenching par des espèces oxydantes. En conséquence, nous proposons un autre processus pour la production des électrons germes en volume, basé sur la réaction d’ionisation associative suivante: N(2P)+O(3P) -->NO++e- où N(2P) est créé par la réaction: N(4S)+N2(A)-->N(2P)+N2(X). Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, nous utilisons la technique de la fluorescence induite par laser (LIF/TALIF), afin de déterminer les densités absolues de N(4S), O(3P) et NO. Les mesures sont faites pour différentes conditions expérimentales pour étudier l’influence du flux de gaz, de la puissance de la décharge et tout particulièrement de la concentration d’oxygène. Avec une augmentation de la concentration en oxygène jusqu’à 200ppm, la densité de N(4S) diminue à cause de sa destruction par les espèces oxydantes. Les densités de O(3P) et NO(X) augmentent puis saturent. Ceci peut être expliqué par le fait que la production de O(3P) et NO(X) est liée à la densité de N2(A). Ainsi pour de faibles concentrations en oxygène, l’ajout d’oxygène favorise la production de O(3P) et NO(X), mais pour des concentrations plus fortes, la destruction de N2(A) par quenching par les espèces oxydantes devient plus importante, limitant ainsi la production de O(3P) et NO(X). Avec les densités de N(4S), O(3P) et NO(X) mesurées expérimentalement, et la densité de N2(A) déterminée par Dilecce et al, la densité de N(2P) entre deux décharges peut être estimée par un modèle simple. Il est alors possible d’estimer la production d’électrons germes par les réactions d’ionisation associative et finalement le saut de courant qui en résulte. Un bon accord est observé entre les évolutions du saut de courant mesuré et calculé, même si des écarts quantitatifs subsistent. En conclusion, l’ionisation associative peut être considérée comme une bonne candidate pour expliquer l’augmentation de la création d’électrons germe entre deux décharges lorsqu’une faible quantité d’oxygène est introduite dans l’azote. / Dielectric barrier discharge is a type of non-equilibrium discharge, operating at atmospheric pressure. Normally, it is generated in filamentary mode which is characterized by a multitude of micro-discharges. Nevertheless, under certain conditions, it is possible to obtain a homogeneous discharge. In our study, the discharge is ignited in a nitrogen based atmosphere at atmospheric pressure and since its electrical characteristics are similar to that of a Townsend discharge at low pressure, it is called atmospheric pressure Townsend discharge (APTD). To maintain a Townsend discharge, a memory effect between two successive discharges is necessary. This memory effect is characterized by the creation of seed electrons under low electric field. A marker of this memory effect can be observed on the electrical characteristics: a current jump is observed when the gas voltage polarity reverses. The larger the current jump, the more important the memory effect. Previous investigations showed the importance of the N2(A) metastable molecules, which produce electrons by secondary emission on the dielectrics. Nevertheless, we observe that the addition of a small amount of oxidizing gas (in this case oxygen) results in a more stable homogeneous discharge, despite the considerable destruction of N2(A) by quenching by the oxidizing species. Therefore, we propose another process for the production of seed electrons, based on the following associative ionization reaction: N(2P)+O(3P)-->NO++e- where N(2P) is created by: N(4S)+N2(A)-->N(2P)+N2(X). To verify this hypothesis, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF/TALIF) measurements were done to determine the absolute densities of N(4S), O(3P) and NO(X) between two discharges. The measurements were performed under different experimental conditions to study the influence of the gas flow, the discharge power and more specifically the concentration of oxygen. For increasing oxygen concentration up to 200ppm, the density of N(4S) decreases because of its higher destruction by the oxidizing species. The densities of O(3P) and NO(X) increase and then become nearly constant. It can be explained by the fact that the production mechanisms of O(3P) and NO(X) involve N2(A) molecules. Then, whereas the addition of a small amount of oxygen favors the production of O(3P) and NO(X), a higher oxygen concentration induces a larger destruction of N2(A) by quenching due to the oxidizing species, which finally limits the production of O(3P) and NO(X). Knowing the densities of N(4S), O(3P) and NO(X) from experimental measurements, and the density of N2(A) from the work of Dilecce et al, the density of N(2P) can be estimated using a simple model, as well as the production of electrons due to associative ionizations. Finally the current jump can be calculated. The evolutions of the measured and calculated current jump have the same tendency even if the calculated values are much higher. In conclusion, associative ionization can be considered as a serious candidate to explain the increase of the memory effect and discharge stability when a small amount of oxygen is added to the nitrogen atmosphere of an APTD.

Previous research has consistently shown associative deficits in older adults learning and memory (Chalfonte & Johnson 1996; Naveh-Benjamin, 2000; Naveh-Benjamin, Hussain, & Bar-On 2003) that are related to decreases in hippocampal function (Driscoll et al., 2003; Mitchell, Johnson, Raye, & D’Esposito, 2000). However, older adults learn certain simple predictive relationships between events (Mutter & Williams, 2004) that involve basal ganglia dependent error-driven learning. The goal of the current study was to determine whether error-driven learning could reduce the age-related associative deficits that are associated with hippocampal decline. The results did not support the idea that error-driven learning enhanced older adults’ associative memory, although our study supported normal error-driven processing in older adults. Our study confirms prior findings showing that age differences in associative memory are greater following an error-driven learning task than following an observation learning task (Schmitt-Eliassen, Ferstl, Wiesner, Deuschl, & Witt, 2007; Shohamy et al., 2004). Therefore, the results of the study did not support enhanced associative memory for older adults due to errordriven processing.