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Effect of fruit maturation and ripening potential for optimum eating quality of 'Forelle' pearsCarmichael, Patricia Cassie 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Climatic differences between production areas or seasons directly affect the rate of fruit maturation and the eating quality following storage and ripening. South African ‘Forelle’ pears are harvested at an optimum firmness of 6.4 kg and have mandatory cold storage duration of 12 weeks at -0.5°C to ensure even ripening. The firmness variable alone, however, is not a good indicator of ripening potential. Hence, various maturity variables (ethylene production, ground colour, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS) titratable acidity (TA), and starch breakdown) and their rates of change were evaluated to identify consistent maturity indices that can be reliably used in a prediction model to determine optimum harvest maturity (Chapter 2). This was then related to the ripening potential (Chapter 3) and eating quality (Chapter 4), defined by optimum ‘edible firmness’ (3.5 kg), presence or absence of astringency or mealiness.
Fruit were harvested from three main producing areas: Warm Bokkeveld (WBV), Elgin and Koue Bokkeveld (KBV). Harvesting was done biweekly on five harvest dates over three successive seasons (2007-2009). At harvest, 20 of 240 fruit per block were used to determine maturity using all the mentioned parameters in order to understand their changes and behaviour pre-harvest. The remaining 220 fruit were stored at -0.5°C for three storage durations followed by ripening at 15°C.
At harvest, the 2007 season’s fruit were more advanced in ground colour and were significantly softer (6.7 kg) than the 2008 (7.0 kg) and 2009 (7.1 kg) seasons. Firmness, ground colour, TSS and TA, all displayed a linear relationship with days after full bloom. For the firmness and ground colour, more than 90% and 73%, respectively, was explained by the variation in the linear model, while for the TSS and TA less than 70% could be accounted for by the model.
Fruit harvested before commercial harvest (pre-optimum) in 2007 and 2009 failed to ripen to an ‘edible firmness’ when stored for eight weeks at -0.5oC plus 11 days at 15oC. In 2008, eight weeks storage was sufficient to induce ripening changes in pre-optimum harvested fruit. The development of ripening potential in the 2008 earlier harvested fruit, corresponded with a higher rate of change (3.15 µL.kg-1.h-1.day-1) in ethylene production at 15oC compared to the 2007 (1.98 µL.kg-1.h-1.day-1) and 2009 (1.87 µL.kg-1.h-1.day-1) seasons. The 2007 season fruit experienced maximum incidence of astringency (36.7%) on the first harvested fruit.
In all three seasons, fruit harvested at commercial harvest time and later (optimum and post-optimum), required an eight week storage period to induce ripening. However, the eight weeks storage period developed highest mealiness. More than 40% of the last harvested fruit were mealy after eight weeks at -0.5°C plus seven days at 15°C. Mealiness significantly reduced with prolonged storage at -0.5°C. Fruit from the WBV and Elgin, warmer areas than the KBV, were more prone to mealiness.
In conclusion, firmness was the most consistent variable at harvest and could be used in conjunction with ground colour to determine ‘Forelle’ harvest maturity. Furthermore, the study does not support shortening the current mandatory 12 weeks period at -0.5°C due to the higher incidence of astringency and mealiness. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klimaats verskille tussen produksie areas of seisoene affekteer die tempo van vrugrypwording en eetkwaliteit na opberging en rypwording direk. Suid-Afrikaanse ‘Forelle’ word ge-oes by ‘n optimum fermheid van 6.4 kg en het ‘n verpligte opbergingstydperk van 12 weke by -0.5°C om egalige rypwording te verseker. Die veranderlike ‘fermheid’ is egter nie ‘n goeie aanduiding van die rypheidspotensiaal op sy eie nie. Dus is verskeie rypheidsparameters (etileen produksie, agtergrond kleur, fermheid, total oplosbare vaste stowwe (TOVS), titreerbare suur (TS) en stysel afbraak) en die tempo van verandering ge-evalueer om konstante rypheidsverwysings te identifiseer wat met vertroue in ‘n voorspellingsmodel gebruik kan word om optimum oes rypheid te kan bepaal (Hoofstuk 2). Dit is dan in verband gebring met die rypwordingspotensiaal (Hoofstuk 3) en eetgehalte (Hoofstuk 4), wat gedefiniëer is deur “eetbare fermheid” (3.5 kg), frankheid en melerigheid.
Vrugte is ge-oes uit drie, hoof verbouingsareas: Warm Bokkeveld (WBV), Elgin en Koue Bokkeveld (KBV). By oes is 20 van die 240 vrugte per blok gebruik om die vrug rypheid te bepaal, deur al die bogenoemde parameters te gebruik, om die verandering en reaksie voor oes te begryp. Die oorblywende 220 vrugte is opgeberg by -0.5°C vir drie opbergingstye, gevolg deur rypmaking by 15°C.
By oes was die vrugte van die 2007 seisoen verder gevorderd in agtergrond kleur en betekenisvol sagter (6.7 kg) as die van 2008 (7 kg) en 2009 (7.1 kg). Fermheid, agtergrond kleur, TOVS en TS het almal ‘n lineêre verband getoon met dae na volblom. In geval van fermheid en agtergrond kleur, is meer as onderskeidelik 90% en 73% verklaar deur die variasie in die lineêre model, terwyl in geval van die TOVS en TS, minder as 70% deur die model verklaar kon word.
Vrugte wat voor die kommersiële oes (pre-optimum) ge-oes is in 2007 en 2009, het nie daarin geslaag om ryp te word tot by ‘eetbare fermheid’ na ag weke by -0.5°C en 11 dae by 15°C nie. Daarteenoor kon vrugte wat pre-optimum ge-oes is in 2008, wel geïnduseer word om ryp te word met ag weke opbeging. Die ontwikkeling van die rypwordingspotensiaal van vrugte wat vroeër ge-oes is, stem ooreen met die hoër tempo van verandering (3.15 µL.kg-1.h-1.dag-1) in etileen produksie by 15°C in vergelyking met seisoene 2007 (1.98 µL.kg-1.h-1.dag-1) en 2009(1.87 µL.kg-1.h-1.dag-1). Die 2007 seisoen vrugte het die maksimum voorkoms van frankheid (36.7%) getoon vir vrugte van die eerste oes datum.
In al drie seisoene waar vrugte wat by kommersiële oes of later (optimum en post optimum) ge-oes is, was ‘n ag weke periode van opgeberging voldoende om rypwording te inisiëer, alhoewel die ag weke opberging ook gelei tot die hoogste voorkoms van melerigheid. Meer as 40% van die laat ge-oeste vrugte was melering na ag weke opberging by -0.5°C en sewe dae by 15°C. Melerigheid is betekenisvol verlaag met ‘n verlengde opbergingsperiode by -0.5°C. Vrugte vanaf die WBV en Elgin, warmer areas as die KBV, was meer onderhewig aan melerigheid.
Opsommend was fermheid die reëlmatigste veranderlike by oes en kan tesame met agtergrondkleur, gebruik word om vrugrypheid van ‘Forelle’ te bepaal. Verder het die studie nie ‘n verkorting van die huidige, verpligte 12 week opberingsperiode by -0.5°C gesteun nie, weens die hoë voorkoms van frankheid en melerigheid.
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Quantification of oral roughness perception and comparison with mechanism of astringency perceptionLinne, Brianne M. 21 November 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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Contribution de la spectrométrie de masse à l'étude des interactions entre les protéines salivaires riche en proline et les tanins. / Study of the interactions occurring between the human salivary proline rich proteins and tannins by a mass spectrometry approach.Canon, Francis 30 September 2010 (has links)
L'astringence résulte de l'interaction des tanins, polyphénols abondants dans les végétaux, avec les protéines salivaires et plus particuliÈrement les protéines salivaires riches en proline (PRP), appartenant à la famille des protéines peu structurées. Les tanins participent aux mécanismes de défense des végétaux et présentent des effets antinutritionnels dus à leur capacitè à inhiber les enzymes digestives. La synthÈse de PRP salivaires constitue un mècanisme d'adaptation à la consommation d'aliments riches en tanins. Ce travail vise à caractèriser les complexes ètablis en solution entre les PRP et les tanins, par une approche basèe sur la spectromètrie de masse (MS). Pour cela, les protèines salivaires humaines IB5, PRP basique, et II-1, PRP glycosylèe, ont ètè produites par voie hètèrologue. AprÈs purification, les deux protèines ont ètè caractèrisèes par MS avec une source d'electronèbullisation (ESI-MS) et avec une source MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation). L'ètude des interactions par ESI-MS a confirmè la prèsence en solution de complexes non-covalents IB5tanin et permis de prèciser leurs stchiomètries. Des expèriences de compètition entre diffèrents tanins et de dissociation des complexes IB5tanin ont mis en èvidence l'influence des principales caractèristiques structurales des tanins sur cette interaction. L'ètude structurale des èdifices IB5tanin, par diffèrentes techniques de MS/MS (Collision Induced Dissociation, Electron Capture Dissociation et photodissociation) et par mobilitè ionique couplèe à la MS, a mis en èvidence la prèsence de plusieurs sites d'interaction sur IB5 ainsi que des changements conformationnels liès à l'interaction / Astringency is an important organoleptic property of plant-based food. It is attributed to interactions of tannins, which are polyphenolic compounds, with salivary proteins and especially proline rich proteins (PRPs), which belong to the group of intrinsically unstructured protein (IUP). Tannins play an important part in plant defence mechanisms. Indeed, they have an antinutritional effect as they inhibit digestive enzymes. Production of salivary PRP is thus an adaptation process to tannin-rich diets. The purpose of this work is to provide a closer look at PRPtannin supramolecular edifices in solution, using a mass spectrometry (MS) approach. The human salivary proteins IB5, a basic PRP, and II-1, a glycosylated PRP, have been produced by heterologous expression. After purification, both proteins have been characterized by MS using electrospray (ESI) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation (MALDI) sources. The study of the interaction between IB5 and model tannins by ESI-MS confirmed the presence of IB5tannin non covalent complexes in solution and provided new information on their stoichiometries. Competitive interaction experiments between IB5 and two tannins, along with IB5tannin complexes dissociation studies revealed the impact of the main tannin chemical features on this interaction. Structural studies performed on IB5tanin edifices by Collision induced dissociation (CID), Electron Capture Dissociation (ECD) and photodissociation MS/MS experiments and by ion mobility coupled with MS showed the presence of several interaction sites on IB5 and conformational changes arising from the interaction.
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Estudos anatômicos e fisiológicos de frutos de caquizeiro (Diospyros kaki L.) quanto ao acúmulo de taninos e aos processos de destanização / Anatomical and physiological studies of persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.) on the tannin accumulation and deastringency processesTessmer, Magda Andréia 25 April 2014 (has links)
O presente trabalho visou analisar comparativamente as alterações fisiológicas e estruturais de caquis adstringentes (PVA) e não adstringentes (PCNA) desde o início do desenvolvimento até a maturação avançada. Além disso, na pós-colheita, foram realizados tratamentos de destanização e testadas diferentes condições de armazenamento para \"Giombo\". Este trabalho está sendo apresentado em seis capítulos, sendo que os últimos cinco capítulos referem-se aos experimentos realizados entre 2010 a 2013. No capítulo 2 é apresentado o desenvolvimento de caquis \"Giombo\" (PVA) e \"Fuyu\"(PCNA). Foi possível observar que a diferenciação das células taníferas e o processo de acúmulo de taninos no vacúolo não variou entre as cultivares, porém houve diferença significativa em relação à densidade de células taníferas e aos teores de taninos solúveis. O capítulo 3 apresenta o estudo comparativo de sete estádios de maturação de caquis \"Giombo\" e \"Rojo Brillante\"(PVA) e \"Fuyu\" e \"Hana Fuyu\" (PCNA). A redução da firmeza do mesocarpo de caquis de ambos os grupos está relacionada ao avanço da maturação e não à perda natural da adstringência. A capacidade antioxidante e o teor de sólidos solúveis em caquis dos dois grupos indicam que pode haver relação com a perda natural da adstringência, pois houve decréscimo somente nas cultivares PVA durante a maturação. Os taninos delimitados às células taníferas no teste com vanilina clorídrica, e o conteúdo do vacúolo com aspecto alveolar observado ao Cryo-SEM podem estar relacionados à polimerização dos taninos durante o amadurecimento dos frutos. No experimento descrito no capítulo 4, caquis \"Giombo\" de fim e início de safra foram submetidos a diferentes tempos de exposição ao etanol (1,70 mL Kg-1). No fim da safra os frutos obtiveram índice de adstringência e teores de taninos solúveis adequados para consumo em 24 horas e, no início da safra, em 36 horas. O capítulo 5 discute a influência das pectinas na remoção da adstringência de caquis \"Giombo\" sob o armazenamento refrigerado a 5?C. Os resultados indicaram que não houve interação das pectinas com os taninos solúveis na remoção da adstringência, pois mesmo com a redução da firmeza de polpa e aumento da solubilização das pectinas, o índice de adstringência e o teor de taninos solúveis permaneceram elevados nos frutos não destanizados. No capítulo 6 é apresentada a influência das temperaturas (1, 5 e 10?C) de armazenamento na qualidade de caquis \"Giombo\" destanizados tratados ou não com 1-MCP. A qualidade foi melhor preservada quando os frutos foram destanizados e tratados com 1-MCP e armazenados a 1ºC por até 35 dias. Os frutos que foram apenas destanizados tiveram a estrutura celular do mesocarpo e a firmeza mais alteradas em todas as temperaturas analisadas. Provavelmente, a temperatura de 5ºC torna os frutos mais susceptíveis a danos por frio com redução drástica da firmeza e alterações estruturais. / This study purpose was the comparison between the physiological and structural changes of astringent persimmons (PVA) and non-astringent (PCNA) from the start of development to advanced maturation. Furthermore, postharvest treatments of deastringency were made and tested for different storage conditions at \"Giombo\". This work is presented in six Chapters, and the last five chapters refer to experiments conducted between 2010 and 2013. Chapter 2 describes the development of persimmons \"Giombo\" (PVA) and \"Fuyu\" (PCNA). It was observed that the differentiation of tannin cells and the accumulation process of tannin in vacuole did not vary among cultivars, but there was a significant difference in the density of tannin cells and soluble tannins. Chapter 3 presents the comparative study of seven stages of ripening persimmons \"Giombo\" and \"Rojo Brillante\" (PVA), and \"Fuyu\" and \"Hana Fuyu\" (PCNA). Reduction of mesocarp firmness of both groups of persimmons is related to maturation advance and not due to natural loss of astringency. Antioxidant capacity and total soluble solids of persimmons from both groups indicate a possible relation with the natural loss of astringency, once only PVA cultivars showed astringency decrease during ripening. The tannins delimited in tannin cells for the test with vanillin hydrochloric, and the contents of the vacuole with alveolus aspect observed by Cryo-SEM may be related to tannin polymerization during fruit ripening. In the experiment described in Chapter 4, persimmons \"Giombo\" from late and early harvest were submitted to different periods of exposure to ethanol (1.70 mL kg-1). Fruits obtained at late harvest presented index astringency and soluble tannin content suitable for consumption within 24 hours, while early harvest in 36 hours. Chapter 5 regards to the influence of pectins in astringency removal of persimmons \"Giombo\" under cold storage at 5?C. Results indicated no interaction of pectins with soluble tannins astringency removal, because even with the reduction of flesh firmness and increased solubilization of pectins, the index of astringency and soluble tannins remained high in fruits not deastringenced. The influence of temperature (1, 5 and 10?C) storage on the quality of persimmons \"Giombo\" treated or not with 1-MCP is presented in Chapter 6. Better quality was observed when the fruits were deastringenced, treated with 1-MCP and stored at 1°C for up to 35 days. Fruits that had been only deastringenced had bigger changes on their mesocarp cellular structure and firmness at all temperatures experimented. The temperature of 5°C may be responsible for making fruitsmore susceptible to chilling injury with structural changes and a drastic reduction of the firmness.
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Estudos anatômicos e fisiológicos de frutos de caquizeiro (Diospyros kaki L.) quanto ao acúmulo de taninos e aos processos de destanização / Anatomical and physiological studies of persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.) on the tannin accumulation and deastringency processesMagda Andréia Tessmer 25 April 2014 (has links)
O presente trabalho visou analisar comparativamente as alterações fisiológicas e estruturais de caquis adstringentes (PVA) e não adstringentes (PCNA) desde o início do desenvolvimento até a maturação avançada. Além disso, na pós-colheita, foram realizados tratamentos de destanização e testadas diferentes condições de armazenamento para \"Giombo\". Este trabalho está sendo apresentado em seis capítulos, sendo que os últimos cinco capítulos referem-se aos experimentos realizados entre 2010 a 2013. No capítulo 2 é apresentado o desenvolvimento de caquis \"Giombo\" (PVA) e \"Fuyu\"(PCNA). Foi possível observar que a diferenciação das células taníferas e o processo de acúmulo de taninos no vacúolo não variou entre as cultivares, porém houve diferença significativa em relação à densidade de células taníferas e aos teores de taninos solúveis. O capítulo 3 apresenta o estudo comparativo de sete estádios de maturação de caquis \"Giombo\" e \"Rojo Brillante\"(PVA) e \"Fuyu\" e \"Hana Fuyu\" (PCNA). A redução da firmeza do mesocarpo de caquis de ambos os grupos está relacionada ao avanço da maturação e não à perda natural da adstringência. A capacidade antioxidante e o teor de sólidos solúveis em caquis dos dois grupos indicam que pode haver relação com a perda natural da adstringência, pois houve decréscimo somente nas cultivares PVA durante a maturação. Os taninos delimitados às células taníferas no teste com vanilina clorídrica, e o conteúdo do vacúolo com aspecto alveolar observado ao Cryo-SEM podem estar relacionados à polimerização dos taninos durante o amadurecimento dos frutos. No experimento descrito no capítulo 4, caquis \"Giombo\" de fim e início de safra foram submetidos a diferentes tempos de exposição ao etanol (1,70 mL Kg-1). No fim da safra os frutos obtiveram índice de adstringência e teores de taninos solúveis adequados para consumo em 24 horas e, no início da safra, em 36 horas. O capítulo 5 discute a influência das pectinas na remoção da adstringência de caquis \"Giombo\" sob o armazenamento refrigerado a 5?C. Os resultados indicaram que não houve interação das pectinas com os taninos solúveis na remoção da adstringência, pois mesmo com a redução da firmeza de polpa e aumento da solubilização das pectinas, o índice de adstringência e o teor de taninos solúveis permaneceram elevados nos frutos não destanizados. No capítulo 6 é apresentada a influência das temperaturas (1, 5 e 10?C) de armazenamento na qualidade de caquis \"Giombo\" destanizados tratados ou não com 1-MCP. A qualidade foi melhor preservada quando os frutos foram destanizados e tratados com 1-MCP e armazenados a 1ºC por até 35 dias. Os frutos que foram apenas destanizados tiveram a estrutura celular do mesocarpo e a firmeza mais alteradas em todas as temperaturas analisadas. Provavelmente, a temperatura de 5ºC torna os frutos mais susceptíveis a danos por frio com redução drástica da firmeza e alterações estruturais. / This study purpose was the comparison between the physiological and structural changes of astringent persimmons (PVA) and non-astringent (PCNA) from the start of development to advanced maturation. Furthermore, postharvest treatments of deastringency were made and tested for different storage conditions at \"Giombo\". This work is presented in six Chapters, and the last five chapters refer to experiments conducted between 2010 and 2013. Chapter 2 describes the development of persimmons \"Giombo\" (PVA) and \"Fuyu\" (PCNA). It was observed that the differentiation of tannin cells and the accumulation process of tannin in vacuole did not vary among cultivars, but there was a significant difference in the density of tannin cells and soluble tannins. Chapter 3 presents the comparative study of seven stages of ripening persimmons \"Giombo\" and \"Rojo Brillante\" (PVA), and \"Fuyu\" and \"Hana Fuyu\" (PCNA). Reduction of mesocarp firmness of both groups of persimmons is related to maturation advance and not due to natural loss of astringency. Antioxidant capacity and total soluble solids of persimmons from both groups indicate a possible relation with the natural loss of astringency, once only PVA cultivars showed astringency decrease during ripening. The tannins delimited in tannin cells for the test with vanillin hydrochloric, and the contents of the vacuole with alveolus aspect observed by Cryo-SEM may be related to tannin polymerization during fruit ripening. In the experiment described in Chapter 4, persimmons \"Giombo\" from late and early harvest were submitted to different periods of exposure to ethanol (1.70 mL kg-1). Fruits obtained at late harvest presented index astringency and soluble tannin content suitable for consumption within 24 hours, while early harvest in 36 hours. Chapter 5 regards to the influence of pectins in astringency removal of persimmons \"Giombo\" under cold storage at 5?C. Results indicated no interaction of pectins with soluble tannins astringency removal, because even with the reduction of flesh firmness and increased solubilization of pectins, the index of astringency and soluble tannins remained high in fruits not deastringenced. The influence of temperature (1, 5 and 10?C) storage on the quality of persimmons \"Giombo\" treated or not with 1-MCP is presented in Chapter 6. Better quality was observed when the fruits were deastringenced, treated with 1-MCP and stored at 1°C for up to 35 days. Fruits that had been only deastringenced had bigger changes on their mesocarp cellular structure and firmness at all temperatures experimented. The temperature of 5°C may be responsible for making fruitsmore susceptible to chilling injury with structural changes and a drastic reduction of the firmness.
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HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF PERSIMMON FRUIT:PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTSNovillo Borrás, Pedro 13 November 2016 (has links)
[EN] In recent years, persimmon crop has become very relevant in Mediterranean Spain, where the production of this fruit centres on only one variety, persimmon cv. Rojo Brillante, majorly located in the Valencian Community. The main postharvest disorders manifested by 'Rojo Brillante' persimmons are flesh browning, which is associated with mechanical damage and chilling injury displayed after low-temperature storage. Previous research has determined the postharvest conditions that lead fruit to develop such alterations. However, the biochemical process behind flesh browning and chilling injury disorders is still unknown.
Currently, there is special interest in introducing cultivars from other countries to broaden the varietal range. Besides, prolonging the fruit storage period to supply the markets according to the demand is one of the main challenges.
In this context, the present Thesis approached three main objectives: 1) Studying the biochemical process implied in the main physiological postharvest disorders manifested in persimmon fruits by focusing on changes in the fruit redox state; 2) Evaluating postharvest treatments to preserve fruit quality during cold storage; 3) Assessing the physico-chemical and nutritional quality of persimmon cultivars introduced from other countries to increase the varietal range.
Biochemical, chromatographic and microstructural studies have revealed that flesh browning manifested by fruits submitted to mechanical damage after removing astringency is associated with a tannins oxidation process caused by a stress oxidative situation. A new flesh disorder, "pinkish bruising", has been described on fruits submitted to mechanical impacts while showing high astringency levels. Sensitiveness to the flesh browning disorder has also been evaluated on different cultivars introduced from other countries.
The implication of the redox system in the chilling injury manifestation on 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon has been determined. Moreover, we described the changes in this system associated with chilling injury alleviation by 1-MCP treatment.
The effect of a controlled atmosphere based on 4-5% O2 + N2 to prolong the storage of cultivars 'Rojo Brillante' and 'Triumph' has been seen to strongly depend on variety. The results were highly positive on cultivar 'Triumph', in which the evaluated atmosphere extended the storage period up to 3 months.
The use of short-term high CO2 treatments was another technology assayed to alleviate chilling injury in non-astringent cultivar 'Fuyu'. This treatment significantly reduced the main chilling injury symptom manifested by this cultivar, which is flesh gelling. This effect was related to cell structure preservation.
Recent studies have shown that ethyl formate treatment is highly effective for pest control of persimmon 'Fuyu'. However, this treatment induces fruit softening, which causes quality loss. This Thesis revealed that ethyl formate treatment induces the activity of ethylene synthesis-related genes and that flesh softening is mediated by this hormone. It also demonstrated that by applying 1-MPC pretreatment, fruit softening associated with ethyl formate can be controlled. Therefore, the combined used of both treatments is seen as a potential treatment to disinfect persimmon fruits while preserving quality.
Finally, the study of ten cultivars introduced from other countries helped select the most interesting cultivars to broaden the varietal range according to their maturation date and their response to deastringency treatment. The main nutritional compounds of persimmon and how they are affected by CO2 deastringency treatment are described. / [ES] El caqui es un cultivo de gran relevancia en el área mediterránea de España, estando la producción centrada en una única variedad, el cv. Rojo Brillante, y localizada principalmente en la Comunidad Valenciana. Las principales alteraciones presentadas por el caqui 'Rojo Brillante' durante el periodo postcosecha son el pardeamiento de la pulpa asociado a los daños mecánicos y los daños por frío manifestados tras la conservación a bajas temperaturas. Las investigaciones previas han determinado las condiciones de manejo bajo las cuales se desarrollan dichas alteraciones, sin embargo los procesos bioquímicos involucrados en la manifestación de estos desórdenes no se conocen en profundidad.
Actualmente uno de los principales retos es la introducción de nuevas variedades que permitan ampliar la gama varietal, así como prolongar los periodos de conservación del caqui con el fin de poder escalonar la puesta en el mercado en función de la demanda.
En la presente Tesis se han abordado tres objetivos principales: 1) Estudiar los procesos bioquímicos implicados en los principales desórdenes postcosecha del caqui, prestando especial atención a los cambios en el sistema redox del fruto; 2) Evaluar diferentes tratamientos postcosecha para preservar la calidad del fruto durante la conservación frigorífica; 3) Evaluar la calidad físico-química y nutricional de diferentes variedades de caqui introducidas desde otros países para ampliar la gama varietal.
Estudios bioquímicos, cromatográficos y microestructurales, han revelado que el pardeamiento de la pulpa o "browning", manifestado por la fruta que ha sufrido daños mecánicos tras la eliminación de la astringencia está asociado a un proceso de oxidación de taninos motivado por una situación de estrés oxidativo. Además se ha descrito una nueva alteración de la pulpa, "pinkish bruising", manifestada por los frutos sometidos a daño mecánico con alto nivel de astringencia. También se ha evaluado la sensibilidad al pardeamiento de diferentes variedades introducidas desde otros países.
Con el objetivo de prolongar la conservación del fruto se ha ensayado el uso de la atmósfera controlada basada en 4-5% O2 + N2 sobre las variedades 'Rojo Brillante' y 'Triumph', observándose que la respuesta a esta tecnología depende de manera muy importante de la variedad. Los resultados fueron especialmente positivos en el caso del cultivar 'Triumph', en el que la atmósfera ensayada permitió prolongar la conservación frigorífica hasta tres meses.
Otra tecnología ensayada para el control de los daños por frío fue la aplicación de choques con altas concentraciones de CO2 en el cultivar no astringente 'Fuyu'. Este tratamiento alivió el principal síntoma de daño por frío manifestado por esta variedad, la gelificación de la pulpa. Este efecto se ha relacionado con la preservación de la estructura celular de la pulpa del fruto.
Estudios recientes han mostrado que el tratamiento con etil formato es altamente efectivo en el control de insectos durante la conservación y comercialización del caqui 'Fuyu', sin embargo este tratamiento provoca un ablandamiento del fruto mermando su calidad. En esta Tesis se ha demostrado que las aplicaciones de etil formato activan los genes de síntesis de etileno, siendo está hormona mediadora del ablandamiento. Los estudios también revelaron que la aplicación de un tratamiento previo con 1-MCP reduce el ablandamiento del fruto asociado al etil formato, por lo que el uso combinado de ambos tratamientos puede ser considerado una alternativa para la desinfección de los frutos sin detrimento de su calidad. Por último, el estudio de diez variedades introducidas desde otros países permitió seleccionar en base a su momento de maduración y respuesta al tratamiento de desastringencia aquellas variedades de mayor interés para ampliar la gama varietal. Además, se identificaron los principales compuestos nutricionales del caqui y / [CAT] El caqui s'ha convertit en els últims anys en un cultiu de gran rellevància en l'àrea mediterrània d'Espanya, estant la producció centrada en una única varietat, el cv. Rojo Brillante, i localitzada principalment a la Comunitat Valenciana. Les principals alteracions presentades pel caqui 'Rojo Brillante' durant el període postcollita són l'enfosquiment de la polpa associat als danys mecànics i els danys per fred manifestats després de la conservació a baixes temperatures. Les investigacions prèvies han determinat les condicions de maneig sota les quals es desenvolupen estes alteracions, però els processos bioquímics involucrats en la manifestació d'estos desordres no es coneixen en profunditat.
D'altra banda, actualment un dels principals reptes és la introducció de noves varietats que permetin ampliar la gamma varietal, així com prolongar els períodes de conservació del caqui per tal de poder escalonar la posada en el mercat en funció de la demanda.
En este context, en la present Tesi s'han abordat tres objectius principals: 1) Estudiar els processos bioquímics implicats en els principals desordres postcollita del caqui, posant especial atenció als canvis en el sistema redox del fruit; 2) Avaluar diferents tractaments postcollita per preservar la qualitat del fruit durant la conservació frigorífica; 3) Avaluar la qualitat fisicoquímica i nutricional de diferents varietats de caqui introduïdes des d'altres països per ampliar la gamma varietal.
Estudis bioquímics, cromatogràfics i microestructurals, han revelat que l'enfosquiment de la polpa o "Browning", manifestat per fruita que ha patit danys mecànics després de l'eliminació de l'astringència està associat a un procés d'oxidació de tanins motivat per una situació d'estrès oxidatiu. A més s'ha descrit una nova alteració de la polpa, "pinkish bruising", manifestada pels fruits sotmesos a dany mecànic amb alt nivell d'astringència. També s'ha avaluat la sensibilitat a l'enfosquiment de diferents varietats introduïdes des d'altres països.
Amb l'objectiu de perllongar la conservació del fruit s'ha assajat l'ús de l'atmosfera controlada basada en 4-5% O2 + N2 sobre les varietats 'Rojo Brillante' i 'Triumph', observant-se que la resposta a esta tecnologia depèn de manera molt important de la varietat. Els resultats van ser especialment positius en el cas del cultivar 'Triumph', en què l'atmosfera assajada va permetre prolongar la conservació frigorífica fins a tres mesos.
Una altra tecnologia assajada per al control dels danys per fred va ser l'aplicació de xocs amb altes concentracions de CO2 en el cultivar no astringent 'Fuyu'. Este tractament va alleujar el principal símptoma de dany per fred manifestat per esta varietat, la gelificació de la polpa. Este efecte s'ha relacionat amb la preservació de l'estructura cel¿lular de la polpa del fruit.
Estudis recents han mostrat que el tractament amb etil format és altament efectiu en el control d'insectes durant la conservació i comercialització del caqui 'Fuyu', però este tractament provoca un estovament del fruit minvant la seua qualitat. En esta Tesi s'ha demostrat que les aplicacions d'etil format activen els gens de síntesi d'etilè, sent esta hormona mediadora de l'estovament. Els estudis també van revelar que l'aplicació d'un tractament previ amb 1-MCP redueix l'estovament del fruit associat a l'etil format, per la qual cosa l'ús combinat de tots dos tractaments pot ser considerat una alternativa per a la desinfecció dels fruits sense detriment de la seua qualitat.
Finalment, l'estudi de deu varietats introduïdes des d'altres països va permetre seleccionar en base al seu moment de maduració i resposta al tractament de desastringència aquelles varietats de més interès per ampliar la gamma varietal. A més, es van identificar els principals compostos nutricionals del caqui i es va avaluar l'efecte del tractament de desastringència amb CO2 sobre els mat / Novillo Borrás, P. (2015). HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF PERSIMMON FRUIT:PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58270 / TESIS
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Interactions entre muqueuse orale, salive et molécules de la flaveur / Interactions between oral mucosa, saliva and flavour compoundsPloyon, Sarah 05 December 2016 (has links)
Le rôle de la salive dans la perception sensorielle est de plus en plus reconnu, notamment par le biais des interactions physico-chimiques pouvant s’établir entre protéines salivaires et constituants alimentaires. Ce travail s’intéresse à la pellicule salivaire, la couche de protéines salivaires ancrées aux cellules épithéliales, et vise à caractériser les interactions pouvant s’établir d’une part entre ces protéines et épithélium oral, et d‘autre part entre ces protéines et les molécules de la flaveur. Pour cela, un modèle in vitro de muqueuse orale a été développé. Une lignée cellulaire stable (TR146/MUC1) a été obtenue par transfection de la lignée cellulaire TR146 de manière à exprimer la mucine membranaire MUC1. Afin de former une pellicule salivaire, les cellules confluentes ont été incubées avec de la salive humaine. La rétention des mucines salivaires MUC5B par les cellules TR146/MUC1 est augmentée par rapport aux TR146, apportant ainsi un argument en faveur de l’implication de MUC1 dans l’ancrage des MUC5B aux cellules épithéliales. Le modèle développé a été appliqué à l’étude des interactions entre la muqueuse orale et les molécules d’arôme et les tanins. L’analyse des coefficients de partage par GC-FID a mis en évidence 1- l’importance de l’hydratation de la muqueuse sur la libération des composés les plus hydrophiles, 2- la capacité des cellules à métaboliser certaines molécules d’arôme, 3- l’absence d’effet de la pellicule sur la libération des molécules d’arôme à l’équilibre. En revanche, l’analyse par PTR-MS a révélé un effet de la muqueuse et de la pellicule sur la cinétique de libération des molécules d’arôme. Les interactions entre les protéines de la pellicule salivaire et les tanins modifient les caractéristiques structurales de la pellicule, en particulier le tapissage des cellules par les MUC5B. Les possibles implications sensorielles, respectivement dans les phénomènes de persistance aromatique et d’astringence, sont discutées. / The role of saliva in food sensory perception is increasingly recognized, especially through physicochemical interactions occurring between salivary proteins and food components. This work focuses on the mucosal pellicle, a layer of salivary proteins anchored onto epithelial cells, and aims at characterizing interactions that may occur between the proteins of the mucosal pellicle and flavour compounds. For that purpose, an in vitro model of oral mucosa was developed. A stable cell line (TR146/MUC1) was obtaining by transfecting the TR146 cell line in order to express the membrane bound mucin MUC1. In order to form a salivary pellicle, confluent cells were incubated with human saliva. A higher retention of salivary MUC5B by TR146/MUC1 cells was observed compared to TR146 cells, emphasising the involvement of MUC1 in MUC5B anchoring to epithelial cells. The model was applied to the investigation of interactions between the oral mucosa and aroma molecules and tannins. Measurements of partition coefficients by GC-FID revealed 1- the role of hydration of the mucosa on the release of the most hydrophilic compounds, 2- the ability of cells to metabolize some aroma compounds, 3- the absence of effect of the mucosal pellicle itself on aroma release at the thermodynamic equilibrium. Oppositely, analyses by PTR-MS evidenced an effect of the mucosa and of the pellicle on aroma release kinetic. Interactions between proteins of the mucosal pellicle and tannins modified structural characteristics of the pellicle, especially the coating of cells by salivary MUC5B. Sensory relevance for the phenomena of aroma persistence and astringency, respectively, are discussed.
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Optimization of postharvest Technology for "Rojo brillante" Persimmon and Introduction of New Varieties in the Mediterranean AreaFathi Najafabadi, Ayoub 02 September 2021 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] En las últimas dos décadas, la producción de caqui en España ha aumentado exponencialmente y la superficie de cultivo se ha multiplicado casi por ocho. En la actualidad, la producción de caqui está centralizada en el cultivar 'Rojo Brillante', que es mundialmente apreciado. Sin embargo, esta centralización supone una importante limitación comercial.
En la presente Tesis se abordan dos objetivos principales: 1) Optimización de la tecnología pre y postcosecha con el fin de garantizar la calidad del caqui 'Rojo Brillante' durante la frigoconservación y el transporte a mercados internacionales. 2) Evaluación del comportamiento bajo condiciones mediterráneas de variedades introducidas de otras regiones productoras con el fin de ampliar el rango varietal de caqui. El primer objetivo de esta Tesis se logró a través de los estudios presentados en los Capítulos I al V. El segundo objetivo se abordó en los Capítulos VI y VII.
En el Capítulo I se esclarecieron las causas del pardeamiento interno del fruto en los envíos a los mercados internacionales. La temperatura a la que se expone la fruta inmediatamente tras la aplicación del tratamiento de desastringencia con altas concentraciones de CO2 se identificó como el principal factor implicado en esta alteración. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que esta alteración se puede evitar mediante la implementación de un período de atemperado de 24 h después del tratamiento con CO2, antes de conservar las frutas a bajas temperaturas.
En el Capítulo II se evaluó la eficacia de un tratamiento de desastringencia recientemente patentado basado en la aplicación de una nueva cera que contiene etanol en su formulación. Los resultados mostraron que esta cera podría ser una alternativa al tratamiento convencional de desastringencia con altas concentraciones de CO2 cuando la fruta se envía a mercados lejanos a bajas temperaturas. La aplicación de la nueva cera antes de conservación en frío provocó la pérdida de astringencia de la fruta tras 30 días a 0 °C, preservando la firmeza y la calidad interna.
Los resultados del Capítulo III demostraron que la realización de dos aplicaciones de ácido giberélico (AG) en precosecha permite retrasar el proceso de maduración de la fruta en el árbol con respecto a una sola aplicación. La combinación de AG en precosecha y 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) en postcosecha resultó en una mayor calidad del fruto durante la frigoconservación en comparación con la aplicación únicamente de 1-MCP. Además, la fruta tratada con múltiples aplicaciones de AG mostró una firmeza ligeramente mayor tras de conservación a baja temperatura.
En el Capítulo IV se demostró que, paralelamente al retraso de la maduración, el tratamiento con AG también retrasa la senescencia del cáliz, incrementando la calidad externa del fruto. La senescencia del cáliz durante la maduración del fruto se relacionó con una disminución de los parámetros de fluorescencia de clorofila (Fo, Fm y Fv/Fm).
En el Capítulo V se estudiaron las condiciones óptimas de almacenamiento del caqui producido bajo cultivo ecológico. Según los resultados, no se deben almacenar los frutos cosechados con firmeza inferior a 30 N. La calidad del fruto durante la conservación dependió de las condiciones de almacenamiento, momento de aplicación del tratamiento de deastringencia y estado de madurez inicial.
Por último, en los Capítulos VI y VII se abordó la evaluación bajo condiciones mediterráneas de 14 variedades de caquis no-astringentes procedentes de otros países. Se identificaron las variedades tempranas y tardías que pueden ser potencialmente interesantes para ampliar el período de cosecha en nuestra región. Los estudios postcosecha mostraron que todas las variedades estudiadas presentan una buena aptitud para ser comercializadas en los mercados nacionales y europeos. Sin embargo, la sensibilidad a los daños por frío que presentaron algunas de las variedades estudiadas podría limitar su
comercialización a países de ultramar. Además, se observó que la respuesta al
tratamiento con 1-MCP, para el control de los daños por frío, dependió en gran
medida de la variedad. / [CA] En les últimes dues dècades, la producció de caqui a Espanya ha augmentat exponencialment i la superfície de cultiu s'ha multiplicat quasi per huit vegades. En l'actualitat, la producció de caqui està centralitzada en el la cultivar 'Rojo Brillante', que és mundialment apreciat. Malgrat això, aquesta centralització suposa d'una banda una important limitació comercial, ja que la producció es concentra en un període de collita relativament curt i, d'altra banda implica un alt risc fitosanitari.
En la present Tesi s'aborden dos objectius principals: 1) Optimització de la tecnologia pre i postcollita amb la finalitat de garantir la qualitat del caqui 'Rojo brillante' durant la frigoconservació i el transport a mercats internacionals. 2) Avaluació del comportament de varietats introduïdes d'altres regions productores sota condicions mediterrànies amb la finalitat d'ampliar el rang varietal de caqui.
En el Capítol I es van esclarir les causes de l l'enfosquiment intern. La temperatura a la qual s'exposa la fruita immediatament després de l'aplicació del tractament de desastringència amb altes concentracions de CO¿ es va identificar com el principal factor implicat en aquesta alteració. Els resultats obtinguts van mostrar que aquesta alteració es pot evitar mitjançant la implementació d'un període de temperat de 24 h després del tractament amb CO¿, abans de transferir la fruita a baixes temperatures.
En el Capítol II es va avaluar l'eficàcia d'un tractament de desastringència recentment patentat basat en l'aplicació d'una nova cera que conté etanol en la seua formulació en caquis 'Rojo Brillante' i 'Triumph'. Els resultats van mostrar que aquesta cera podria ser una alternativa al tractament convencional de desastringència amb altes concentracions de CO¿ quan la fruita s'envia a mercats llunyans a baixes temperatures. L'aplicació de la nova cera abans de conservació en fred va provocar la pèrdua d'astringència de la fruita després de 30 dies a 0 °C, preservant la fermesa i la qualitat interna.
Els resultats del Capítol III van demostrar que l'aplicació de dos tractaments d'àcid giberèlic (AG) en precollita permet retardar el procés de maduració de la fruita en l'arbre respecte a una sola aplicació. La combinació de AG en precollita i 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) en postcollita va incrementar la qualitat del fruit durant la frigoconservació en comparació amb l'aplicació únicament de 1-MCP. A més, la fruita tractada amb múltiples aplicacions de AG va mostrar una fermesa lleugerament major després de conservació a baixa temperatura; no obstant això, una sola aplicació de AG també va ser eficaç per a previndre la manifestació de danys per fred en la fruita.
En el Capítol IV es va demostrar que, paral·lelament al retard de la maduració, el tractament amb AG també retarda la senescència del calze, incrementant la qualitat externa del fruit. La senescència del calze durant la maduració del fruit es va relacionar amb una disminució dels paràmetres de fluorescència de clorofil·la (Fo, Fm i Fv/Fm).
En el Capítol V es van estudiar les condicions òptimes d'emmagatzematge del caqui produït baix cultiu ecològic. D'acord amb els resultats obtinguts, no s'han d'emmagatzemar els fruits collits amb fermesa inferior a 30 N. La conservació del fruit va dependre de les condicions d'emmagatzematge, moment d'aplicació del tractament de desastringència i estat de maduresa de la fruita.
Finalment, en els Capítols VI i VII es va abordar l'avaluació de 14 varietats de caquis no-astringents. Es van identificar les varietats primerenques i tardanes que poden ser potencialment interessants per a ampliar el període de collita. D'altra banda, els estudis postcollita van mostrar
que totes les varietats estudiades presenten una bona aptitud per a ser
comercialitzades en els mercats nacionals i europeus. No obstant això, la
sensibilitat als danys per fred que van presentar algunes de les varietats
estudiades podria limitar la seua comercialització a països d'ultramar. A més,
es va observar que la resposta al tractament amb 1-MCP, per al control dels
danys per fred, va dependre en gran manera de la varietat. / [EN] In the last two decades, persimmon production in Spain has increased exponentially and the cultivation area has expanded almost eight-fold. The current production of persimmon is focused on the cultivar 'Rojo Brillante', which is appreciated worldwide due to the high quality of the fruit. Nevertheless, centralized production of this single cultivar implies a major commercial limitation as its high volume of production is concentrated in a relative short harvesting period. Furthermore, it also implies a high phytosanitary risk.
In this context, this Thesis addresses two main objectives: 1) Optimization of pre- and postharvest technology in order to guarantee the quality of 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon after cold storage and transportation to overseas markets. 2) Evaluation of the behavior of foreign varieties of persimmon under Mediterranean conditions in order to extend the varietal range.
The first objective of this Thesis was tackled through the studies presented in Chapters I to V. The second objective was covered in Chapters VI and VII.
Chapter I dealt with the causes of internal browning disorder manifested after cold shipment of 'Rojo Brillante' persimmons to overseas markets. The temperature to which fruit is exposed immediately after CO2 deastringency treatment was identified as the main factor involved in this alteration. Our results showed that this disorder can be avoided by implementing an attemperation period of 24 h after the CO2 treatment, before transferring fruit to cold storage.
In Chapter II, the effectiveness of a recently patented deastringency treatment based on applying a new wax containing ethanol was assayed in 'Rojo Brillante' and 'Triumph' persimmons. The use of this new ethanol-based wax could be a potential alternative to the conventional CO2 deastringency treatment when the fruit are sent to distant overseas markets at low temperatures. Application of the new wax before cold storage led to loss of fruit astringency after 30 days at 0 °C while preserving fruit firmness and internal quality.
The results of Chapter III demonstrated that two applications of gibberellic acid (GA) made it possible to delay the fruit maturity process on the tree more than with just a single application. The combination of GA and 1-methylciclopropene (1-MCP) preserved the fruit quality better than with the application of 1-MCP alone during cold storage. Moreover, the fruit treated by multiple GA applications showed a slightly higher firmness after cold storage. However, a single GA application was also effective in preventing the manifestation of chilling injury (CI) in fruit.
Chapter IV demonstrated that in parallel to delaying maturity, the GA treatment also delayed calyx senescence, which meant that the fruit preserved a good appearance. The calyx lobe senescence during fruit ripening was linked to a decrease in all Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging (CFI) parameters (Fo, Fm, and Fv/Fm).
Chapter V addressed the optimization of storage conditions for organic persimmons. According to our results, fruit harvested with a firmness lower than 30 N must not be stored. Fruit harvested with a higher level of firmness could be stored for up to three weeks depending on the storage conditions, the moment of application of the CO2 deastringency treatment, and the stage of fruit maturity. The longest storage period (3 weeks) was achieved when fruit were harvested with a firmness of around 45 N, submitted to CO2 treatment and then stored at 15 °C.
Finally, 14 foreign varieties grown under Mediterranean conditions were evaluated to identify early- and late-season varieties with potential to extend the harvesting period. This is presented in Chapters VI and VII. In general, all the evaluated varieties fulfilled the quality criteria to be commercialized in domestic and European markets. However, sensitivity to CI was variety dependent and response to 1-MCP treatment was also observed to depend on the variety. / This study has been supported by the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria de España (INIA) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) through the projects RTA 2013-00043-C02-01 and RTA2017-00045-C02-01. In addition, it has been supported by the Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (Project N° 51910). This study has also been founded by the Consellería de Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte de la Comunidad Valenciana (project GV/2016/183). Ayoub Fathi Najafabadi thanks the INIA for grant FPI-INIA #43 (CPD2015-0151). The authors thank Fomesa Fruitech S.L.U. and Natural Hand S. L. for their technical support, Cooperativa Agrícola Ntra Sra de Loreto for its technical support and for making the plots and fruit used in this study available and Plant Production Department (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias) for providing the fruit weight data and the photographs of the different varieties. / Fathi Najafabadi, A. (2021). Optimization of postharvest Technology for "Rojo brillante" Persimmon and Introduction of New Varieties in the Mediterranean Area [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171252 / TESIS / Compendio
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