The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of displaced women living in the Osire refugee camp in Namibia about their health care needs, and to develop health care guidelines that will help to address the identified health care needs of displaced women. A descriptive phenomenological study was used, using face-to-face interviews with participants in response to one question. The following question was asked: What are the health care needs of displaced women living in Osire refugee camp and how should they be addressed? Ten women were interviewed. Their ages ranged between 18 and 58 years. The duration of displacement was longer than 6 months. Interviews were conducted in Osire Refugee Camp in Namibia. Displaced women were invited to participate in the study on a voluntary basis. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. During the analysis the essence substantiated by the constituents of their experiences regarding their health care needs were identified. The findings of the health care needs of displaced women living in Osire refugee camp reflect that they have a need for restoration of hope and human dignity. A thorough literature review was done and the constituents were re-phrased to form guidelines on how to address the health care needs of displaced women. The guidelines were refined through a Delphi study. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Nursing Science / PhD / Unrestricted

LLM in Human Rights Law / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa shows a clear and unambiguous undertaking by the state to develop a comprehensive social security system. In terms of Section 27 of the Constitution, it is provided that everyone has the right to have access to social security, including, if they are unable to support themselves and their dependants, appropriate social assistance. The section also obliges the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of these rights. Parts of the social assistance are, inter alia, child related social grants in terms of the Social Assistance Act. This research considers the question of statutory exclusion of children of asylum seekers from accessing and exercising their social security rights, in particular, social assistance grants relevant to the needs, assistance and protection of children. Such grants are already provided for by the law to the South African citizen, permanent resident and refugee children. The question which this study seeks to address is whether South African government is in compliance with its constitutional and international obligations in respect of the social security rights and social assistance for children of asylum seekers in South Africa. This would be carried out by reviewing and exploring relevant International, regional and national human rights instruments relevant and applicable to the social security rights and assistance to the children of asylum seekers.

The aim of the thesis is an outline of the evolution of European asylum policy of asylum policies towards asylum seekers within seven EU member countries since 1990. The brief description of common trends in asylum policy in European Union and EFTA (European Free Trade Zone) member countries and outline of current policy towards asylum seekers, where current living conditions are part of it. Also the position of asylum seekers in specific spheres such as education, right to work, financial and social security, health service and accommodation is discussed. Another goal is to compare the practices in the asylum policy in the Czech Republic with the policies towards the asylum seekers of other six EU member countries - Denmark, France, Germany, Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. There is also an introduction of governmental steps which deal with the immigration law or asylum law and therefore regulate the living conditions of asylum seekers in their country.

The study's overall objective is to demonstrate the correlation between refugee status and poor oral health outcomes by thoroughly explaining the refugee experience and showing the prevalence of associated oral diseases. All data and information regarding the oral health status of refugees and asylum-seekers are from numerous studies and different institutions. Refugees often experience traumatizing events such as assault, torture, starvation, and extreme dehydration, resulting in the rapid deterioration of health. However, despite the high prevalence of oral diseases such as caries, gum infections, and, oral health continues to be neglected once they arrive at their new destination. In countries like Germany, refugees from Syria and Iraq have a higher incidence of dental caries(Solyman and Schmidt-Westhausen, 2018). In comparison to their German citizen counterparts, who have shown significantly lower caries rates, a possible result from the advancement of a successful caries prevention program for children and adolescents (Splieth et al., 2019). By comparing the oral health status of refugees versus the native population of the country they have entered, the neglect of refugees' oral health becomes evident. This study aims to assess the barriers often experienced by refugee and asylum seekers that lead to poor oral health and examine the role of language, refugee perspective and health literacy education in the promoting dental care in this population. It is clear that a strong association exists between the social and physical barriers refugee experience and oral health. This is especially clear from evaluating the phases of a refugee's migration journey. There is an association between social barriers such as language and health literacy on oral health. It is well documented that when individuals are forced to relocate to new countries where a different language is spoken, healthcare systems can be challenging to navigate. Additionally, language plays a crucial role in shaping refugee perspectives of the oral health community, sometimes negatively; thus, arrival in their new home does not necessarily lead to improved care. Data comparing oral disease in natives versus refugees indicates significantly worse oral health status among recent refugees.

Botswana acceded to the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol and entered a reservation on section 26 relating to the freedom of movement of refugees within its borders justified on reasons of national security. As such, Botswana adopts a restrictive detention policy which requires that asylum seekers, whether alone or accompanied by their children, be held at the Francistown Centre for Illegal Immigrants pending transfer to the Dukwi Refugee Camp if their application for refugee status is successful or deportation if unsuccessful. Botswana is therefore notorious for detaining asylum seekers including children for prolonged periods, in undesirable physical conditions, and in the process violating the asylum-seeking children's rights to among others, not to be unlawfully detained, the right to an adequate standard of living, family unity, the highest attainable standard of health, and basic education. The study therefore seeks to explore the laws safeguarding the right of asylum-seeking children not to be unlawfully detained in Botswana in an effort to assess the extent to which such laws comply with the standards set by the Convention on the Rights of the Child as the core international standard for the protection of children's rights, and other relevant international and regional instruments. In addition, the study will assess the extent to which such laws are given effect in practice. The study will also explore best international and regional practices on the protection of the right of asylum-seeking children not to be unlawfully detained with specific emphasis on the laws of Sweden and South Africa. The study concludes with recommendations based on standards set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other relevant international and regional instruments, and best practices in the laws of Sweden and South Africa which Botswana may draw valuable lessons in order to effectively safeguard the right of asylum-seeking children not to be unlawfully detained.

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This paper studies the Swedish Alien’s Act regulations regarding individuals in need of international protection. The purpose of the essay is to examine the differences between the three grounds of protection that are found in the Swedish Alien’s Act. Central questions have been whether the origins of protection statuses granted in this act are national or international, as the UN convention relating to the status of refugees and also the progress of the European Union’s Common European Asylum System both are affecting the Swedish legislation. The international relation’s theoretical perspectives of realism and liberalism have been applied in the analysis of what ideas and international political backgrounds have been found. The resulting conclusion is that only one category out of three is purely a result of the Swedish legislation. The common European asylum system affects and controls a large part of what is called Swedish asylum policy. It is concluded that liberal political-philosophical ideas of human rights are dominating the ideological background, and that liberal ideas of freedom from economical hindrances and also institutionalism has formed the system we have today. An interesting paradox is seen in the European Union’s growing concern of security and external borders, which is more typical in a realist, state-centered perspective.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the constructions of sexuality, which are produced when judgments concerning asylum are made, based on an asylum seeker’s sexual orientation. The question formulations are the following: Which constructions of sexuality are produced when necessary condition, fear of persecution due to sexual orientation, is applied in judgments regarding refugee status? Furthermore, how constructions of sexuality differ in the judgments where the asylum seeker has been consented and rejected is investigated. The empirical material consists of 13 judgments, which were announced between the years 2009-2013 by the Migration court. A critical discourse analysis is applied in order to answer the question formulations. By examining the linguistic representations in these judgments, the aim is to visualize the statements and positions that are made possible within the discourse. The discourse analysis is mainly based on a queer theoretical perspective with selected concepts from Foucault. The concepts that the analysis is based on are the following; object and subject positions, heteronormativity, performativity and the heterosexual matrix. The results show that constructions of sexuality within the legal discourse, are based on heteronormative perceptions around sexuality. In 8 of 13 judgments, the asylum applicant’s sexual orientation is questioned and they are made to prove their homosexuality. Homosexuality is not given legitimacy within the discourse when the asylum seeker has given descriptions of a heterosexual life according to the judge definition, such as when the person has been in relationships with the opposite sex and have children. A bisexual practice is therefore, not given any legitimacy. Homosexuality is given legitimacy only when the asylum seeker is living in a homosexual relationship. In addition, homosexuality is given credibility when the narrative includes descriptions of homosexuality as an insight involving strong emotions. The result also shows how the asylum seeker is requested to hide their homosexuality in cases where the sexual orientation is criminalized in the person’s home country. In the judgments where the asylum seeker has been rejected, there are constructions of sexuality, which accept the prevailing heteronormativity as well as conceal resistance against oppression. In the judgments in which the asylum seeker has been given refugee status, the definition of sexuality is set in a larger context focusing on the social structures prevalent in the asylum seeker’s home country.

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