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Asymmetric synthesis with biocatalyst has become an increasingly interesting and cost effective manufacturing process in fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemical intermediates. Enoate reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme family offer high substrate efficiency, region, stereo-, and enantioselectivity in the catalyzed biotransformations. Asymmetric reduction of activated C=C bond is one of the most widely applied synthetic tools for the potential to generate up to two stereogenic centers in one step reaction. The thesis contributed to the development and characterization of the Old Yellow Enzyme family members including NRSal from Salmonella typhimurium, YersER from Yersinia bercoviei, KYE1 from Kluyveromyces lactis, and XenA from Pseudomonas putida. We explored the possible new chemistry, gathered further understanding of enzymes functionality and biochemistry, evaluated parameters such as enzyme stability, productivity, and selectivity, and improved enzyme specificity through computational guided protein engineering method. In overall, the increasing knowledge about this Old Yellow Enzyme family together with recent advances in biotechnology renders the enoate reductases a tool of choice for industrial applications.

Orientador: Anita Jocelyne Marsaioli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T16:28:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_SergioAntonio_D.pdf: 1655953 bytes, checksum: 3adfb8a50baef9f965f6836a338ce8c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta tese teve como objetivo principal estudar interações intermoleculares empregando a espectroscopia de RMN de H como ferramenta principal. O primeiro capítulo visou "construir" um "hospedeiro quiral" através de interações não covalentes que foi aplicado na discriminação quiral e síntese assimétrica, ambos discutidos, no segundo e terceiro capítulo. Este hospedeiro quiral foi obtido via complexação de calixarenos com aminas quirais ((S)-feniletilamina, (S)naftiletilamina e (R)-2-aminobutanol). A topologia dos complexos foi determinada por RMN de H através de incremento de sinal devido ao acoplamento dipolar observado nas coordenadas girantes entre o hospedeiro (calixareno) e o hóspede (amina). Os experimentos de RMN de H a baixa temperatura foram usados para determinar a conformação preferencial e as mudanças na flexibilidade do calixareno livre e nos complexados. O segundo capítulo, descreve a aplicação dos complexos supramoleculares quirais no reconhecimento quiral e na determinação de excessos enantioméricos de sulfóxidos e ácidos. A importância do solvente, temperatura e topologia foram investigados. O terceiro capítulo focalizou a aplicação dos hospedeiros quirais na redução assimétrica de iminas e sais de metil isoquinolina com boroidreto de sódio. Os excessos enantioméricos são altamente dependentes dos substratos e variam de 0-90%. Finalmente o hospedeiro quiral foi obtido e a topologia totalmente descrita sendo o mesmo aplicado em reconhecimento quiral e síntese assimétrica, consolidando a importância deste tipo de hospedeiro quiral, que pode ser sintonizado para várias aplicações. A RMN de H mostrou ser uma ferramenta bastante eficaz quando aplicada aos estudos de complexos supramoleculares. / Abstract: This thesis concems intermolecular interactions using H NMR as major tooI. The first chapter will focus on the construction of a chiral host using non covalent bondings which will be used in chiral discrimination and asymmetric synthesis both discussed in the second and third chapters. This chiral host was obtained via calixarene complexation with chiral amines ((S)-phenylethylamine, (S)-naphthylethylamine and (R)-2-aminebutanol). The complexes topologies were determined via H NMR signal enhancements due to dipolar cross relaxation in the rotatory frame between the host (calixarene) and the guests (amines). H NMR experiments in variable temperatures were used to access preferential conformation and changes in calixarene flexibility under free and complexed conditions. The second chapter describes the application of chiral supramolecular complexes to chiral recognition and to the determination of enantiomeric excess of sulfoxides and acids. The importance of the solvent choice and topologies was aIso investigated. The third chapter focuses the application of the chiral host (calixarene/amine) to asymmetric reduction of imines and methyl isoquinolonium salts with sodium borohydride. The enantiomeric excesses were highly selective depending on the substrate and ranged between 0-90%. Finally a chiral host was obtained and its topology fully described and applications in chiral recognitions and asymmetric syntheses consolidated the importance of this type of chiral host that can be tuned to the desired application. H NMR techniques have once more proved to be unreplaceable in supramolecular investigations. / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

This thesis focuses on the asymmetric reduction of N-protected derivatives of (3S)-3-amino-1-chloro-4-phenyl-2-butanone to their corresponding diastereomeric alcohol products, which are key intermediates in the synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors. Although the stereoselective synthesis of the (S,S) alcohol product is easily achieved, preparing the (R,S) diastereomer is much more challenging. I investigated three diastereoselective reduction processes: 1) Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction, 2) asymmetric transfer hydrogenation, and 3) boron reducing agents. The diastereoselectivity of the MPV reduction still favored the (S,S) product; however, I discovered a significant rate enhancement when the standard catalyst (aluminum isopropoxide) was replaced with aluminum tert-butoxide. Many reaction variables were investigated in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reaction and the diastereoselectivity was improved to give a ratio of the desired (R,S) diastereomer to the undesired (S,S) alcohol of 9.5:1. Using chiral oxazaborolidine catalysts, an unprecedented (R,S) to (S,S) ratio of 9.5:1 was achieved. Finally, I investigated the effect of the N-protecting group on the stereoselectivity of the reduction. When the original boc-protecting group was replaced with a phthalimide group, the diastereoselectivity of the MPV reduction was reversed to favor the desired (R,S) product.

De nouveaux β-aminoalcools chiraux ont été synthétisés en 3 à 4 étapes avec de bons rendements globaux (19-42%). Ils ont été testés en tant que ligands dans la réaction de réduction de cétones aromatiques par transfert d’hydrogène. Des excès énantiomériques jusqu’à 91% ont été obtenus avec de bonnes conversions jusqu’à 99%. La réduction asymétrique de cétones aromatique par le borane a été également étudiée. Ces β-aminoalcools se sont montrés actifs mais pas très énantiosélectifs. Ces composés ont également été utilisés en tant que ligands dans la réaction d’addition du diéthylzinc sur des aldéhydes aromatique conduisant aux produits désirés avec de bons rendements (jusqu’à 98%) et de bonnes énantiosélectivités (jusqu’à 80%). En revanche, la réaction d’addition d’autres organométalliques (l’organozincique, le silane, l’étain et le nickel) sur aldéhydes montre de faible énantiosélectivité dans la plupart de cas.Dans la dernière partie de ce travail, un des β-aminoalcools synthétisés a été évalué dans la réaction de cyanation catalytique énantiosélective d’aldimines. Malgré des bonnes conversions obtenues, des faible énantiosélectivités ont été observées. / Chiral β-aminoalcohol compounds were prepared in 3 or 4 steps from isosorbide in good overall yields (19-42%). These compounds were used as ligands in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones giving good enantioselectivities (up to 91% ee) and excellent conversions (up to 99%). The asymmetric reduction of aromatic ketones by borane complexes using these aminoalcohols was also evaluated. Good catalytic activity but low enantioselectivity were observed. Asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aromatic aldehydes using these β-aminoalcohols was also studied leading to desired products in good yields (up to 98%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 80%). However, no asymmetric induction was observed when using other organometallics (organozinc, silane, nickel, tin).The last part of this work consisted in evaluating one of these β-aminoalcohols in the Titanium-catalyzed asymmetric cyanation of aldimines. Despite good conversions, low enantioselectivities were observed.

Diese Dissertation beschreibt die Synthese der vier Flavanone Lonchocarpol A, 6-Dimethylallylnaringenin, Glabrol und Euchrenon A7. Des weiteren konnten drei dieser Naturstoffe enantiomerenrein mit Hilfe einer kinetischen Racematspaltung hergestellt werden. Dabei wurden die Carboxylkohlenstoffe selektiv mit einer asymmetrischen Transferhydrierung nach Noyori reduziert.

Diese Dissertation beschreibt die Synthese der vier Flavanone Lonchocarpol A, 6-Dimethylallylnaringenin, Glabrol und Euchrenon A7. Des weiteren konnten drei dieser Naturstoffe enantiomerenrein mit Hilfe einer kinetischen Racematspaltung hergestellt werden. Dabei wurden die Carboxylkohlenstoffe selektiv mit einer asymmetrischen Transferhydrierung nach Noyori reduziert.