Theme of this thesis is using of universal module LabJack U3-HVTM as support for physics lessons. This thesis describes the universal module LabJack U3-HVTM and evaluation method of measured value on the computer screen using software eSimLab. To all physical tasks is described path of signal with measured string from developed sensor until evaluation of signal in the computer. In the thesis is specifically described a function of developed sensors of physical quantities, there are subscribed diagrams including PCB and parts list. The thesis is including designed physical tasks for monitoring of atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind direction, sunshine duration and the role of measurement of the signal on the optical transmitter using the developed sensors and universal module LabJack U3-HVTM.

Introdução: O tratamento de feridas cutâneas é difícil e está em contínua mudança. Entre as múltiplas terapias empregadas uma bastante usada é a enxertia de pele autógena. Sabe-se que o sucesso desta técnica depende, em parte, de haver condições adequadas no leito receptor e da qualidade do enxerto de pele retirado. Ainda, tão importante quanto a técnica cirúrgica, é o método para fixação do enxerto de pele ao leito e respectivo cuidado pós-operatório. Tem sido frequente o uso da terapia de feridas por pressão subatmosférica para fixação e integração de enxertos de pele no tratamento de feridas e habitualmente se coloca uma tela entre a esponja e o enxerto. Não há padronização na literatura médica sobre o que utilizar na tela. Objetivo: Comparar duas telas utilizadas e aferir o quanto cada uma interferia na pressão subatmosférica gerada pela unidade de aspiração contínua da terapia de feridas por pressão subatmosférica, por sua vez configurada para gerar um gradiente de pressão de 125 mmHg em relação à pressão atmosférica ambiente. Métodos: Foram realizados inicialmente dois estudos em voluntários normais para aferir a pressão subatmosférica sob a tela de rayon e sob a tela de poliamida, sobre a pele íntegra. Em um grupo de 30 indivíduos, as medidas foram feitas em tempos diferentes, montando-se e desmontando-se todo conjunto da esponja e de determinada tela sucessivas vezes. Em outro grupo de 15 indivíduos, as medidas foram feitas sequencialmente e com as sondas colocadas em conjunto, sendo metade da esponja sobre a tela de rayon e a outra metade sobre a tela de poliamida. A seguir, foi realizado estudo prospectivo com 30 pacientes portadores de feridas complexas, nos quais a terapia de feridas por pressão subatmosférica foi aplicada. Foram utilizadas tela de rayon e tela de poliamida em cada metade da área enxertada sobre a ferida. A pressão subatmosférica foi aferida sob cada tela e sob a esponja. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as pressões sob as duas telas estudadas e em relação à pressão sob a esponja. Houve apenas uma perda completa de enxerto de pele. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que as diferentes telas estudadas reduziram a pressão subatmosférica gerada pelo dispositivo de aspiração contínua da Terapia de Feridas por Pressão Subatmosférica (TFPS) em comparação com a pressão medida como controle. / Introduction: Wound care is a difficult and ever changing field. Among many therapies employed, autogenous skin grafting is often used. The quality of the skin graft and appropriate conditions of the recipient bed are paramount for the success of this surgical procedure. Moreover, the method of skin graft fixation and postoperative care are as important as the surgical technique itself. Hence, subatmospheric pressure wound therapy has been used in the process of fixation and integration of skin grafts in the treatment of wounds when there is frequently a layer between the sponge and the graft. Thus far there has been no standardization in the medical literature as to which layer to use. Objective: Compare two layers and measure how much each one alone interfered in the subatmospheric pressure generated by the pump used in subatmospheric pressure wound therapy, when set to generate a pressure gradient of 125 mmHg in relation to the atmospheric pressure of the surroundings. Methods: Two pilot studies were, therefore, undertaken of normal volunteers to ascertain the subatmospheric pressure under the rayon layer, under the polyamide layer and under the sponge. In one pilot study, of a total of 30 individuals, their measurements were taken in different moments and the setting was mounted and unmounted three times. In another, of 15 individuals, the measurements were collected within just one setting, as half of the sponge had rayon underlying it and the other half had polyamide beneath it. Therefore another prospective study was undertaken of 30 patients bearers of complex wounds in which both the rayon and the polyamide layer was used for each half of the skin grafted area The subatmospheric pressure measured under each layer and directly under the sponge (control measure) was assessed. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences between the pressure measured on the two layers studied and the pressure measured under the sponge. There was only one total skin graft loss. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that the different layers studied did reduce the subatmospheric pressure generated by the pump used in subatmospheric pressure wound therapy as compared with the respective control measure.

This work is focused on modelling of atmospheric pressure high frequency (HF) discharges operated at relatively low power densities. Two types of devices are considered – the radio frequency capacitively coupled atmospheric pressure plasma jet and the microwave discharge sustained by surface electromagnetic waves. They are addresses as the plasma shower and the surface-wave discharge (SWD). Both of the considered devices operate in argon at atmospheric pressure (p = 1 bar). However, the difference in the frequency of the power coupling mechanism induces a big difference in plasma properties. This implies also that different modelling approaches have to be employed. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The role of a protein-repelling coating is to limit the interaction between a device and its physiological environment. Plasma-polymerized-PEG (pp-PEG) surfaces are of great interest since they are known to avoid protein adsorption. and cell attachment. However, in all the studies previously published in the literature, the PEG coatings have been prepared using low pressure processes. <p>In this thesis, we synthesize biocompatible pp-PEG coatings using atmospheric pressure plasma. Two original methods are developed to obtain these pp-PEG films. 1. Atmospheric pressure plasma liquid deposition (APPLD) consists in the injection of the precursor, tetra(ethylene glycol)dimethylether (tetraglyme), by means of a liquid spray, directly in the post-discharge of an atmospheric argon plasma torch. 2. In atmospheric pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (APPECVD), tetraglyme vapors are brought in the post-discharge trough a heating sprinkler. The chemical composition, as well as the non-fouling properties of the APPLD and APPECVD films, are compared to those of PEG coatings synthesized by conventional low pressure plasma processes.<p>In the first part of the study, the effect of the power on the chemical composition of the films has been investigated by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ions mass spectroscopy (SIMS). <p>The surface analysis reveals that for the APPECVD samples, the fragmentation of the precursor increases as the power of the treatment is increased. In other terms, the lower the plasma power is, the higher the “PEG character” of the resulting films is. Indeed, the C-O component (286.5 eV) of the XPS C 1s peak is decreasing while the hydrocarbon component (285 eV) is increasing as the power of the plasma is increased. The same conclusion can be drawn from the signature ToF-SIMS peaks (m/z = 45 (CH3&61485;O&61485;CH2+ and +CH2CH2&61485;OH), 59 (CH3&61485;O&61485;CH2&61485;CH2+), 103 (CH3&61485;(O&61485;CH2&61485;CH2)2+)) that are decreasing in the case of high power treatments. Accordingly, IRRAS measurements show that the C-O stretching band is decreasing for high power plasma deposition. This is in agreement with the observations made from the analysis of the LP PECVD coatings and from the literature.<p>The films deposited by the APPLD process do not show the same behavior. Indeed, whatever the power injected into the discharge is, we are able to achieve films with a relatively high PEG character (&61566;83 %).<p>The second part of this study is dedicated to the evaluation of the non-fouling properties of the coatings by exposing them to proteins (bovine serum albumin and human fibrinogen) and cells (mouse fibroblasts (L929 and MEF)) and controlling the adsorption with XPS (proteins) and SEM (cells).<p>For the APPECVD samples, a low plasma power (30 W) leads to an important reduction of protein adsorption and cell adhesion (over 85%). However, higher-powered treatments tend to reduce the non-fouling ability of the surfaces (around 50% of reduction for a 80 W deposition). <p>The same order of magnitude (over 90% reduction of the adsorption) is obtained for the APPLD surfaces, whatever is the power of the treatment. <p>Those results show an important difference between the two processes in terms of power of the plasma treatment, and a strong relationship between the surface chemistry and the adsorption behavior: the more the PEG character is preserved, the more protein-repellent and cell-repellent is the surface. / Le rôle d’une couche empêchant l’adsorption de protéines est de limiter les interactions entre un implant et le milieu physiologique auquel il est exposé. Les films de poly(éthylène glycol) polymérisés par plasma (pp-PEG) sont d’intérêt majeur car ils sont connus pour empêcher l’adsorption de protéines ainsi que l’attachement cellulaire. Cependant, dans toutes les études publiées précédemment, les couches de type PEG ont été réalisées sous vide.<p>Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous synthétisons des couches de type pp-PEG biocompatibles par plasmas à pression atmosphérique. A cette fin, deux méthodes originales ont été développées. 1. La première méthode consiste en l’injection du précurseur, le tetra(éthylène glycol) diméthyl éther (tetraglyme), en phase liquide, en nébulisant ce dernier au moyen d’un spray, directement dans la post-décharge d’une torche à plasma atmosphérique fonctionnant à l’argon. En anglais, nous appelons ce procédé « Atmospheric pressure plasma liquid deposition (APPLD) ». 2. Dans la deuxième méthode, appelée en anglais « Atmospheric pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (APPECVD)», le tetraglyme est amené en phase vapeur dans la post-décharge, au moyen d’un diffuseur chauffant. La composition chimique des dépôts de type APPLD et APPECVD, ainsi que leurs propriétés d’anti-adsorption sont évaluées, et comparées aux dépôts pp-PEG obtenus par les méthodes à basse pression conventionnelles.<p>Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous nous focalisons sur la composition chimique des films déposés, et plus particulièrement sur l’influence de la puissance injectée dans le plasma sur cette composition chimique. A cette fin, nous avons fait appel à des techniques d’analyse telles que la spectroscopie de réflexion-absorption infrarouge (IRRAS), la spectroscopie des photoélectrons X (XPS) et la spectrométrie de masse des ions secondaires (SIMS). <p>Il en ressort que les films de type APPECVD perdent progressivement leur « caractère PEG » à mesure que la puissance de la décharge plasma est élevée. Cela serait dû à une plus grande fragmentation du précurseur dans la post-décharge d’un plasma plus énergétique. Cette tendance est cohérente avec ce que nous avons observé pour les dépôts à basse pression ainsi que dans la littérature.<p>Dans le cas des films de type APPLD, un tel comportement n’a pas été mis en évidence :quelle que soit la puissance dissipée dans le plasma, les films présentent un « caractère PEG » relativement élevé.<p>La deuxième partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l’évaluation des propriétés d’anti-adsorption des films synthétisés, en les exposant à des protéines (albumine de sérum bovin et fibrinogène humain) et des cellules (fibroblastes de souris, L929 et MEF). L’adsorption de protéines est contrôlée par XPS tandis que l’attachement cellulaire est contrôlé par imagerie SEM.<p>Pour les échantillons de type APPECVD, un dépôt à faible puissance (30 W) mène à une importante réduction de l’adsorption de protéines et de cellules (> 85%) tandis qu’à de plus hautes puissances (80 W), l’anti-adsorption est sensiblement diminuée (50% de réduction). Dans le cas des dépôts de type APPLD, quelle que soit la puissance du plasma, une forte diminution de l’adsorption de protéines et de cellules est observée (> 90 %).<p>Ces résultats montrent une différence majeure entre les deux procédés quant à l’influence de la puissance du plasma ainsi qu’une forte relation entre la composition chimique de la surface synthétisée et son pouvoir d’anti-adsorption :plus le « caractère PEG » du dépôt est conservé, plus la surface empêchera l’interaction avec les protéines et les cellules. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire portent sur l’étude des plasmas d’hélium générés par micro-ondes en cavité résonnante à la pression atmosphérique et sur leurs applications en traitement de surfaces. Tout d’abord, un état de l’art sur les plasmas micro-ondes à la pression atmosphérique et leurs applications est présenté. Ensuite, un modèle collisionnel-radiatif de la décharge et de la post-décharge d’hélium pur est établi. Les résultats du modèle sont comparés aux mesures expérimentales obtenues à 2500 K et un jeu de sections efficaces et de constantes cinétiques valables pour ces conditions est proposé. Expérimentalement, des analyses par spectroscopie d’émission et d’absorption sont employées. La température du gaz est déterminée par la méthode du spectre rotationnel synthétique en fonction de la puissance, de la concentration et de la nature des impuretés introduites dans l’hélium. Il s’avère que le volume du plasma est un paramètre déterminant sur la température du gaz. La concentration du métastable He(23S), en décharge continue et pulsée, est déterminée par absorption laser. En décharge continue, la concentration du métastable est divisée par trois avec 360 ppm d’impureté, la nature de l’impureté n’ayant pas d’importance. En revanche, en post-décharge la nature de l’impureté est déterminante. Les mesures réalisées indiquent que He+ et non He2+ serait l’ion majoritaire. Concernant les applications de ce type de plasma, nous avons travaillé en post-décharge uniquement. Nous avons démontré la faisabilité du procédé de dépôt de SiOx à partir d’hexaméthyldisiloxane. Nous avons aussi montré que la nitruration du titane à haute température était possible / The present work deals with the study of helium microwave plasmas at atmospheric pressure generated in a resonant cavity and their applications in surface treatment. First of all, a state of art of microwave atmospheric pressure plasmas and their applications is presented. Next, a collisional-radiative model for pure helium discharge and post-discharge is described. The results of the model are compared to experimental data obtained at 2500 K and a coherent set of cross-sections and rate constants is obtained for these conditions. Emission and absorption spectroscopy diagnostics are employed to characterize the helium plasma. The gas temperature is determined by the rotational synthetic spectra method. The evolution of the gas temperature, as a function of the input power, the concentration and the nature of impurities in helium, is measured. It turns out that the plasma volume plays a significant role on the gas temperature. The He(23S) concentration is determined by laser absorption in pulsed and continuous mode. In continuous mode, the metastable concentration is divided by 3 with 360 ppm of impurity, regardless of the nature of the impurity. Nevertheless, during the post-discharge, in pulsed mode, the nature of the impurity plays an important role. These measurements support the idea that He+ and not He2+ is the main ion. Concerning the applications, only post-discharges are utilized. We demonstrate that deposition of SiOx using hexamethyldisiloxane as precursor can be efficient. We show that titanium nitriding at high temperature is possible

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The aim of the Master thesis is the investigation of the influence of microwave discharge for skin wound healing. Microwave discharge used for this work was argon microwave plasma generated by the surface wave and direct vortex torch. The theoretical part is focused on basic information about plasma and processes that occur in plasma discharge under specific conditions. Plasma generates various active particles such as hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide radicals, excited nitrogen molecules, atomic nitrogen, argon and oxygen. All of these particles together with plasma generated photons are usable in biomedical applications and summary of them is shown in the theoretical part. The experimental part is focused on the comparison of torch discharge and microwave plasma generated surface wave in skin wound healing. The model wounds on laboratory mousses were treated by plasma and wound healing was examined during 3 weeks after the plasma treatment. Both plasma systems showed healing acceleration. Application of torch discharge was proved to be the most effective method in the healing of skin defects. Additionally, determination of active particles was taken by optical emission spectroscopy. Based on these measurements, plasma parameters were determined: electron temparutare, rotational and vibrational temperatures. To determine role of different plasma active species, the treatment of indigo coloured artificial skin model was treated under various conditions by both plasma systems. Results show that the direct interaction between plasma particles is the main effect, role of radiation, only, is more or less negligible. Finally, the plasma vortex system was visualized using fast camera at selected powers and gas flows.

L’objectif de ce mémoire de maîtrise est de caractériser une Décharge à Barrière Diélectrique (DBD) à la pression atmosphérique dans l’azote en régime homogène. L’objectif est d’une part de mettre en évidence les différents paramètres fondamentaux de ces décharges (température électronique, densité électronique, densité d’espèces excitées et métastables) mais aussi leurs évolutions spatio-temporelles. Dans ce contexte une électrode fractionnée a été réalisée afin de caractériser la décharge le long du flux de gaz et des mesures de spectroscopie d’émission optique résolues spatialement et temporellement ont été utilisées afin d’étudier la physico-chimie de ces décharges. Des variations de tension de claquage et de courant de décharge ont pu être observées entre l’entrée et la sortie du réacteur plasma. Cette variation a pu être reliée à une modification de la population de métastables d’azote N2(A) le long du flux de gaz. De plus, aucune variation significative de la température électronique n’a été relevé. Dans ce travail, des effets d’étalement de la décharge de Townsend ont été mis en évidence grâce à une méthode simple et rapide d'estimation de la surface de décharge. La décharge s’initie d’abord en sortie à cause d’une plus forte population d’espèces énergétiques par rapport à l’entrée. Les mauvaises estimations de surface de décharge conduisent à de mauvaises estimations des valeurs des capacités du circuit équivalent et donc à des paramètres électriques tels que le courant de décharge et la tension appliquée au gaz erronés. Ceci peut donner lieu à de mauvaises interprétations de la physique des DBD. La méthode proposée peut s’appliquer avec ou sans électrode fractionnée ainsi qu’en présence d’espèces réactives appropriées pour le dépôt de couches minces fonctionnelles et multifonctionnelles. / The objective of this master thesis is to characterize a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure in nitrogen gas in a homogeneous regime. The objective is on the one hand to highlight the different fundamental parameters of these discharges (electronic temperature, electronic density, density of excited and metastable species) but also their spatio-temporal evolutions. In this context a structured electrode was made to characterize the discharge along the gas flow lines as well as optical emission spectroscopy measurements to study the physical chemistry of these discharges. Variations in breakdown voltage and discharge current could be observed between the entrance and the exit of the plasma reactor. This variation could be related to a change in the metastable population of nitrogen N2(A) along the gas flow. In addition, no significant variation in the electronic temperature was noted. In this work, spreading effects of the Townsend discharge were highlighted by a simple and quick method of estimating the discharge area. The discharge is initiated at the exit due to a larger population of energy species compared to the entrance. Wrong discharge area estimates lead to poor estimates of capacitance values of the equivalent circuit and thus to incorrect electrical parameters such as discharge current and gas voltage. This can lead to misinterpretations of DBD physics. The proposed method can be applied with or without fractional electrode, and also in the presence of reactive species suitable for thin-film deposition.

<p>Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons so complex that it is predicted to comprise as many compounds as there are genes in the human genome. Developing methods to not only recover crude oil from the ground but also to convert crude oil into desirable products is challenging due to its complex nature. Thus, the petroleum industry relies heavily on analytical techniques to characterize the oil in reservoirs prior to enhanced oil recovery efforts and to evaluate the chemical compositions of their crude oil based products. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the only analytical technique that has the potential to provide elemental composition as well as structural information for the individual compounds that comprise petroleum samples. The continuous development of ionization techniques and mass analyzers, and other instrumentation advances, have primed mass spectrometry as the go-to analytical technique for providing solutions to problems faced by the petroleum industry. The research discussed in this dissertation can be divided into three parts: developing novel mass spectrometry-based methods to characterize mixtures of saturated hydrocarbons in petroleum products (Chapters 3 and 5), exploring the cause of fragmentation of saturated hydrocarbons upon atmospheric pressure chemical ionization to improve the analysis of samples containing these compounds (Chapter 4), and developing a better understanding of the chemical composition of crude oil that tightly binds to reservoir surfaces to improve chemically enhanced oil recovery (Chapter 6). </p>

Lipids from the fat body of queens of Bombus terrestris species in different life stages were studied using chromatographic methods. High-performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization was used to analyze all lipids from the tissue. Semi- preparative thin-layer chromatography was used to isolate triacylglycerols (TGs) from the fat body tissue. The TGs were subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography - atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Quantitative differences between different life stages have been found. Qualitative composition has not been changing significantly. Only minor differences have been found in the substances, which were present in amount less than 1%.