To find if video enjoyment was deeper for people with ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactive disorder) than for their non-ADHD peers, subjects with ADHD, and without, had their eye movement tracked during video exposure to determine average saccade rates. I interviewed subjects using pre-tested statements to establish periods of flow state (a measure of enjoyment). Results indicate that there is a deeper sense of enjoyment for people with ADHD, as subjects with ADHD passed a greater average time in flow state during video consumption (27% compared to 21%). Furthermore, the effects of flow state on the eye movement of those with ADHD was much greater than the effects of flow state on the eye movement of the non-ADHD control group. Average saccade rates jumped up 0.15 saccades per second when comparing out-of-flow to in-flow states for the ADHD group, while the average saccade rate for the non-ADHD group increased only 0.03 saccades per second when comparing out-of-flow to in-flow states. This helps further understanding of why people with ADHD consume more screen time than their non-ADHD peers; they may be more inclined to choose video consumption as an activity since the enjoyment they receive from video consumption is deeper and more frequent.

Syfte: Att undersöka om det fanns något samband mellan behandling med centralstimulantia ochavvikande tillväxt hos barn och ungdomar med ADHD, samt att undersöka om eventuellt avvikandetillväxt hade något samband med ålder vid insättande, kön eller olika funktionshinder.Metod: 68 barn med ADHD som behandlats med centralstimulantia i minst två år inkluderades.Journalkopior inhämtades från Habiliteringen för barn och vuxna vid Uppsala läns landsting. Dessakopior innehöll barnens tillväxtkurvor, kön, diagnos och ålder. Kurvorna granskades med hjälp av enutformad granskningsmall. Barnens tillväxt jämfördes mellan åldergrupper, kön och olikafunktionshinder.Resultat: Vid behandlingsstart var åldersgrupperna 6-8 år samt 12-16 år signifikant tyngre ännormalpopulationen i samma åldersgrupper. Det fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan åldergrupperna ilängdavplaning efter ett års behandling, där fler barn i åldrarna 10-16 år avplanade än barn i åldrarna6-10 år. Även mellan funktionshindergrupperna fanns det en signifikant skillnad i längdavplaning eftertvå års behandling. Mellan pojkar och flickor fanns det en signifikant skillnad i viktavplaning efter tvåårs behandling, där fler pojkar avvek nedåt från sin tillväxtkurva.Slutsats: Det framkom få samband mellan behandling med centralstimulantia och avvikande tillväxthos barn och ungdomar med ADHD. Ett litet urval i denna journalgranskning innebar låg power i destatistiska analyserna vilket medförde svårigheter att påvisa signifikanta samband och skillnadermellan de grupper som jämförts. Avplaning i tillväxt vid centralstimulantiabehandling är ett viktigtansvarsområde för sjuksköterskan som bör observera och arbeta förebyggande för att undvika detta.Författarna vidhåller att detta är ett viktigt ämne som berör många barn, föräldrar och sociala instanser,vilket gör det önskvärt med fler större studier som undersöker detta mer grundligt. / Objective: To study whether there was any relation between treatment with stimulants and abnormalgrowth in children and adolescents with ADHD, and to study whether any differences in growth wasrelated to age at initiation, gender or different disabilities.Design: 68 children with ADHD treated with stimulants for at least two years were included. Journalcopies were collected from Habiliteringen vid Uppsala län. These copies contained the children'sgrowth charts, gender, diagnosis and age. These curves were studied using a designed review template.Children's growth was compared between age groups, gender and disabilities.Results: At baseline, the age groups 6-8 years and 12-16 years were significantly heavier than normalpopulation of same age groups. There was a significant difference between age groups in decrease inlength after one year of treatment where more children aged 10-16 years decreases than children aged6-10 years. Also among other disability groups, there was a significant difference in decrease in lengthafter two years of treatment. Between boys and girls, there was a significant difference in decrease inweight after two years of treatment, where more boys departed downward from its growth curve.Conclusion: There were few correlations between treatment with stimulants and abnormal growth inchildren and adolescents with ADHD. A small sample in this journal review meant low power in thestatistical analysis leading to an inability to detect significant correlation and differences between thegroups for comparison. Decrese in growth during treatment with stimulants is an importantresponsibility for the nurse who should observe and work preventively to avoid this. The authorsmaintain that this is an important topic that affects many children, parents and social instances, makingit desirable for more major studies to investigate this more thoroughly.

The evaluation of how Assistive Technologies for Cognition (ATC) serve their purpose in providing support for children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (AD/HD) is limited and it is not clear how to best support the cognitive functions in order to help the individual increase task performance in everyday life. This thesis sought to scrutinise how families with at least one child diagnosed with AD/HD incorporate ATCs in their daily life in order to cope with appurtenant difficulties. An online survey, answered by 92 caregivers for children with AD/HD, attended to the cognitive abilities in need of support, the usage of ATCs, and how ATCs supported the executive functions in everyday planning. The results reveal that children encounter difficulty in dealing with cognitive ability, executive functioning and causal inference when it comes to planning in everyday life situations, which relates to lower levels of independence. Executive functioning and causal inference is negatively correlated to number of symptoms of AD/HD. The ATC is not satisfactorily supporting the cognitive functions, which results in another person by default being the one who sets up the ATC, and the child merely follows the instruction. The results has been processed into a table containing concepts which is suggested to be considered both when developing, as well as evaluating, ATCs for children with AD/HD.

Purpose: To investigate and characterize sensory sensitivity in Tourette syndrome (TS) through an evaluation of behaviour, perception and processing of tactile stimuli in children with TS and co-morbid Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) compared to typically developing controls (TDC). Methods: Somatosensory evoked P3 potentials were recorded in TS+ADHD and in TDC children aged 6-12 and compared at midline electrodes. Reported sensory sensitivity was measured using the Sensory Profile, while Semmes-Weinstein filaments were used to determine tactile threshold in the same area stimulated during P3 testing. Results: 13 TS+ADHD and 12 TDC were studied. TS+ADHD children reported significantly higher sensory sensitivity (p=.001) and demonstrated a significantly lower tactile threshold (p=.027) than TDC. Furthermore, the amplitude of electrophysiological responses to repetitive tactile stimuli was significantly larger in TS+ADHD (p=.0009). Conclusion: TS+ADHD children are significantly more sensitive to tactile stimulation than controls. ERP differences suggest that central processing alterations could mediate sensory hypersensitivity.

Purpose: To investigate and characterize sensory sensitivity in Tourette syndrome (TS) through an evaluation of behaviour, perception and processing of tactile stimuli in children with TS and co-morbid Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) compared to typically developing controls (TDC). Methods: Somatosensory evoked P3 potentials were recorded in TS+ADHD and in TDC children aged 6-12 and compared at midline electrodes. Reported sensory sensitivity was measured using the Sensory Profile, while Semmes-Weinstein filaments were used to determine tactile threshold in the same area stimulated during P3 testing. Results: 13 TS+ADHD and 12 TDC were studied. TS+ADHD children reported significantly higher sensory sensitivity (p=.001) and demonstrated a significantly lower tactile threshold (p=.027) than TDC. Furthermore, the amplitude of electrophysiological responses to repetitive tactile stimuli was significantly larger in TS+ADHD (p=.0009). Conclusion: TS+ADHD children are significantly more sensitive to tactile stimulation than controls. ERP differences suggest that central processing alterations could mediate sensory hypersensitivity.

Introdução: O estudo da personalidade apresenta uma influência crescente no entendimento da heterogeneidade de transtornos psiquiátricos. O temperamento em particular parece contribuir para a grande variabilidade do TDAH. Tal associação é examinada neste estudo, fazendo parte de um projeto mais amplo que envolve desde as bases genéticas até a comorbidade e resposta a tratamento do TDAH. Artigo: Este estudo examina escores nas dimensões de temperamento do TCI em subtipos de TDAH em adultos. Cento e quarenta e seis pacientes (66 mulheres e 80 homens) foram recrutados através de informação na imprensa acerca de manifestações do TDAH para um programa de pesquisa. Os diagnósticos de TDAH foram realizados pelo DSM-IV e a avaliação do temperamento teve por base o TCI. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois subtipos de TDAH: desatento (N=52) e hiperativo/combinado (N=92). Os escores de temperamento foram então avaliados em análises de variância de dois fatores (sexo e subtipo), com correção para a idade. Os pacientes do subtipo hiperativo/combinado apresentaram escores mais altos em procura de novidades (P=0,033), enquanto os desatentos, uma tendência não significativa para escores maiores em dependência de premiação (P=0,064). Nas comparações entre os sexos, as mulheres apresentaram escores maiores em esquiva ao dano (P=0,029) e dependência de premiação (P=0,010). Foi observada uma interação significativa entre o sexo e o subtipo sobre os escores de persistência. Enquanto entre os homens o subtipo hiperativo/combinado mostrou-se associado a escores mais altos em persistência, o inverso foi observado no sexo feminino. Este estudo sugere que a avaliação do temperamento pode contribuir na compreensão da heterogeneidade clínica do TDAH. Discussão e conclusões: Os achados deste estudo são coerentes com a literatura examinada, apontando para o papel de variações do temperamento na heterogeneidade do TDAH. / Introduction: Current research on personality assessment presents a growing influence on the understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, temperament seems to contribute to the large ADHD variability. Such association is analyzed here as part of a larger project encompassing from genetics to comorbidity and response to treatment in ADHD. Article: This study aims to evaluate temperament dimension scores of TCI in ADHD subtypes in adult subjects. One hundred forty six patients (66 females and 80 males) were self referred by press information on ADHD symptoms. The diagnosis of ADHD was confirmed using DSM-IV criteria and temperament was assessed with the TCI. Patients were separated in two ADHD subtype groups: inattentive (N=52) and hyperactive/combined ones (N=92). Temperament scores were measured by two factors ANOVA analysis (gender and subtype), with age correction. Hyperactive/combined patients scored higher in novelty seeking (P=0.033) while inattentive presented a nonsignificant trend towards higher scores in reward dependence (P=0.064). Comparing genders, females showed higher scores in harm avoidance (P=0.029) and reward dependence (P=0.010). A significant interaction between gender and subtypes was observed in persistence scores. While combined/hyperactive males presented higher persistence scores, the opposite was observed among females. This study suggests that temperament assessment can contribute to the understanding of the clinical heterogeneity in ADHD. Discussion and conclusions: The results of this investigation are coherent with the current literature, pointing towards the role of temperament variability on the heterogeneity of ADHD.

Introdução: O estudo da personalidade apresenta uma influência crescente no entendimento da heterogeneidade de transtornos psiquiátricos. O temperamento em particular parece contribuir para a grande variabilidade do TDAH. Tal associação é examinada neste estudo, fazendo parte de um projeto mais amplo que envolve desde as bases genéticas até a comorbidade e resposta a tratamento do TDAH. Artigo: Este estudo examina escores nas dimensões de temperamento do TCI em subtipos de TDAH em adultos. Cento e quarenta e seis pacientes (66 mulheres e 80 homens) foram recrutados através de informação na imprensa acerca de manifestações do TDAH para um programa de pesquisa. Os diagnósticos de TDAH foram realizados pelo DSM-IV e a avaliação do temperamento teve por base o TCI. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois subtipos de TDAH: desatento (N=52) e hiperativo/combinado (N=92). Os escores de temperamento foram então avaliados em análises de variância de dois fatores (sexo e subtipo), com correção para a idade. Os pacientes do subtipo hiperativo/combinado apresentaram escores mais altos em procura de novidades (P=0,033), enquanto os desatentos, uma tendência não significativa para escores maiores em dependência de premiação (P=0,064). Nas comparações entre os sexos, as mulheres apresentaram escores maiores em esquiva ao dano (P=0,029) e dependência de premiação (P=0,010). Foi observada uma interação significativa entre o sexo e o subtipo sobre os escores de persistência. Enquanto entre os homens o subtipo hiperativo/combinado mostrou-se associado a escores mais altos em persistência, o inverso foi observado no sexo feminino. Este estudo sugere que a avaliação do temperamento pode contribuir na compreensão da heterogeneidade clínica do TDAH. Discussão e conclusões: Os achados deste estudo são coerentes com a literatura examinada, apontando para o papel de variações do temperamento na heterogeneidade do TDAH. / Introduction: Current research on personality assessment presents a growing influence on the understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, temperament seems to contribute to the large ADHD variability. Such association is analyzed here as part of a larger project encompassing from genetics to comorbidity and response to treatment in ADHD. Article: This study aims to evaluate temperament dimension scores of TCI in ADHD subtypes in adult subjects. One hundred forty six patients (66 females and 80 males) were self referred by press information on ADHD symptoms. The diagnosis of ADHD was confirmed using DSM-IV criteria and temperament was assessed with the TCI. Patients were separated in two ADHD subtype groups: inattentive (N=52) and hyperactive/combined ones (N=92). Temperament scores were measured by two factors ANOVA analysis (gender and subtype), with age correction. Hyperactive/combined patients scored higher in novelty seeking (P=0.033) while inattentive presented a nonsignificant trend towards higher scores in reward dependence (P=0.064). Comparing genders, females showed higher scores in harm avoidance (P=0.029) and reward dependence (P=0.010). A significant interaction between gender and subtypes was observed in persistence scores. While combined/hyperactive males presented higher persistence scores, the opposite was observed among females. This study suggests that temperament assessment can contribute to the understanding of the clinical heterogeneity in ADHD. Discussion and conclusions: The results of this investigation are coherent with the current literature, pointing towards the role of temperament variability on the heterogeneity of ADHD.

Introdução: O estudo da personalidade apresenta uma influência crescente no entendimento da heterogeneidade de transtornos psiquiátricos. O temperamento em particular parece contribuir para a grande variabilidade do TDAH. Tal associação é examinada neste estudo, fazendo parte de um projeto mais amplo que envolve desde as bases genéticas até a comorbidade e resposta a tratamento do TDAH. Artigo: Este estudo examina escores nas dimensões de temperamento do TCI em subtipos de TDAH em adultos. Cento e quarenta e seis pacientes (66 mulheres e 80 homens) foram recrutados através de informação na imprensa acerca de manifestações do TDAH para um programa de pesquisa. Os diagnósticos de TDAH foram realizados pelo DSM-IV e a avaliação do temperamento teve por base o TCI. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois subtipos de TDAH: desatento (N=52) e hiperativo/combinado (N=92). Os escores de temperamento foram então avaliados em análises de variância de dois fatores (sexo e subtipo), com correção para a idade. Os pacientes do subtipo hiperativo/combinado apresentaram escores mais altos em procura de novidades (P=0,033), enquanto os desatentos, uma tendência não significativa para escores maiores em dependência de premiação (P=0,064). Nas comparações entre os sexos, as mulheres apresentaram escores maiores em esquiva ao dano (P=0,029) e dependência de premiação (P=0,010). Foi observada uma interação significativa entre o sexo e o subtipo sobre os escores de persistência. Enquanto entre os homens o subtipo hiperativo/combinado mostrou-se associado a escores mais altos em persistência, o inverso foi observado no sexo feminino. Este estudo sugere que a avaliação do temperamento pode contribuir na compreensão da heterogeneidade clínica do TDAH. Discussão e conclusões: Os achados deste estudo são coerentes com a literatura examinada, apontando para o papel de variações do temperamento na heterogeneidade do TDAH. / Introduction: Current research on personality assessment presents a growing influence on the understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, temperament seems to contribute to the large ADHD variability. Such association is analyzed here as part of a larger project encompassing from genetics to comorbidity and response to treatment in ADHD. Article: This study aims to evaluate temperament dimension scores of TCI in ADHD subtypes in adult subjects. One hundred forty six patients (66 females and 80 males) were self referred by press information on ADHD symptoms. The diagnosis of ADHD was confirmed using DSM-IV criteria and temperament was assessed with the TCI. Patients were separated in two ADHD subtype groups: inattentive (N=52) and hyperactive/combined ones (N=92). Temperament scores were measured by two factors ANOVA analysis (gender and subtype), with age correction. Hyperactive/combined patients scored higher in novelty seeking (P=0.033) while inattentive presented a nonsignificant trend towards higher scores in reward dependence (P=0.064). Comparing genders, females showed higher scores in harm avoidance (P=0.029) and reward dependence (P=0.010). A significant interaction between gender and subtypes was observed in persistence scores. While combined/hyperactive males presented higher persistence scores, the opposite was observed among females. This study suggests that temperament assessment can contribute to the understanding of the clinical heterogeneity in ADHD. Discussion and conclusions: The results of this investigation are coherent with the current literature, pointing towards the role of temperament variability on the heterogeneity of ADHD.

Bakgrund: I tidigare forskning framkommer att personer med ADHD-diagnos behöver fler insatser än bara läkemedelsbehandling och omvårdnaden behöver ta ytterligare plats. Sjuksköterskan är ofta involverad vid behandlingsinsatserna inom psykiatrin. Trots det finns sparsamt med forskning sett ur sjuksköterskans perspektiv och hens erfarenheter. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenhet av att stödja återhämtning hos personer med ADHD-diagnos inom vuxen-psykiatrisk öppenvård. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk vård. Intervjuerna analyserades via kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom kategorierna ”Att hjälpa patienten sortera”, ”Att fånga patientens perspektiv” och ”Att värna ett specialistansvar”. Under dessa kategorier framkom åtta sub-kategorier. Ett övergripande tema identifierades, ”Att vara en möjliggörare”. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor möjliggör återhämtning genom att etablera en tillitsfull vårdrelation och via ett helhetsperspektiv hjälpa den enskilda individen finna en realistisk kravnivå. Det är viktigt att stödja patienten att hitta sin egen kraft och väg. Omvårdnadsinsatsen bereds den plats som kvarstår efter att den medicinska uppföljningen genomförts vilket försvårar möjligheterna till individanpassad vård för att stödja återhämtning. Sjuksköterskans grunduppdrag känns ovisst vilket försvårar att vara ”en möjliggörare”.

The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge level (general, etiology, assessment, treatment) of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD/ADD) of principles, regular education teachers, and special education teachers in the First Educational District in Northeast Tennessee. The study further the amount of instruction on ADHD/ADD that educators received as part of their teacher training and after they began teaching, the number of books and articles they read on ADHD/ADD, the number of students with ADHD/ADD they worked with, and the number of students they worked with who were on medication. The study also revealed teacher beliefs about ADHD/ADD as a legitimate educational problem, benefits of additional training, and how to best receive information on ADHD/ADD. Six research questions guided the study and 20 null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the .05 level of significance. Data were analyzed by using the t-test, the analysis of variance and the analysis of covariance. Results of the study indicated a significant difference between position and knowledge, degree and knowledge, and years of professional experience and knowledge. No significant difference existed between the type of system employed in and knowledge level.