This thesis is about the creation, reception and dissemination of poetry in Flavian Rome as depicted in the satires of Juvenal and the epigrams of Martial. It deals with their relationship with their Augustan predecessors, especially Horace. It discusses the rhetoric of decline that pervades early Juvenalian satire, and to some degree, Martial’s epigrams, especially in relation to an idealized and self-proclaimed Golden Age several generations before. It argues that this decline is representative of a political decline since the Age of Augustus and feelings of disenfranchisement of upper-class men under autocratic rule. It also examines the embeddedness of Flavian literature within its urban social context and the ways in which Martial and Juvenal handle the increasing interconnectedness of life and art in relation to their Augustan predecessors. There are three chapters, entitled Amicitia and Patronage, the Recusatio, and Locating the Poetic Feast. / Graduate

No / The use of water in Roman private houses has been identified as a highly visible status symbol. The detailed study of the House of the Vestals at Pompeii reveals how water features were central to the house¿s structural changes from the late first century B.C. The owners of the house invested heavily in fountains and pools as key elements in the display of their wealth to visitors and passers-by alike. This article relates the structural development of the House of the Vestals to the social history of decorative water usage, from an initial investment exploiting the pressurized water provided by the new aqueduct early in the Augustan period to the responses to crises following the earthquake of A.D. 62

This thesis examines the ways in which the Magna Mater became an integral part of Augustan ideology and the visual language of the early principate. Traditionally, our picture of the Augustan Magna Mater has been shaped by evidence from literary sources. Here, however, the monuments of the goddess' cult are considered in their religio-political context. Works that link Augustus himself to the Magna Mater are shown to reveal that the goddess played a significant and hitherto unappreciated role in official propaganda. Part I examines the nature of the Augustan reconstruction of the Palatine Temple of the Magna Mater and challenges persistent claims that the princeps was disinterested in the metroac cult. Augustus' use of inexpensive building materials is shown to be, not a display of parsimony, but an attempt to retain the traditional appearance of a venerable structure. A reinterpretation of the temple's pedimental and acroterial sculpture, using the Valle-Medici reliefs, demonstrates that Augustus promoted the Magna Mater as an allegory of Rome's Trojan heritage and as a symbol of a new Golden Age. Part II investigates the topography of the Augustan precinct on the Palatine, and argues that the geographic linkage of the metroön and the House of Augustus became a topos in imperial imagery. It then demonstrates that several well-known works of art echo this connection between the princeps and the goddess. These works range from statues in the Circus Maximus designed to be viewed by thousands, to the Gemma Augustea, a luxury item intended for the elite. They are also found both inside and outside Rome. A reassessment of the Vicus Sandaliarius altar and the Sorrento base illustrates popular recognition of Augustus' reinvention of the Magna Mater as a national deity of Rome and the tutelary goddess of the Julio-Claudii.

Recentemente, tem aumentado o interesse acadêmico nas figurações do Baco romano, que, até então, não havia recebido tanta atenção quanto o Dioniso grego. Novos estudos têm mostrado como o repertório dionisíaco proliferou no Período Augustano, produzindo novas metáforas atreladas às transformações sociais, políticas e culturais da época. Horácio, o poeta que mais desenvolveu os temas dionisíacos entre os augustanos, apresenta diversas facetas do deus em diferentes gêneros poéticos, reservando a ele um lugar de destaque em suas Odes. Esta pesquisa preenche uma lacuna nos estudos de poética latina, discutindo questões associadas a Baco e ao simpósio em Horácio, tendo em vista os papéis do deus como herói deificado, divindade simpótica e orgiástica e patrono da poesia, em associação a temas como o amor, a política, a guerra, a patronagem e a composição poética. A tese divide-se em seis capítulos: dois capítulos introdutórios em que são considerados antecedentes e aspectos gerais de Baco e do simpósio, e quatro capítulos com a análise desses temas em Horácio. No terceiro capítulo, o enfoque é sobre o furor dionisíaco como impulso poético. Nos capítulos quatro e cinco, o simpósio - presidido por Líber - é observado como um cenário metafórico em que a persona poética de Horácio relaciona-se com amantes, patronos, poetas e amigos; um lugar onde o vinho combina com política, guerra, amor, amizade e poesia. No capítulo final, são analisadas questões de composição poética associadas ao engenho e ao furor poético dionisíacos. / Recently, scholarly interest in the representations of the Roman Bacchus has increased, which had not received as much attention as the Greek Dionysus. New studies have shown how the dionysiac repertoire proliferated in the Augustan Age, producing new metaphors linked to cultural, social and political transformations that took place in the period. Horace, who is the most prolific of the Augustan poets in the use of dionysiac imagery, presents different aspects of the god in different genres, reserving a special place to him in his Odes. This research fulfills a gap in the studies of Latin poetics, exploring issues associated with Bacchus and the symposium in Horace, considering the gods roles as deified hero, sympotic and orgiastic divinity and patron of poetry in association with themes such as love, politics, war, patronage and poetic composition. The thesis is divided into six chapters, with two introductory chapters on the antecedents and general aspects of Bacchus and the symposium, and four chapters with an analysis of these themes in Horace. In the third chapter, I investigate the Bacchic enthusiasm as a metaphor for the poetic impulse. In chapters and four and five, I observe the symposium - presided over by Liber - as a metaphorical setting where the poet interacts with lovers, patrons, other poets and friends; a place where wine combines with politics, war, love, friendship and poetry. In the last chapter, I consider issues of poetic composition connected with dionysiac ingenium and poetic furor.

In this thesis, I explore the construction of female erotic desire in Ovid’s work as it is represented in the form of mythical heroines. Phaedra-like figures appear in Ovid’s poetry as dangerous spectres of wildly inappropriate and therefore destructive, bestial, or incestuous sexuality. I consider in particular the catalogue of Phaedra-like figures in Ars Amatoria 1.283-340, Phaedra in Heroides 4, Byblis in Metamorphoses 9.439-665, and Iphis in Metamorphoses 9.666-797. Their tales act as a threat of punishment for any inappropriate desire. They represent for the normative sexual subject a sexual desire which has been excluded, and what could happen, what the normative subject could become, were he or she to transgress taboos and laws governing sexual relations. I apply the idea of the abject, as it has been formulated by Julia Kristeva and Judith Butler, in order to elucidate Ovid’s process of constructing such a subject in his poetry. I also consider Butler’s theories of the performativity of sex, gender, and kinship roles in relation to the continued maintenance of the normative and abject subject positions his poetry creates. The intersection of “performance” and performativity is crucial to the representation of the heroines as paradigms of female desire. Ovid’s engagement with his literary predecessors in the genre of tragedy, in particular Euripides’ and Sophocles’ tragedies featuring Phaedra, highlights the idea of dramatically “performing” a role, e.g., the role of incestuous step-mother. Such a spotlight on “performance” in all of these literary representations reveals the performativity of culturally defined gender and kinship roles. Ovid’s ludic representations, or “citations,” of Phaedra, I argue, both reinvest cultural stereotypes of women’s sexuality with authority through their repetition and introduce new possibilities of feminine subjectivity and sexuality through the variations in each iteration.

This dissertation investigates how Augustan poetry imagines, redefines and reconfigures the idea of the chorus. It argues that the chorus, a quintessential marker of Greek culture, was translated and transformed into a peculiarly Roman phenomenon whereby poets invented their relationship with an imagined past and implicated it in the present. Augustan poets, I suggest, created a sustained and intensely intertextual choral poetics that played into contemporary poetic debates about the power of writing versus song and the complexity of responding to performance culture through multiple layers of written tradition. Focusing in particular on Virgil’s Aeneid, Propertius’ Elegies and Horace’s Odes, the dissertation uses a series of case studies to trace the role played by scenes of embedded choral song and dance in Augustan poetics. The scene is set by comparing how a range of texts respond differently to a single fundamental aspect of Greek choral culture—the figure of the chorus leader—and by establishing Catullus as an important predecessor to Augustan choral discourse. The dissertation then turns to explore how choral language and imagery become involved in some of the central issues of Augustan poetry: Latin love poetry’s construction of female desirability and male anxiety, the creation of poetic authority in Augustan lyric and elegy, and the search for the origins of Roman ritual in Virgil’s Aeneid. Finally, these embedded scenes are juxtaposed with Horace’s Carmen Saeculare, a text composed, remarkably, for choral performance on the Roman civic stage, which is shown to activate the choral metaphor that had been created by the Latin literary imagination. By demonstrating Augustan poetry’s engagement with this aspect of Greek performance culture, the study sheds new light on the relationship between Greek and Roman poetry, shifting the focus from the reinvention of Greek genres and the study of particular sites of allusion towards an understanding of the complex dynamics of reception and reconfiguration at work in these poets’ reappropriation of both a literary and cultural idea. / The Classics

In this thesis, I explore the construction of female erotic desire in Ovid’s work as it is represented in the form of mythical heroines. Phaedra-like figures appear in Ovid’s poetry as dangerous spectres of wildly inappropriate and therefore destructive, bestial, or incestuous sexuality. I consider in particular the catalogue of Phaedra-like figures in Ars Amatoria 1.283-340, Phaedra in Heroides 4, Byblis in Metamorphoses 9.439-665, and Iphis in Metamorphoses 9.666-797. Their tales act as a threat of punishment for any inappropriate desire. They represent for the normative sexual subject a sexual desire which has been excluded, and what could happen, what the normative subject could become, were he or she to transgress taboos and laws governing sexual relations. I apply the idea of the abject, as it has been formulated by Julia Kristeva and Judith Butler, in order to elucidate Ovid’s process of constructing such a subject in his poetry. I also consider Butler’s theories of the performativity of sex, gender, and kinship roles in relation to the continued maintenance of the normative and abject subject positions his poetry creates. The intersection of “performance” and performativity is crucial to the representation of the heroines as paradigms of female desire. Ovid’s engagement with his literary predecessors in the genre of tragedy, in particular Euripides’ and Sophocles’ tragedies featuring Phaedra, highlights the idea of dramatically “performing” a role, e.g., the role of incestuous step-mother. Such a spotlight on “performance” in all of these literary representations reveals the performativity of culturally defined gender and kinship roles. Ovid’s ludic representations, or “citations,” of Phaedra, I argue, both reinvest cultural stereotypes of women’s sexuality with authority through their repetition and introduce new possibilities of feminine subjectivity and sexuality through the variations in each iteration.

Mythological figures play a number of roles in literature: they may, of course, appear in person as developed characters, but they may also contribute more indirectly, as part of the substratum from which rhetorical argument or literary characterisation are constructed, or as a background against which other literary strategies (for example, the rewriting of epic or the appropriation of Greek culture by the Romans) can be marked out. This thesis sets out to examine the way in which the figure of Penelope emerges from unknown origins, acquires portrayal in almost canonical form in Homer's Odyssey, and then takes part in the subsequent interplay of Homeric and other literary allusions throughout later Classical literature (with chapters focusing particularly on fifth-century Greek tragedy, Hellenistic poetry, and Augustan poetry). In particular, it focuses on the manner in which, despite the potential complexities of the character and the possible variants in her story, she became quintessentially a stereotypical figure. In addition to considering example where Penelope is evoked by name, a case is also made for the thesis that allusion, or intertextual reference, could also evoke Penelope for an ancient audience. A central point of discussion is what perception of Penelope would be called to mind by intertextual reference. The importance of approaching relationships between ancient texts in intertextual terms rather terms of strict "allusion" is thus demonstrated. The formation of the simplified picture is considered in the light of folk-tale motifs, rhetorical simplification of myth, and favoured story patterns. The appendices include a summary of the myth of Penelope with all attested variants, and a comprehensive list of explicit references to her in classical literature.

Recentemente, tem aumentado o interesse acadêmico nas figurações do Baco romano, que, até então, não havia recebido tanta atenção quanto o Dioniso grego. Novos estudos têm mostrado como o repertório dionisíaco proliferou no Período Augustano, produzindo novas metáforas atreladas às transformações sociais, políticas e culturais da época. Horácio, o poeta que mais desenvolveu os temas dionisíacos entre os augustanos, apresenta diversas facetas do deus em diferentes gêneros poéticos, reservando a ele um lugar de destaque em suas Odes. Esta pesquisa preenche uma lacuna nos estudos de poética latina, discutindo questões associadas a Baco e ao simpósio em Horácio, tendo em vista os papéis do deus como herói deificado, divindade simpótica e orgiástica e patrono da poesia, em associação a temas como o amor, a política, a guerra, a patronagem e a composição poética. A tese divide-se em seis capítulos: dois capítulos introdutórios em que são considerados antecedentes e aspectos gerais de Baco e do simpósio, e quatro capítulos com a análise desses temas em Horácio. No terceiro capítulo, o enfoque é sobre o furor dionisíaco como impulso poético. Nos capítulos quatro e cinco, o simpósio - presidido por Líber - é observado como um cenário metafórico em que a persona poética de Horácio relaciona-se com amantes, patronos, poetas e amigos; um lugar onde o vinho combina com política, guerra, amor, amizade e poesia. No capítulo final, são analisadas questões de composição poética associadas ao engenho e ao furor poético dionisíacos. / Recently, scholarly interest in the representations of the Roman Bacchus has increased, which had not received as much attention as the Greek Dionysus. New studies have shown how the dionysiac repertoire proliferated in the Augustan Age, producing new metaphors linked to cultural, social and political transformations that took place in the period. Horace, who is the most prolific of the Augustan poets in the use of dionysiac imagery, presents different aspects of the god in different genres, reserving a special place to him in his Odes. This research fulfills a gap in the studies of Latin poetics, exploring issues associated with Bacchus and the symposium in Horace, considering the gods roles as deified hero, sympotic and orgiastic divinity and patron of poetry in association with themes such as love, politics, war, patronage and poetic composition. The thesis is divided into six chapters, with two introductory chapters on the antecedents and general aspects of Bacchus and the symposium, and four chapters with an analysis of these themes in Horace. In the third chapter, I investigate the Bacchic enthusiasm as a metaphor for the poetic impulse. In chapters and four and five, I observe the symposium - presided over by Liber - as a metaphorical setting where the poet interacts with lovers, patrons, other poets and friends; a place where wine combines with politics, war, love, friendship and poetry. In the last chapter, I consider issues of poetic composition connected with dionysiac ingenium and poetic furor.

The Hylas myth, in which the eponymous boy beloved of Heracles is raped by water nymphs while drawing water from a spring, seems to have been a wildly popular subject among the literary circles of Augustan Rome. Indeed the rape of Hylas had been so ubiquitous that Virgil himself could claim that no one was unfamiliar with it (Georgics 3.6: cui non dictus Hylas puer?). Yet despite this declaration, few renditions of the Hylas myth survive. Propertius 1.20, an Augustan era Latin poem in elegiac couplets, is one extant version of the rape of Hylas. While the similarities between this poem and Theocritus Idyll 13, a short Hellenistic hexameter poem composed well before Propertius, have long been observed by modern scholars, there has been no sustained effort to connect these two accounts of the Hylas myth conclusively. Instead, what little scholarly work that has been done on these poems either appraises them in isolation, or seeks a non-Theocritean template behind Propertius 1.20. With this thesis, I aim to prove definitively that Theocritus Idyll 13 is the major model for Propertius 1.20. In my first chapter, I provide a brief overview of the rape of Hylas throughout all of Greek and Latin literature. In my second chapter, I examine Theocritus Idyll 13 with particular attention to its wit, humour, and narrative. In my third chapter, I offer a thorough literary-critical appreciation of Propertius 1.20, establishing links to Idyll 13 wherever possible. Finally, in my conclusion, I consider the possible influence of other poets and mythographers upon Propertius, before appraising 1.20 both independently and within the context of the Propertian Monobiblos. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / The rape of Hylas is a minor event occurring during the famed expedition of the Argo. A handsome boy named Hylas, who is the beloved of the mighty hero Heracles, fetches water during a brief landing on their voyage to Phasis. As Hylas draws water from a spring, water nymphs abduct him. Heracles, now bereaved, rampages madly in futile search while the other Argonauts sail on without him. Such are the general details of the Hylas myth. This thesis examines two versions of the Hylas myth, the first by Theocritus, a third century BC Hellenistic poet, and the second by Propertius, a first century BC Roman poet. My objective is to prove definitively that these two accounts are connected, with Propertius having modelled his treatment on the rendition provided by Theocritus. This will be achieved through a thorough literary-critical appreciation, with particular focus on wit, humour, and narrative.