As representações dos japoneses nos textos modernistas brasileiros: Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade e Juó Bananére tem como objetivo estudar textos escritos por brasileiros que tomam o Japão por tema e textos produzidos por japoneses e nipo-brasileiros que escrevem sobre sua experiência individual e coletiva com o Brasil, principalmente textos de memória autobiográfica e coletiva que contemplam os pontos de vista da sua adaptação ao presente brasileiro. Prevê, entre outros procedimentos, especificar os modos japoneses de definir categorias como escrita, ficção, arte, tempo, sociedade, pessoa, memória, família, hierarquia, trabalho, sexualidade, moral, honra, obediência etc., considerando as diferentes formas culturais como homens e mulheres de origem japonesa com os valores herdados e fortemente formalizados do shinto, do budismo, da família e da honra definiram e orientaram o sentido da experiência no presente brasileiro de sua adaptação a uma cultura constituída por outras tradições, como a religião católica, a miscigenação racial e cultural, a moral patriarcal, a língua portuguesa etc. / The representation of the Japanese in Brazilian modernist texts: Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade and Juó Bananére aims at studying texts written by Brazilian authors that have Japan as a theme and texts written by Japanese and Japanese-Brazilians about their individual and collective experiences with Brazil, mainly individual and collective autobiographical texts that show viewpoints related to their adaptation to the Brazilian environment. This thesis intends to, among other procedures, specify the Japanese ways of defining categories such as writing, fiction, art, time, society, person, memory, family, hierarchy, work, morality, honor, obedience etc., taking into account the different cultural manners in which men and women of Japanese ethnicity - with inherited values of shinto, Buddhism, family and honor, and strongly shaped by these - defined and directed the meaning of their experience in Brazil at the time of their adaptation to a culture built on other traditions such as Catholicism, cultural and racial mixture, patriarchal morality, the Portuguese language etc.

As representações dos japoneses nos textos modernistas brasileiros: Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade e Juó Bananére tem como objetivo estudar textos escritos por brasileiros que tomam o Japão por tema e textos produzidos por japoneses e nipo-brasileiros que escrevem sobre sua experiência individual e coletiva com o Brasil, principalmente textos de memória autobiográfica e coletiva que contemplam os pontos de vista da sua adaptação ao presente brasileiro. Prevê, entre outros procedimentos, especificar os modos japoneses de definir categorias como escrita, ficção, arte, tempo, sociedade, pessoa, memória, família, hierarquia, trabalho, sexualidade, moral, honra, obediência etc., considerando as diferentes formas culturais como homens e mulheres de origem japonesa com os valores herdados e fortemente formalizados do shinto, do budismo, da família e da honra definiram e orientaram o sentido da experiência no presente brasileiro de sua adaptação a uma cultura constituída por outras tradições, como a religião católica, a miscigenação racial e cultural, a moral patriarcal, a língua portuguesa etc. / The representation of the Japanese in Brazilian modernist texts: Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade and Juó Bananére aims at studying texts written by Brazilian authors that have Japan as a theme and texts written by Japanese and Japanese-Brazilians about their individual and collective experiences with Brazil, mainly individual and collective autobiographical texts that show viewpoints related to their adaptation to the Brazilian environment. This thesis intends to, among other procedures, specify the Japanese ways of defining categories such as writing, fiction, art, time, society, person, memory, family, hierarchy, work, morality, honor, obedience etc., taking into account the different cultural manners in which men and women of Japanese ethnicity - with inherited values of shinto, Buddhism, family and honor, and strongly shaped by these - defined and directed the meaning of their experience in Brazil at the time of their adaptation to a culture built on other traditions such as Catholicism, cultural and racial mixture, patriarchal morality, the Portuguese language etc.

A presente dissertação investigou a relação entre estilo cognitivo verbal-visual, recordação e expressão narrativa de eventos autobiográficos. Cento e quatro estudantes universitários realizaram as seguintes tarefas: 1) Relato de Evento Autobiográfico; 2) Questionário de Memória Autobiográfica (QMA); 3) Questionário Verbalizador-visualizador (QVV); e 4) versão reduzida do Bett´s Questionnarie Upon Mental Imagery. A análise fatorial do Estudo I distinguiu dois níveis da recordação de eventos pessoais: 1) processos cognitivos pouco dependentes de recursos reflexivos e concomitantes ao ato de recordar, como a vivacidade de imagens; e 2) processos reflexivos, nos quais se destacam as avaliações e juízos acerca da importância do evento. O Estudo II indicou a inconsistência empírica do fator visual do QVV e a adequação psicométrica do fator que avalia preferências cognitivas verbais. O Estudo III não confirmou a expectativa de correlação entre preferências cognitivas (por palavras ou por imagens) e memória autobiográfica (tanto na recordação quanto no relato de eventos pessoais). No entanto, o teste t revelou diferenças significativas (p>0,01) entre dois grupos (Psicologia e Letras versus Odontologia e Biomedicina) quanto às variáveis: escore em estilo verbal, número de palavras e coerência narrativa. O grupo Psicologia e Letras apresentou os maiores escores nas três variáveis. Os resultados sugeriram a existência de um construto que abarca tanto estilo cognitivo verbal quanto características narrativas: perfil cognitivo verbalnarrativo. A análise quantitativa/qualitativa do Estudo IV apontou a proporção equilibrada entre descritores objetivos e subjetivos como condição para a obtenção de alta coerência narrativa. Além disso, verificou-se que características verbais e narrativas estavam alicerçadas em habilidades imaginativas. Este achado contradiz a freqüente concepção de que preferências verbais e imaginativas seriam polaridades excludentes, indicando interação entre estes dois processos cognitivos. / This research investigated the relationship among verbalizer-visualizer cognitive style, recall, and narrative expression of autobiographical events. One hundred and four undergraduate students were asked to complete four tasks: 1) Report of an Autobiographical Event; 2) Autobiographical Memory Questionnaire (AMQ); 3) Verbalizer-visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ); 4) Bett´s Questionnarie Upon Mental Imagery – Short Version. Factorial Analisys of Study I distinguished two factors in recalling of personal events: 1) pre-reflexive cognitive processes (poorly dependent on reflexive resources, such as imagery vivacity); 2) reflexive cognitive processes (such as evaluations concerning the event significance). Outcomes of Study II highlighted an empirical inconsistency of the visual factor of VVQ and appropriate psychometric properties of its verbal scores. In Study III the expected correlation between cognitive preferences (for words or images) and autobiographical memory (for recall and report of personal events) was not confirmed. However, a t test analysis indicated significant difference (p>0,01) between two groups (Psychology and Languages versus Odontology and Biomedicine) concerning the following variables: verbal scores, narrative coherence and narrative volume. Psychology and Languages students presented higher scores in such variables. A new construct is suggested in order to explain both verbal cognitive style and narrative characteristics: the verbal-narrative cognitive profile. Qualitative/quantitative analysis in Study IV indicated that a similar balance between objective and subjective narrative descriptors is needed to achieve high levels of narrative coherence. Moreover, it was observed that verbal and narrative characteristics depend upon imaginative skills. Thus, outcomes contradict the ordinary assumption that verbal and imaginative preferences should be taken as excluding polarities: an interaction between these two cognitive processes was found.

Roteiros de vida são um protótipo de trajetória de vida construído socialmente e com partilhado pelos membros de uma cultura e pode influenciar como indivíduos avaliam experiôncias anteriores e projetam seu futuro. Os participantes (384 brasileiros univcr sitú.rios) responderam quais sete eventos mais importantes acontecerão na vida de uma criança hipotética de sua cultura. A análise mostrou um roteiro de vida com alta coin cidência dos eventos citados, cúrnulo de eventos positivos esperados para acontecer entre 15 e 30 anos, além da predominância. de eventos positivos. Comparando os resultados com estudos realizados na Dinamarca, Estados Unidos: Turquia e Holanda, encontrou se uma estrutura semelhante em todos, mas também diferenças no conteúdo referentes a particularidades culturais O roteiro de vida brasileiro ó mais semelhante ao americano Apenas categorias de eventos relacionadas à morte foram consideradas negativas nessa amostra. Estudos futuros podem investigar variações nos roteiros de vida para diferentes grupos na população. / Life scripts are schcrnatic reprcscntations of the lifc history that are socially built and shared by the members of a cultnre and inflnences the way people evaluate their previons and prcsent cxperiences, and how thcy plan their future, A samplc of 384 Brazillians undergnuinates, answered which seven most important events are expected to happen in the life of a newborn in their own culture. Data showed a life script with an overlap of the evcnts: an a.ccurnulation of positivc cvents cxpected to happen bctween thc 15 and 30 ycars of age, anel a prcdominance of positive cvcnts. Comparing this results with previous international studics took placc in Dcnmark, thc Unitcd Statcs, Turkcy: and the Netherlands, a. similar life script structure wa.s fonnd, as well as some content differences refcrring to particular cultural aspccts The brazillian lifc script is more similar to the anwrican life script Only death related event categories \' :ere considered negative by this sample. Futurc studies may investigatc variations on the life seripts for differcnt groups in the population.

Self-focused information processing has become a central aspect of cognitive explanations of social anxiety disorder. Indeed, Clark and Wells (1995) theorized that the key feature of the disorder is the processing of the self as a social object. It is proposed that when socially anxious individuals enter feared situations, they shift their attention to a detailed monitoring of themselves. Such self-focused attention triggers recollections of negative experiences from the past and directs attention towards signs of threat. This interferes with the processing of the situation and leads to misinterpretation of others' behaviours. Although there is now considerable support for the Clark and Wells' model from research on imagery, post-event and anticipatory processing, there is surprisingly little evidence for memory disturbance. Unlike mood disorders, to date, deficits in accessing autobiographical memories have not been found for social anxiety. In this thesis it is argued that a possible reason for the lack of evidence of memory deficits in social anxiety is that researchers have not attempted to manipulate participants' levels of self-focus in conducting research on autobiographical memory. The focus of this thesis was on the accessibility and quality of the autobiographical memories of socially anxious and non-socially anxious individuals obtained under conditions of self-focus in comparison to responses obtained when not self-focused. The present research utilized a two-phase quasi-experimental design with a sample of 144 adults taken from an initial pool of 203 volunteers. The final sample comprised 30 men and 114 women, ranging in age from 17 to 67 years (M = 26, SD = 11.91, median age = 20 years). The sample consisted of 292 undergraduates and community participants recruited via advertisements. Group membership was based on selection criteria from a measure of social anxiety, the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI; Turner, Beidel, Dancu & Stanley, 1989b), depression and general anxiety from the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), and the anxiety disorder interview schedule (ADIS-IV-L; Di Nardo, Brown & Barlow, 1994). Initial respondents were allocated to socially anxious (SA), socially anxious depressed (SAD), and non-socially anxious (NSA) groups, with the SAD group forming a further control group of respondents with high scores in SPAI social anxiety and DASS depression. Approximately half of each group was primed to Self-focus, by making an impromptu speech which was videotaped and replayed to each participant individually, following an adaptation of a priming methodology by Perowne and Mansell (2002). The other half of the participants was not self-focused. Rather, they viewed video tape of a confederate giving a speech so as to Other-focus. The priming was prior to participants' provision of written responses to positive and negative (social anxiety) cue words using Williams' (2002) Autobiographical Memory Test. The quality of the memories was measured according to overgenerality for positive and negative cues. Reaction time was recorded for memories to the same valenced cues. The incidence of anxiety and depression content in the memories was determined using coding schemes devised by Gottschalk and Gleser (1969). As hypothesised, the results confirmed that greater levels of generality and longer reaction time to positive cues (not for negative cues) were evident when comparing self-focused SA with self-focused non-socially anxious (NSA) individuals, reflecting findings for other emotional disorders such as depression. Self-focused socially anxious (SA) individuals responded with greater levels of generality and longer reaction times for memories for valenced cues, particularly positive ones, than other-focused SA individuals. Further analysis for generality found that self-focused SA respondents were more general than other-focused socially anxious with comorbid depression (SAD) individuals for memories for positive cues. However, both groups were similar for negative memory cues. As confirmation for memory deficits as a function of the priming manipulation, greater generality and longer reaction times for memories for positive cues occurred when comparing self-focused SA individuals, to all control groups (NSA groups and other-focused SAD individuals). Without priming, SA individuals did not demonstrate autobiographical memory deficits in quality or accessibility compared to NSA controls. Exploration of the autobiographical memory content indicated that SA (compared to SAD and NSA) individuals, irrespective of focus, reported more depression than anxiety content in their memories. Additionally, self-focused SA in contrast to other-focused SA individuals, experienced heightened depression content in their memories, although none of the individual categories of depression was prominent. Predictions of SPAI social anxiety and DASS depression scores from the significant predictors associated with the memories, were undertaken separately for self- and other-focused individuals. Reaction time to positive cues was found to be the only stable predictor of both social anxiety and depression for the self-focused respondents. For the other-focused condition, only total anxiety content theme was found to predict social anxiety, albeit poorly. Overall, the present thesis established that the self-focusing manipulation unearthed a memory processing deficit in socially anxious individuals, similar to that found in most emotional disorders in terms of quality, accessibility, and content, of the memories. This result was particularly apparent in relation to responses to positive cues. The findings are consistent with the Clark and Wells' (1995) model of the disorder emphasising the role of the views of the self as the core element of the disorder. The results also show that the processing deficits of social anxious individuals are confined to the self-focus condition. It is suggested that more attention should be placed on the self-role in social anxiety and that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, efficacious in mood disorders by reducing the overgenerality effects, is also relevant to social anxiety disorder. Future longitudinal research should be conducted with clinical groups of socially anxious patients, using a self-focus manipulation, to ascertain if the results of the present can be replicated and extended. Pre- and post-treatment measurements of the autobiographical memories of socially anxious patients should be measured and compared, to ascertain whether the deficits can be repaired through the use of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT; Williams, Teasdale, Segal & Soulsby, 2000). Self-focus priming could also be used with other anxiety disordered individuals such as generalised anxiety disorder and panic individuals, as they too, appear to be likely candidates for the ruminative self-focus which has contributed to the memory processing deficits established in the autobiographical memories in social anxiety disorder.

<p>Syftet var att undersöka livsmål hos yngre män och kvinnor (20-30 år) utifrån ett autobiografiskt minnesperspektiv. Mätinstrumentet bestod av en enkät med tio frågor baserade på tidigare forskning. Resultatet visade på få skillnader mellan män och kvinnor gällande mål utifrån ett autobiografiskt perspektiv. Skillnaderna var att kvinnor generade fler mål än män i målkategorierna ekonomi och nära relationer inom tidsperspektivet 1 år framåt i tiden samt i målkategorierna nära relationer och hälsa inom tidsramen 5-10 år framåt i tiden. Inom tidsramen 1 år bakåt genererade kvinnor fler mål än män, i målkategorin socialt liv. Kvinnorna angav återigen fler mål än männen, men i målkategorin hälsa, inom tidsramen 5-10 år bakåt i tiden. Ingen signifikant skillnad fanns mellan könen gällande grad av målinriktning. Respondenternas åsikter (oberoende av kön) angående hur stor kontroll de har över sina mål (1 år framåt respektive 5-10 år framåt) samt hur sannolikt de tror att det är att dessa mål kommer att inträffa, visade på signifikanta skillnader mellan de olika tidsperspektiven samt måltyperna (minst vs. mest sannolikt att de inträffar).</p> / <p>The aim was to investigate the life goals of young men and women (20-30 years) from an autobiographical memory approach. The measuring instrument consisted of a survey of ten questions based on previous research. The results indicated few differences between men’s and women’s goals from an autobiographical perspective. However, women compared to men generated more economy and close relationships related goal in a 1 year forward time perspective, and close relationships and health related goals in a time frame of 5-10 years ahead. In the time frame of 1 year back in time, women generated more social life goals than did men, and in the time frame of 5-10 years back in time women generated more health goals than did men. No significant difference between the sexes was found concerning level of goal-orientation. The views of the respondents (gender-independent) concerning level of goal control (1 year ahead, 5-10 years ahead), and their views of the probability of goal-fulfillment indicated significant differences between the time perspectives and types of goals.</p>

Syftet var att undersöka livsmål hos yngre män och kvinnor (20-30 år) utifrån ett autobiografiskt minnesperspektiv. Mätinstrumentet bestod av en enkät med tio frågor baserade på tidigare forskning. Resultatet visade på få skillnader mellan män och kvinnor gällande mål utifrån ett autobiografiskt perspektiv. Skillnaderna var att kvinnor generade fler mål än män i målkategorierna ekonomi och nära relationer inom tidsperspektivet 1 år framåt i tiden samt i målkategorierna nära relationer och hälsa inom tidsramen 5-10 år framåt i tiden. Inom tidsramen 1 år bakåt genererade kvinnor fler mål än män, i målkategorin socialt liv. Kvinnorna angav återigen fler mål än männen, men i målkategorin hälsa, inom tidsramen 5-10 år bakåt i tiden. Ingen signifikant skillnad fanns mellan könen gällande grad av målinriktning. Respondenternas åsikter (oberoende av kön) angående hur stor kontroll de har över sina mål (1 år framåt respektive 5-10 år framåt) samt hur sannolikt de tror att det är att dessa mål kommer att inträffa, visade på signifikanta skillnader mellan de olika tidsperspektiven samt måltyperna (minst vs. mest sannolikt att de inträffar). / The aim was to investigate the life goals of young men and women (20-30 years) from an autobiographical memory approach. The measuring instrument consisted of a survey of ten questions based on previous research. The results indicated few differences between men’s and women’s goals from an autobiographical perspective. However, women compared to men generated more economy and close relationships related goal in a 1 year forward time perspective, and close relationships and health related goals in a time frame of 5-10 years ahead. In the time frame of 1 year back in time, women generated more social life goals than did men, and in the time frame of 5-10 years back in time women generated more health goals than did men. No significant difference between the sexes was found concerning level of goal-orientation. The views of the respondents (gender-independent) concerning level of goal control (1 year ahead, 5-10 years ahead), and their views of the probability of goal-fulfillment indicated significant differences between the time perspectives and types of goals.

The semantic content (i.e., meaning of words) is the essence of retrieved autobiographical memories. In comparison to previous research, which has mainly focused on phenomenological experiences and age distribution of memory events, the present study provides a novel view on the retrieval of event information by addressing the semantic representation of memories. In the present study the semantic representation (i.e., word locations represented by vectors in a high dimensional space) of retrieved memory information were investigated, by analyzing the data with an automatic statistical algorithm. The experiment comprised a cued recall task, where participants were presented with unimodal (i.e., one sense modality) or multimodal (i.e., three sense modalities in conjunction) retrieval cues and asked to recall autobiographical memories. The memories were verbally narrated, recorded and transcribed to text. The semantic content of the memory narrations was analyzed with a semantic representation generated by latent semantic analysis (LSA). The results indicated that the semantic representation of visually evoked memories were most similar to the multimodally evoked memories, followed by auditorily and olfactorily evoked memories. By categorizing the semantic content into clusters, the present study also identified unique characteristics in the memory content across modalities.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationships among accepting and reminiscing the past, attachment dimensions, and autobiographical memory. University students (N=182) participated to the study (105 women, 77 men). The relationships among attachment anxiety, avoidance, accepting and reminiscing the past, and autobiographical memory were examined within the context of emotionally charged memories and the phenomenological properties of the recalled autobiographical memories, such as the recollection, coherence, and persistence of the reported memories. Results revealed that attachment anxiety significantly predicted the visceral reactions to emotional memories, the vividness and negative valence of the recalled memories, overall the affective aspects of autobiographical memories. Results also indicated that attachment anxiety was a reliable predictor of accepting the past. The interaction between attachment anxiety and avoidance has also a predictive effect on the specifity of memory (specifity of the memory to the person) and vividness, When the patterns of the interaction effect were examined, it was observed that individuals with high attachment anxiety and avoidance (i.e. fearful attachment) reported high scores in specifity, vividness, and cognitive properties of the recalled memories than individuals with low anxiety and high avoidance (i.e., dismissive attachment), suggesting that dismissing individuals repress their memories and fearful hyperactivate them. Attachment avoidance has a significant predictive effect on recollection. Examination of the effect of the accepting the past on the phenomenological properties of autobiographical memory indicated that accepting the past significantly predicted positive and negative valence, perspective, and visceral reactions. Partially supporting the hypotheses, these results suggested that attachment anxiety, but not avoidance has a consistent effect on the affective aspects of autobiographical memory. Findings were discussed on the basis of the literature on both attachment and autobiographical memory.

The aim of this study was to find if manipulating fluency, that is, the ease of processing, could affect confidence ratings about whether an event occurred in the respondents&rsquo / past. To test the familiarity misattribution hypothesis, which states that familiarity caused by fluent processing can be misattributed to past experience if the source of fluency cannot be identified, two methods were used: a revelation task, which was anagram solving and repetition priming. In the revelation task the familiarity misattribution hypothesis and the activation based hypothesis were tested by presenting one of the words in each one of the Life Event Inventory (LEI) items as an anagram or an unrelated anagram before the LEI, respectively. Higher confidence ratings for LEIs with an anagram compared to LEIs without anagrams would indicate that a revelation effect. A revelation effect was not observed for either condition. Therefore, the previous findings of revelation effect for autobiographical memories (Bernstein et al., 2002) could not be replicated when Turkish counterparts of LEI and anagrams were used. In the repetition priming experiments, the participants&rsquo / awareness of the source of fluency was manipulated by presenting either a subliminal or a supraliminal prime before they responded to a LEI item. The prime was either the same as the verb of the LEI sentence, or a different verb. Participants gave higher confidence ratings if subliminal primes were identical to, rather than different from, the verb of the sentence. If the participants were aware of seeing the primes, this difference disappeared. These results were consistent with the familiarity misattribution hypothesis.