Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles containing proteins and nucleic acid cargo. These vesicles are released by almost all cell types and provide an effective and ubiquitous path for intercellular communication and transmission of pathogenic and signaling molecules among cells. Research into potential biomarkers isolated from EV has been propelled by the development of methods and tools to acquire them by minimally and non-invasive means, which reinforces their great diagnostic potential. In the context of cancer, this opens the door to apply EV based liquid biopsy for early detection prior to alternate, more prevailing diagnostic tools like imaging studies. In autoimmune diseases, EVs play a crucial role in immune responses and as immunomodulatory agents as they can modulate the function of a wide variety of immune cells, especially in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Several efforts have been made to study EVs and their cargo in numerous disease models, but very few in autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases are chronic, have been underexplored especially in the omics area, and their diagnosis and treatment rely on traditional therapy. Therefore, there is a need for efficient methods to elucidate biomarkers that could provide additional layers of information for treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis. Additionally, protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation, are involved in multiple essential cellular processes and represent an important mechanism of regulation for cellular physiological functions, leading to the development of effective and targeted therapeutics. Discovery and profiling PTMs have established the relevance of PTMs in EVs and associated EV functions and novel applications. This dissertation proposes integrated proteomic strategies to efficiently isolate and analyze EVs in human plasma from different types of pathologies like cancer and autoimmune diseases. The main focus is the development of the platforms, to not only isolate the proteome from EVs, but also PTMs including phosphorylation, glycosylation and acetylation, simultaneously. Chapter one, which is the core of this dissertation, describes the platform to sequentially isolate and analyze the EV proteome, phosphoproteome and glycoproteome from human plasma. Chapters two and three focus on the ongoing application of this platform with slight modifications into different disease models, in this case breast cancer subtypes and autoimmune diseases.

Testing for autoantibodies (AABs) is becoming more and more relevant, not only for diagnosing autoimmune diseases (AIDs) but also for the differentiation of defined AID subtypes with different clinical manifestations, course and prognosis as well as the very early diagnosis for adequate management in the context of personalized medicine. A major challenge to improve diagnostic accuracy is to harmonize or even standardize AAB analyses. This review presents the results of the 12th Dresden Symposium on Autoantibodies that focused on several aspects of improving autoimmune diagnostics. Topics that are addressed include the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP) and the International Autoantibody Standardization (IAS) initiatives, the optimization of diagnostic algorithms, the description and evaluation of novel disease-specific AABs as well as the development and introduction of novel assays into routine diagnostics. This review also highlights important developments of recent years, most notably the improvement in diagnosing and predicting the course of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, and of autoimmune neurological, gastrointestinal and liver diseases; the potential diagnostic role of anti-DFS70 antibodies and tumor-associated AABs. Furthermore, some hot topics in autoimmunity regarding disease pathogenesis and management are described.

<p>  </p> <p>The cGAS-STING axis represents a key pathway towards the activation of innate immunity against pathogens. However, persistent activation can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, driving the need for the development of antagonists of cGAS-STING pathway. Herein, we describe the discovery of a small molecule STING binder HSD1077 through a STING based fluorescence polarization (FP) displacement assay. Initial SAR studies utilizing the FP displacement assay suggests the presence of pyrazole moieties critical for HSD1077 towards STING Binding. Additionally, we show that HSD1077 serves as an antagonist of the cGAS-STING pathway and effectively suppresses type-1 interferon expression upon 2’-3’cGAMP induction in both murine RAW macrophages and human THP-1 monocytes. HSD1077 in conclusion shows potential as a lead compound towards the further development of anti-inflammatory drugs. </p>

Serine/Arginine splicing factor 1 (SRSF1), a member of the Serine/Arginine rich (SR) RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) family, regulates mRNA biogenesis at multiple steps and is deregulated in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Preliminary studies show that members of the SR protein family play a role in cellular transcription. We investigated SRSF1’s role in cellular gene transcription utilizing time-course RNA-Seq and nuclear run-on assays, validating a subset of genes transcriptionally regulated following SRSF1 overexpression. Pathway analysis showed that genes in the TNF/IL17 pathways were enriched in this dataset. Furthermore, we showed that MyD88, a strong activator of TNF transcription through transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, is a primary target of SRSF1’s transcriptional activity. We propose that SRSF1 activates the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 through MyD88 pathway. SRSF1 overexpression regulates several genes that are deregulated in malignancies and immune disease, suggesting a role for SRSF1’s transcriptional activity in oncogenesis and immune response regulation. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

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Die myotone Dystrophie ist eine Multisystemerkrankung, die sich hauptsächlich durch Myotonie, Muskelschwäche, sowie einen früh beginnenden Katarakt und kardiale Erregungsleitungsstörungen auszeichnet. Im Laufe der Zeit wurden zwei Typen dieser Erkrankung definiert, welche auf unterschiedlichen genetischen Defekten basieren. Dem Typ 1 der myotonen Dystrophie (DM1) liegt eine Expansion der CTG-Wiederholungssequenz im 3‘-untranslatierten Bereich des myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) Gens auf dem Chromosom 19q13.3 zugrunde. Der myotone Dystrophie Typ 2 (DM2) wird hingegen durch eine Expansion der CCTG-Wiederholungssequenz im Intron 1 des CCHC-type zinc finger nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP) Gens auf Chromosom 3q21 verursacht. Trotz ähnlicher klinischer Symptome und pathologischer Mechanismen konnten wichtige Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Typen aufgedeckt werden. Daher müssen beide Formen der myotonen Dystrophie als eigenständige Erkrankungen betrachtet werden. Vorarbeiten der Günther-Arbeitsgruppe sowie zwei unabhängige Studien konnten ein erhöhtes Vorkommen von Autoimmunerkrankungen bei DM2 Patienten im Vergleich zur gesunden Population und zu DM1 Patienten feststellen. In dieser Arbeit wurde zudem eine erhöhte Expression von Interferon stimulierten Genen (ISGs) in Fibroblasten von DM2 Patienten nachgewiesen. Eine chronische Interferon Produktion kann zu der Entwicklung von Autoimmunerkrankungen führen, bei denen das körpereigene Immunsystem nicht nur pathogene, sondern auch endogene Strukturen angreift. Warum Autoimmunerkrankungen bei DM2 Patienten häufiger auftreten, war bisher nicht bekannt. Daher war das Ziel dieser Arbeit den zugrundeliegenden Mechanismus für dieses Phänomen zu untersuchen. Rezeptoren des Immunsystems können modifizierte Nukleinsäuren erkennen, wenn diese in hoher Konzentration in der Umgebung des Rezeptors vorliegen. Daher wurde zunächst die Lokalisation der in DM2 Patienten Fibroblasten zahlreich vorkommenden CCTG Wiederholungssequenzen untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die DM2 spezifischen RNA Wiederholungssequenzen nicht nur im Nukleus, sondern auch im Zytoplasma auftraten. Eine direkte Erkennung dieser zytosolischen RNA Wiederholungssequenzen durch die im Zytoplasma lokalisierten RNA Rezeptoren konnte jedoch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Allerdings konnte die Translation dieser RNA Wiederholungssequenzen durch den Prozess der Repeat assoziierten non-ATG (RAN) Translation mittels Nachweis der RAN Proteine LPAC und QAGR festgestellt werden. Diese RAN Proteine, sowie die Akkumulation der RNA Wiederholungssequenzen können einen zellulären Stress in den DM2 Patienten Fibroblasten auslösen, der sich in einem chronischen endoplasmatischen Retikulum (ER) Stress manifestierte. Der chronische ER Stress in den Fibroblasten von DM2 Patienten zeichnet sich vor allem durch eine Aktivierung des ATF6 Signalweges aus, um die Anpassung der Zellen an langanhaltenden Stress zu unterstützen. Interessanterweise zeigte sich eine Verbindung zwischen der erhöhten ISG Expression und der Aktivierung des ATF6 Signalweges, da eine Herunterregulierung von ATF6 in DM2 Patienten Fibroblasten zu einer Verringerung der erhöhten ISG Expression führte. Der chronische Stress innerhalb der Patienten Fibroblasten erfasste auch die Mitochondrien, was durch eine erhöhte Menge von mitochondrialen reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS), sowie eine Herunterregulierung von wichtigen mitochondrialen Genen gezeigt wurde. Bemerkenswerterweise war ein erhöhtes Vorkommen mitochondrialer DNA (mtDNA) im Zytoplasma der DM2 Patienten detektierbar, wobei eine erhöhte Apoptose Rate als Auslöser für die mtDNA Freilassung ausgeschlossen werden konnte. Durch eine Depletierung der mtDNA wurde ebenfalls eine Verringerung der ISG Expression in DM2 Patienten Fibroblasten erreicht. Dies wies nicht nur daraufhin, dass die mtDNA in die erhöhte Interferon Produktion in den Patientenzellen beteiligt ist, sondern auch auf eine Verbindung zwischen dem ER und den Mitochondrien. Um zu verstehen, wie mtDNA zu einer erhöhten Interferon Produktion führen kann, wurde der zytosolische DNA Rezeptor cGAS sowie das nachfolgende Adapterprotein STING herunterreguliert. Erstaunlicherweise führten diese Herunterregulierungen zu einer Verringerung der ISG Expression in Fibroblasten von DM2 Patienten. Dies deutet daraufhin, dass die erhöhte Produktion von Interferon in den Zellen der DM2 Patienten durch die Aktivierung des cGAS-STING Signalweges ausgelöst wird. In dieser Arbeit konnte eine erhöhte Stressantwort in Fibroblasten von DM2 Patienten festgestellt werden, die möglicherweise durch die gemeinsame Akkumulierung von RNA Wiederholungssequenzen und RAN Proteinen im Zytoplasma ausgelöst wird. Dieser Stress äußert sich in chronischem ER- und mitochondrialem Stress und führt zu einer Permeabilisierung der mitochondrialen Membran einzelner Mitochondrien. Dadurch können geringe Mengen mtDNA in das Zytoplasma freigesetzt werden, ohne den Prozess der Apoptose auszulösen. Die zytosolische mtDNA aktiviert den cGAS-STING Signalweg und führt zu einer erhöhten Produktion von Interferon, welche die Patienten für die Entwicklung von Autoimmunerkrankung prädisponiert. Durch den in dieser Arbeit aufgedeckten Mechanismus eröffnen sich potentielle therapeutische Ansatzpunkte für die bisher nicht behandelbare Erkrankung. Eine Hemmung des cGAS-STING Signalweges könnte die Entwicklung von Autoimmunerkrankungen bei den DM2 Patienten reduzieren. Dies ließe sich durch die Einbeziehung von DM2 Patienten in klinische Studien mit cGAS oder STING Inhibitoren prüfen. / Myotonic dystrophy, a multi-systemic disorder, is primarily characterised by myotonia, muscle weakness, early-onset cataracts, and cardiac conduction defects. Over time, two distinct types of this disease have been defined, each with unique genetic defects. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by a CTG repeat expansion in the 3’ untranslated region of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene on chromosome 19q13.3. In contrast, myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is caused by a CCTG repeat expansion in intron 1 of the CCHC-type zinc finger nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP, former known as ZNF9) gene on chromosome 3q21. Despite the similarity in clinical presentation and pathological mechanisms, crucial differences between the two types have been uncovered, necessitating their consideration as distinct disease entities. Preliminary investigations by the Günther group, along with two independent studies have revealed a higher prevalence of autoimmune disorders in DM2 patients compared to the healthy population and DM1 patients. Furthermore, the current study has demonstrated an upregulation of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in fibroblasts derived from DM2 patients. Chronic interferon production can lead to the development of autoimmune disorders, causing the body´s immune system to mistakenly attack not only pathogens but also endogenous structures. Such misdirected immune responses can result in severe symptoms, significantly compromising the patients’ quality of life. The underlying mechanism for the increased incidence of autoimmune disorders in DM2 patients remains elusive, and this study aimed to unravel the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon. Innate receptors of the immune system can recognise modified nucleic acids when present in high concentrations in the receptor’s environment. Therefore, the localisation of the abundant CCTG repeats in DM2 patient fibroblast was investigated. Accumulation of these repeats was observed not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm. However, there was no evidence for direct recognition of these cytosolic RNA repeats by cytoplasmic RNA receptors. Nevertheless, the translation of these RNA repeats through the process of repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation was confirmed by the detection of the RAN proteins LPAC and QAGR. These RAN proteins and the accumulation of RNA repeats may contribute to cellular stress response, manifesting as chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in fibroblasts derived from DM2 patients. Chronic ER stress in DM2 patient fibroblasts is characterised by the activation of the ATF6 signalling pathway, which is thought to support the adaptation of cells to prolonged stress. Interestingly, a connection between the increased ISG expression levels and ATF6 pathway activation was established, as a reduction of ATF6 in DM2 patient fibroblasts led to a reduction of ISG levels. The chronic stress within the patient fibroblasts also extended to the mitochondria. Evidence of mitochondrial stress was found in the form of increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downregulation of essential mitochondrial genes. Notably, an increased presence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cytoplasm of DM2 patient fibroblasts was detected, although its release due to a high apoptosis rate was ruled out. Remarkably, depletion of this mtDNA also resulted in a reduction of ISG expression levels in DM2 patient fibroblasts, indicating the involvement of mtDNA in the increased interferon production in these patients and a connection between the ER and mitochondria. To elucidate how mtDNA can lead to increased interferon production, knockdowns of the cytoplasmic DNA sensing receptor cGAS and the downstream adaptor protein STING were performed. Surprisingly, this genetic manipulation led to a reduction of ISG expression levels in DM2 patient fibroblasts, suggesting that the increased interferon production in DM2 patients is triggered by the activation of the cGAS-STING signalling pathway. This study unveils a heightened stress response in fibroblast derived from DM2 patients. This elevated stress is likely triggered by the combined effect of the RNA repeat accumulation and the presence of RAN proteins in the cytoplasm, manifesting as chronic ER and mitochondrial stress. This persistent stress may lead to the selective permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes, allowing the release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm without inducing apoptosis. Remarkably, this cytoplasmic mtDNA activates the cGAS-STING signalling pathway, resulting in increased interferon production. This cascade of events predisposes DM2 patients to developing autoimmune disorders. The mechanism revealed in this study opens up a new perspective on potential therapies for DM2 patients, as effective treatments have been lacking thus far. The involvement of the cGAS-STING pathway provides the opportunity to explore the use of cGAS or STING inhibitors, which are currently in clinical trials, as a therapeutic approach for DM2 patients.

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a genomic region in chromosome 6 which has been consistently found to be associated with the risk of developing virtually all common autoimmune diseases. Although its importance in disease pathogenesis has been known for decades, efforts to disentangle the roles of the classical human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and other variants responsible for the susceptibility to disease have often met with limited success, owing to the complex structure and extreme heterogeneity of the region. In this thesis, I interrogate the MHC for association with three common autoimmune diseases, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, with the aim of confirming the previously-reported associations and of identifying novel ones. To do so, I employ a systematic, joint analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and HLA allele data, in a logistic regression framework, using a recently developed algorithm to predict the HLA alleles for samples where such information is unavailable. To ensure the reliability of the analysis, I apply stringent quality control procedures and integrate over the uncertainty of the HLA allele predictions. Moreover, I resolve the haplotype phase of individuals from the HapMap project to create reliable reference panels, used in both HLA prediction and in quality control procedures. By directly testing HLA subtypes for association with the disease, the power to detect such associations is increased. I present the results of the analysis on the three disease phenotypes and discuss the evidence for important novel findings amongst both SNPs and HLA alleles in two of the diseases. In the final part of this thesis, I introduce a novel, model-based approach to detect inconsistencies in the data and show how it can be used to flag problematic SNPs which conventional quality control procedures may fail to identify.

Summary: This diploma thesis deals with the relation between autoimmune processes at biological level (through proven neurological autoimmune disease - multiple sclerosis) and possible autoaggressive processes at the mental level. It is divided into several points. The first one introduces human immunity in general. The first part is followed by immune system description, including autoimmunity and the principle of diseases of this system. Thereafter, psychological aggression is described, in which the division into aggression and auto- aggression fits. This is followed by chapters on projective psychodiagnostics taking into account the detection of various forms of aggression. Then, the thesis focuses on the study of possible auto-aggressive manifestations in patients suffering from the most widespread neurological autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis. The second half of the thesis describes the author's research on this topic.

O diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 (DM-1) é uma doença autoimune caracterizada pela destruição seletiva de células pancreáticas produtoras de insulina. O tratamento convencional é feito com insulina e existe atualmente a necessidade de desenvolver alternativas terapêuticas para o DM-1, como por exemplo o tratamento com células-tronco. As células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes (multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells-MSCs) representam uma fonte de células ideal para terapias celulares em virtude de seu fácil isolamento, expansão e capacidades imunomoduladora e regenerativa. Ainda não está esclarecido se MSCs isoladas de indivíduos com doenças autoimunes possuem alterações funcionais que poderiam limitar seu uso no contexto do transplante autólogo. Já foi descrito que MSCs de pacientes com esclerose múltipla, artrite reumatoide e lúpus eritematoso sistêmico possuem alterações fenotípicas e/ou funcionais. No entanto, pouco se sabe acerca das características das MSCs de pacientes com DM-1. Desse modo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da infusão de MSCs derivadas de pacientes com DM-1 no tratamento do diabetes experimental e comparar os resultados obtidos com o tratamento feito com MSCs isoladas de indivíduos saudáveis. Além disso, investigamos os efeitos da hiperglicemia in vitro sobre as MSCs, estabelecemos a melhor via de administração das MSCs em camundongos diabéticos e caracterizamos fenotipicamente e funcionalmente as MSCs de pacientes com DM-1. O diabetes experimental foi induzido em camundongos C57BL/6 por meio da administração de estreptozotocina. MSCs isoladas de tecido adiposo murino (ADMSCs) foram administradas em camundongos diabéticos pelas vias intravenosa, intraperitoneal, intrapancreática ou intraesplênica. MSCs foram isoladas da medula óssea de pacientes com DM-1 recém-diagnosticado (DM1-MSCs) e de indivíduos saudáveis (C-MSCs). A morfologia, tamanho celular, perfil imunofenotípico, diferenciação em adipócitos, migração e capacidade imunossupressora foram avaliados. 1x106 DM1-MSCs ou C-MSCs foram injetadas pela via intraesplênica em camundongos diabéticos 20 dias após indução do diabetes. A glicemia foi monitorada periodicamente. Após sacrifício dos camundongos, avaliamos a histologia do tecido pancreático, níveis de insulina circulante, a população de células T reguladoras no baço e linfonodos pancreáticos, o perfil de citocinas no soro e homogeneizado pancreático. A migração das ADMSCs Luc+ injetadas foi avaliada por meio de processamento de imagem baseado em bioluminescênia. Sete dias após cultivo com diferentes concentrações de glicose, as MSCs não apresentaram alterações nos parâmetros avaliados. A injeção de MSCs em camundongos diabéticos por meio da via intraesplênica foi a mais eficiente, promovendo reversão da hiperglicemia em cerca de 70-100% dos camundongos tratados. As DM1-MSCs apresentaram morfologia, tamanho celular, perfil imunofenotípico, diferenciação in vitro em adipócitos e capacidade imunossupressora in vitro semelhante às MSCs de indivíduos saudáveis. No entanto, as DM1-MSCs apresentaram maior migração in vitro em relação às C-MSCs. Não houve diferenças significantes do tratamento de camundongos diabéticos feito com DM1-MSCs ou C-MSCs, uma vez que ambas MSCs foram capazes de reverter a hiperglicemia, promover aumento da massa de células pancreáticas, bem como diminuir os níveis de IL-2 e IFN- no pâncreas dos camundongos tratados. Considerando-se que as MSCs de pacientes com DM-1 recém-diagnosticados não apresentaram alterações fenotípicas ou funcionais, elas poderiam ser transplantadas de forma autóloga nesses pacientes, representando uma nova alternativa terapêutica para o DM-1. / Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM-1) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a selective destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic cells. The conventional treatment for DM-1 patients is the administration of insulin and new therapeutic approaches are needed, such as stem cell therapies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent an important stem cell source for cell therapies because they are easy to isolate, present good capacity of expansion and they exhibit immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. However, it is not fully understood if MSCs from autoimmune patients are functionally defective or not, limiting their use in the autologous transplantation setting. There are some reports in the literature showing that MSCs from patients with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus exhibit phenotypical and/or functional alterations. However, little is known about MSCs isolated from DM-1 patients (DM1-MSCs). Taking this into account, the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of DM1-MSCs transplantation in diabetic mice and to compare this treatment with the treatment using MSCs isolated from healthy individuals. We also evaluated the influence of in vitro hyperglycemia on MSCs and we established the best route of MSCs administration in diabetic mice. The phenotypical and functional characteristics of DM1-MSCs were analyzed. The experimental diabetes model was induced in C57BL/6 male mice by the administration of streptozotocin. MSCs were isolated from mouse adipose tissue (ADMSCs) and injected in diabetic mice by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrapancreatic or intrasplenic routes. DM1-MSCs were isolated from bone marrow aspirates of newly-diagnosed type 1 diabetes patients and C-MSCs were obtained from healthy individuals. The morphology, immunophenotypic profile, cell size, adipocyte differentiation (in vitro), migration (in vitro) and immunosuppressive capacity (in vitro) were evaluated. 1x106 DM1-MSCs or C-MSCs were injected by intrasplenic route in diabetic mice 20 days after diabetes induction. Glycemia was frequently monitored. The pancreatic tissue (histology and immunohistochemistry), serum insulin levels, the regulatory T cells population in spleen and pancreatic lymph nodes, the serum and pancreatic homogenate cytokine profiles were evaluated after MSCs administration. The homing of ADMSCs Luc+ was analyzed by bioluminescence based image processing. MSCs cultured for seven days with different glucose concentrations did not exhibit alterations in all evaluated parameters. The intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrapancreatic or intrasplenic routes of MSCs administration were tested. The intrasplenic route was the most efficient and promoted diabetes reversion in about 70-100% of MSCs-treated mice. No differences in morphology, cell size, immunophenotypic profile, adipocyte differentiation and immunosuppressive capacity were found for DM1-MSCs when compared with C-MSCs. However, the migration capacity of DM1-MSCs was higher than C-MSCs. The intrasplenic administration of DM1-MSCs or C-MSCs in diabetic mice similarly promoted a decrease in blood glucose levels, improved insulin-producing cell mass and modulated the production of IL-2 e IFN- in pancreatic tissue. Taking into account that MSCs from newly-diagnosed DM-1 patients did not show phenotypical and functional alterations, these cells could be isolated from diabetic patients representing a new therapeutic approach for DM-1 patients (autologous transplantation).

A saliva de insetos hematófagos possui moléculas capazes de modular o sistema imune do hospedeiro. Com base na literatura a respeito das atividades presentes na saliva de Aedes aegypti, investigamos se o EGS dessa espécie era capaz de modular a EAE. Imunizamos animais C57BL/6 com MOG35-55, e realizamos um tratamento com EGS. O tratamento com EGS diminuiu a incidência da doença e provocou um atraso no aparecimento dos sinais clínicos, além de estes serem mais brandos. Observamos que a modulação se deu na fase de indução da resposta imune, não na efetora. De fato, o EGS consegue suprimir a doença por 4 vias: 1) diminuindo a expressão de MHCII, CD80 e CD86 em células dendríticas, e diminuindo a produção de citocinas responsáveis pela indução das respostas Th1/Th17; 2) induzindo células produtoras de IL-10 in vivo; 3) induzindo apoptose em linfócitos T naive; 4) induzindo células com perfil Th2 produtoras de IL-4 e IL-5. Concluímos que o EGS é capaz de atuar na supressão dos sintomas durante o curso da EAE e na inibição do início da resposta imune. / The saliva of hematophagous insects has molecules that can modulate the host immune system. Based on the literature about activities found in Aedes aegypti saliva, we investigate if SGE of this species could modulate EAE. We have immunized C57BL/6 mice with MOG35-55, and carried out a treatment with SGE. The treatment with SGE reduced the incidence of disease and caused a delay onset of clinical signs making them softer. We have observed that modulation occured in the induction phase of immune response, not in effector phase. In fact, SGE can suppress the disease by four ways: 1) decreasing the expression of MHCII, CD80 and CD86 in dendritic cells and decreasing the production of cytokines responsible for Th1/Th17 response induction; 2) inducing cells producing IL-10 in vivo; 3) inducing apopotosis in naive T lymphocytes; 4) inducing cells Th2 producing IL-4 e IL-5. We came to the conclusion that SGE can act in supressing symptoms during the course of EAE and inhibiting the beggining of autoimmune response.