Toda variação dimensional de montagem está baseada no empilhamento entre geometrias por formas e furos/pinos de localização em dispositivos. A capacidade de se garantir a menor variação dimensional é proporcional ao número de empilhamentos e ao comportamento geométrico dos componentes para formar o conjunto. Quanto maior a dependência geométrica no empilhamento, maior a probabilidade de variação. Entenda-se por dependência geométrica as conseqüências dimensionais circunstanciadas pela geometria de contato entre componentes, que facilitarão ou não os processos produtivos. Por este conceito, as necessidades relativas ao controle produtivo baseiam-se na capacitação do processo à necessidade do produto e vice-versa (a um processo instalado, desenvolver o produto cuja fabricação seja capaz em garantir o seu desempenho). A capacitação do processo deve-se à garantia sobre controles de componentes e conjuntos, mediante a avaliação de correta aplicação de tolerâncias dimensionais e geométricas no projeto e na garantia do processo. O desempenho do produto está garantida pelos seis graus de liberdade traduzidos como referências de localização e montagem para a sua função. Aspectos relacionados à rigidez de estrutura são relevantes e poderão ser inseridos nos estudos para garantia de conceitos a serem avaliados. O diagrama operacional proposto tem como foco reunir atividades e padrões de desenvolvimento de produtos e capacitação do processo, gerenciados por ferramentas de desenvolvimento e qualidade e controle dos processos. O benefício principal do diagrama operacional está na identificação de correlação de atividades, padrões de variações e capacidades produtivas, por meio da criação de referências geométricas e dimensionais. Por meio deste diagrama operacional há o desenvolvimento associado à avaliação de validação de montagens de produtos. E ainda uma correlação conseqüente à otimização de processos e produtos. A base de dados para esse projeto está nos vários processos e conceitos de produtos empregados, na disponibilidade das referências bibliográficas sobre viii capacidades de sistemas de inspeção, introdução aos princípios de tolerância, intrínsecas ao desenvolvimento de produtos e processo, ao processo de validação de componentes, nas análises de tensões e deformações e pelo embasamento em tolerâncias dimensionais e geométricas pela ASME Y 14.5 M. Identifica-se ainda a padronização de aplicação de referenciais para inspeção e processos de união entre componentes, definidos por estratégias de localização. / All assembly dimensional and geometric variation are based on geometries stack ups by profiles, locating holes and pins on fixtures. There is a direct relation between the number of stack ups, the final variation and geometry of assembly components. The probability of variation is directly related to the geometry dependency, that are circumstances of dimensional consequences for product and process. Based on this concept, process control is related to the process capability and product performance, and vice-versa (based on a installed process, the product must be robust for that process). The process capability focus the components and assemblies assurance, based on the dimensional and geometric tolerance. Also the process assurances are about components and assemblies control, based on correct dimensional and geometric tolerance. The product performance is dimensionally assured by the six degrees of freedom translated as locating and assembly references for its function. Aspects related to the stiffness are relevant and the concepts will be presented. The proposed Operational Diagram is focused to meet activities and product pattern development with process capacity, managed by quality tools and process control methodology. The benefits of Operational Diagram are to identify and make the correlation among activities, capability and variation through dimensional and geometric references creation, with product and process continuous improvement. The data base for this proposal are in the multiples process and project applied, in the information, in the process validation based on statistical analysis, in the CAE tooling with basis on tolerance by ASME Y 14.5 M., that identify references application, referenced to the locating strategy.

A crescente tendência de participação dos fornecedores no processo de desenvolvimento de produto da indústria automotiva, faz com que o estudo desta parceria se torne importante, tanto para as montadoras quanto para os fornecedores. O principal objetivo desta parceria é a utilização da capacidade de engenharia dos fornecedores (know-how), permitindo assim, a incorporação de novas tecnologias ao veículo e a redução dos custos de desenvolvimento das montadoras. Observa-se cada vez mais dentro da montadora, discussões sobre o co-desenvolvimento (co-design) nos projetos automotivos, níveis de integração com o fornecedor, fase do projeto adequada para o envolvimento dos fornecedores, o nível adequado de detalhamento das especificações técnicas utilizadas como referência inicial pelos fornecedores, a definição das responsabilidades de cada parceiro e o próprio processo para realização do desenvolvimento em parceria. O presente trabalho explora de que forma tais questões são atualmente abordadas na subsidiária brasileira de uma montadora, através do estudo de seus processos e ferramentas e da comparação com as informações disponíveis na bibliografia e estudadas no meio acadêmico. Com este trabalho, pretende-se fornecer informações que possam auxiliar montadoras e fornecedores na melhoria de seus processos internos de desenvolvimento de produto, principalmente nas questões relativas ao co-desenvolvimento (co-design). / The increasing trend of suppliers participation in the automotive industry product development process makes the study of this partnership important for automakers and suppliers. The main objective of this partnership is to take advantage of suppliers engineering capability (know-how) in order to bring new technologies to the vehicle and reduce automakers development costs. It is becoming more and more common inside automakers, discussions regarding co-design in automotive projects, supplier integration levels, suitable project phase to get suppliers involved, suitable level of details for automakers technical specifications used as initial reference by suppliers, the responsibilities definition of each partner and the process to perform development in a partnership relation. This work explores how these issues are currently addressed in a Brazilian automaker subsidiary, through the study of its processes and tools and the comparison with the information available in the bibliography and studied academically. Finally, this work intends to provide information that can assist automakers and suppliers to improve their internal product development processes, mainly regarding co-design.

The idea for the vehicle was inspired by an interest in creating a tranportation possiblity with an advanced design. The author had the fortunate opportunity to carry out an exam project at the automobile company Changan whose design department is in Turin, Italy. Changan produces almost exclusively passenger vehicles for the Asian market. The Asian auto user has shown a great interest in premium and personalised luxury qualities and at the same time demands unique safety aspects. As a result the author was inspired to design a vehicle which combined both aspects in a unique passenger vehicle for the future. Because of the masstransit situation in mega-cities the author felt inspired to test a new highway infrastructure possiblity in the conception of the vehicle design, the tunnel system. Classical hand drawings together with digital ideation drawing and 3D software models were the tools implemented for the design process. The work process was not linear starting with hand drawings and ending in complex computer models but took on a laborious path doubling back on and reworking all the different creative routes in a method which culminated in an end product. The end result is the Traveler, a shared auto service for two for 2050, a unique expansion on Changan´s historical production of passenger vehicles. The automoble is conceived as a two-compartment passenger transport option. Its size allows for different rider experiences: work, relaxation and entertainment while on the go. Because the passenger is in her/his own „room" there is a guaranty for complete privacy and ultimate safety from outside influence.

This thesis was conducted to explore and try to understand the area of comfort within cars with an emphasize on interior surfaces. Research within comfort has been focused on the consequences of moving mechanical parts and not on the user experience of the interior cabin design. A user-centered approach has been implemented to focus on those who are experiencing comfort. Two extensive-user tests have been conducted to investigate the perception of surface material and the combination of radiuses and paddings against three body parts. The results have then been statistically analyzed in combination with a qualitative analysis. It has been found that comfort is hard to define, but many participants, scholars, and designers agree that comfort induces a feeling of relaxation and pleasantness. The user tests have also investigated how the tactile and visual senses affect the perceived pleasantness of a surface material, where the results differ depending on the material. However, both senses need to be considered when designing for comfort. Comfort is considered important to achieve satisfied users, which implies that the evaluation of comfort should be implemented as an essential part of the design process.

With ever increasing contents (safety, driver assistance, infotainment, etc.) in today's automotive systems that rely on electronics and software, the supporting architecture is integrated by a complex set of heterogeneous data networks. A modern automobile contains up to 100 ECUs and several heterogeneous communication buses (such as CAN, FlexRay, etc.), exchanging thousands of signals. The automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers face a number of challenges such as reliability, safety and cost to incorporate the growing functionalities in vehicles. Additionally, reliability, safety and cost are major concerns for the industry. One of the important challenges in automotive design is the efficient and reliable transmission of signals over communication networks such as CAN and CAN-FD. With the growing features in automotives, the OEMs already face the challenge of saturation of bus bandwidth hindering the reliability of communication and the inclusion of additional features. In this dissertation, we study the problem of optimization of bandwidth utilization (BU) over CAN-FD networks. Signals are transmitted over the CAN/CAN-FD bus in entities called frames. The signal-to-frame-packing has been studied in the literature and it is compared to the bin packing problem which is known to be NP-hard. By carefully optimizing signal-to-frame packing, the CAN-FD BU can be reduced. In Chapter 3, we propose a method for offset assignment to signals and show its importance in improving BU. One of our contributions for an industrial setting is a modest improvement in BU of about 2.3%. Even with this modest improvement, the architecture's lifetime could potentially be extended by several product cycles, which may translate to saving millions of dollars for the OEM. Therefore, the optimization of signal-to-frame packing in CAN-FD is the major focus of this dissertation. Another challenge addressed in this dissertation is the reliable mapping of a task model onto a given architecture, such that the end-to-end latency requirements are satisfied. This avoids costly redesign and redevelopment due to system design errors. / Ph. D.

The project is a vision from the author for future autonomous vehicles in 2030, designed for Volvo. Volvo is one of the pioneering automotive companies for autonomous driving, concerning safety as a priority and taking sustainable responsibility for a better living condition.  In the not too distant future, the author sees people’s perception of mobility will gradually change from traditional private ownership to the ability to move freely. What if a mobility service, coming along with the district you chose to live in, satisfies individual usage needs vary with daily commuting to outdoor trips or moving plans? This type of mobility solution will be ubiquitous, changing the nature of the way people choose to live and move. During the design exploration, the tools varied from ideation sketches, rough package test, photoshop rendering, clay sketching, 3D modelling and experimental display graphic illustrations. This project has been strongly inspired by Scandinavian design and Volvo design principle. Also, the author expressed her vision for Volvo and materials thoughts for components and interior functions. The project outcome is 2030 Volvo Compact Concept, an autonomous sharing and subscription service provided by the residential community.

The automotive industry is facing significant technological and sociological shifts, calling for an improved understanding of driver and passenger behaviours, emotions and needs, and a transformation of the traditional automotive design process. This research takes a human-centred approach to automotive research, investigating the users' emotional states during automobile driving, with the goal to develop a framework for automotive emotion research, thus enabling the integration of technological advances into the driving environment. A literature review of human emotion and emotion in an automotive context was conducted, followed by three driving studies investigating emotion through Facial-Expression Analysis (FEA): An exploratory study investigated whether emotion elicitation can be applied in driving simulators, and if FEA can detect the emotions triggered. The results allowed confidence in the applicability of emotion elicitation to a lab-based environment to trigger emotional responses, and FEA to detect those. An on-road driving study was conducted in a natural setting to investigate whether natures and frequencies of emotion events could be automatically measured. The possibility of assigning triggers to those was investigated. Overall, 730 emotion events were detected during a total driving time of 440 minutes, and event triggers were assigned to 92% of the emotion events. A similar second on-road study was conducted in a partially controlled setting on a planned road circuit. In 840 minutes, 1947 emotion events were measured, and triggers were successfully assigned to 94% of those. The differences in natures, frequencies and causes of emotions on different road types were investigated. Comparison of emotion events for different roads demonstrated substantial variances of natures, frequencies and triggers of emotions on different road types. The results showed that emotions play a significant role during automobile driving. The possibility of assigning triggers can be used to create a better understanding of causes of emotions in the automotive habitat. Both on-road studies were compared through statistical analysis to investigate influences of the different study settings. Certain conditions (e.g. driving setting, social interaction) showed significant influence on emotions during driving. This research establishes and validates a methodology for the study of emotions and their causes in the driving environment through which systems and factors causing positive and negative emotional effects can be identified. The methodology and results can be applied to design and research processes, allowing the identification of issues and opportunities in current automotive design to address challenges of future automotive design. Suggested future research includes the investigation of a wider variety of road types and situations, testing with different automobiles and the combination of multiple measurement techniques.

Este trabalho visa analisar a importância da Tecnologia da Informação (TI) no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos em uma indústria automobilística, vislumbrando a melhoria de qualidade, a redução de custo e a otimização do tempo de desenvolvimento em novos projetos, fatores estes considerados de extrema importância para uma indústria automobilística poder competir no mercado nos dias de hoje. O trabalho é iniciado com uma descrição teórica de modelos que analisam o papel da TI, relatando o processo de avaliação de seus benefícios. Também se procura abordar a questão de como a TI influencia a estratégia da empresa, bem como aponta como a informação pode proporcionar vantagem competitiva mediante a este atual mercado. O trabalho é complementado com uma breve descrição dedicada ao processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos (NPD New Product Development), focando na responsabilidade deste proporcionar o desenvolvimento de produtos que atendam às expectativas do mercado e que sejam economicamente viáveis para a empresa. Um dos pontos mais importantes deste trabalho é a apresentação, em forma de estudo de caso, da aplicação da teoria abordada sobre a TI no processo de desenvolvimento de veículos na General Motors do Brasil (GMB), expondo seus pontos relevantes e críticos do ponto de vista estratégico. Em seqüência, cabe a descrição da análise do estudo de caso com a finalidade de se avaliar a classificação da GMB sob alguns dos prismas da teoria da TI, a fim de constatar a eficiência e eficácia alcançadas. Por fim, as conclusões encerram este trabalho com colocações importantes do ponto de vista da autora sobre todo o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. / This work aims to analyze the importance of the Information Technology (IT) in the product development process in an automobile industry, glimpsing the quality improvement, the cost reduction and the optimization of the development time in new projects, which these factors are considered of extreme importance for an automobile industry to compete in the market nowadays. The work starts with a theoretical description of models that analyzes the paper of IT, explaining the process of evaluation of their benefits. Also it tries to approach the question of how the IT can influence the strategy of the company, as well as it shows how the information can provide competitive advantage face to this current market. The work is complemented with a brief description dedicated to the New Product Development (NPD) process, focusing in the responsibility of providing the products development that assist to the market expectations and that are economically viable for the company. One of the most important points of this work is the presentation, through case study format, of the theory application related to the IT in the vehicles development process at General Motors of Brazil, exposing their relevant and critical points under the strategic point of view. In sequence, it fits the description of the case study analysis with the purpose of evaluating GMB classification under some prisms of the IT theory in order to verify the efficiency and effectiveness reached. Finally, the conclusions end this work with important statements under the author\'s point of view about the whole development of this work.

Automobildesigner sind Gestaltungsexperten. Sie haben unter anderem die Aufgabe, die Identität und damit die Werte einer Marke in Formen zu übersetzen, welche eine Vielzahl von Kunden ansprechen (Giannini & Monti 2003; Karjalainen 2002). Dieser Übersetzungsprozess wird durch das Wissen um die ästhetischen Bedürfnisse der Konsumenten unterstützt, da die Qualität einer Designlösung auch davon beeinflusst ist, inwieweit Kundenbedürfnisse und damit das Designproblem richtig erfasst wurden (Ulrich 2006). Die Definition der Gestaltungsaufgabe kann durch eine erfolgreiche DesignerNutzer-Interaktion und den Aufbau eines gemeinsamen Kontextwissens unterstützt werden (Lee et al. 2009). Hier entsteht jedoch eine Kommunikationslücke: Während des Gestaltungsprozesses findet zwischen Designern und Kunden häufig kein direkter Austausch statt (Zeisel 2006). [... aus dem Text]

The topic of the project has been about the future of luxury mobility and how the brand Rolls-Royce could evolve alongthe technological advancements until the year 2038. As luxury is changing from being about possession to the experience of luxury, the goal was to design a vehicle that could support both new internal and external experiences about the vehicle. The identified obstacle that could limit the scope of new experi- ences in an autonomous vehicle is motion sickness. As cities grow and technology develops the future cities are crowded so personal space, and privacy is being limited.During the process, the tools used varied from form explora- tion through sketching, concept principle testing and finalization in 3d software as well as visualization tools to communicate the proposed solutions. Working out of the Rolls-Royce designstudio provided brand insight but also expertise in the field of color & materials as well as advice on engineering solutions from the design team.The result Rolls-Royce Luxe Nomad is a vehicle for exploring the world outside the urban areas. Going far and beyond in search of new and unique experiences but also making the trip there as enjoyable as possible. The concept provides a solution inspired by high-speed trains that could limit those effects. Through understanding the future customers need of privacy a method of controlling the amount of insight was developed to enhance the user experience and giving them an increased sense of control of their space.