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Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-21T17:17:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_ODAIR_ALVES_DA_SILVA.pdf: 1601962 bytes, checksum: cdb9375b159cc555ab4b9ead73e8a061 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T17:17:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_ODAIR_ALVES_DA_SILVA.pdf: 1601962 bytes, checksum: cdb9375b159cc555ab4b9ead73e8a061 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Capes / Introdução: O diabetes gestacional é um estado patológico que aumenta a incidência de complicações tanto para a mãe quanto para o feto. Dessa forma, a prole exposta a um ambiente fetal adverso pode apresentar susceptibilidade a doenças crônicas mais tarde na vida adulta, incluindo anormalidades cardiovasculares e metabólicas, as quais, aumentam o risco de morte prematura. No presente estudo, foram avaliados parâmetros metabólicos, biométricos e cardiovasculares em três idades diferentes na prole de ratas com diabetes mellitus. Métodos: O diabetes foi induzido em ratas Wistar ao dia 7 de gestação através de uma dose única de estreptozotocina (50 mg/kg) administrada por via intraperitoneal. A prole de mães controles (OC) e de mães diabéticas (OD) foi avaliada em três idades diferentes: 6, 12 ou 18 meses. A glicemia de jejum, o crescimento e a composição corporal foram avaliados. A pressão arterial basal e a função cardíaca foram avaliadas em ratos conscientes (por cateterismo arterial e ventricular). A função cardíaca também foi avaliada in vitro (através do experimento de coração isolado). A resposta barorreflexa à fenilefrina (FEN) ou nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS) foi determinada pelo método de regressão linear. A Influência simpática e parassimpática sobre o coração foi avaliada por bloqueio autonômico. O índice de hipertrofia ventricular foi determinado pelo peso seco dos ventrículos em relação ao peso do corpo. Resultados: A glicemia de jejum, a pressão arterial média e o tônus simpático estiveram elevados nos ratos OD com 12 (OD12) e com 18 meses de idade (OD18), quando comparados com os ratos OC de mesma idade. Os animais do grupo OD também mostraram deficiência no controle barorreflexo da frequência cardíaca, com menor resposta taquicárdica e inotrópica após administração de NPS. O efeito bradicárdico evocado pela FEN esteve também reduzido no grupo OD18. Durante a avaliação da função cardíaca in vivo, foi observado uma menor pressão sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo e uma menor +dP/dT nos ratos OD18, mostrando disfunção sistólica. Em todos os grupos OD foi observada alta pressão diastólica final do ventrículo esquerdo e baixo -dP/dT, mostrando uma disfunção diastólica. Todos os ratos do grupo OD também apresentaram índice elevado de hipertrofia ventricular e diminuição do peso relativo dos rins. Além disso, os ratos OD com mais de 12 meses apresentaram maior acúmulo de gordura abdominal e diminuição da sensibilidade cardíaca ao isoproterenol. Conclusões: O presente estudo demonstra que o diabetes gestacional pode induzir ao aparecimento de hiperglicemia, hipertensão e insuficiência cardíaca em idade mais avançada da prole, o que são fatores de risco importantes para a morte prematura. Portanto, é de extrema importância um controle glicêmico ideal na gravidez diabética como chave para prevenir doenças cardiovasculares na idade mais avançada da prole. / Introduction: The Gestational diabetes is a condition that increases the incidence of complications for mother and fetus. Thus, the offspring exposed to an adverse fetal environment can present susceptibility to chronic diseases later in adulthood, including cardiovascular and metabolic abnormalities, which increase the risk of premature death. In the present study, we evaluated the metabolic, biometric and cardiovascular parameters in three different ages of rats from diabetic mothers. Methods: Diabetes was induced in female Wistar rats at day 7 of gestation with a single dose of STZ (50 mg / kg). The offspring from controls mothers (OC) and diabetic mothers (OD) was evaluated at three different ages: 6, 12 or 18 months. Fasting glucose, growth and body composition were evaluated. Cardiac function was assessed in conscious rats (ventricular catheterization) and in vitro (in the isolated heart experiment). The baroreflex response to phenylephrine (PHE) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was determined by linear regression. Sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the heart were evaluated by autonomic blockade. The ventricular hypertrophy index was determined by dry weight of the ventricles. Results: Fasting glucose, mean blood pressure and sympathetic tone was elevated in OD rats with 12 (OD12) and 18 months (OD18) compared with age-matched OC rats. The OD subgroups showed baroreflex impairment, with lower tachycardic and inotropic response after administration of SNP. The bradycardic evoked by PHE was also reduced in OD18 group. During the evaluation of cardiac function in vivo, was observed a lower systolic pressure and lower +dP/dt in OD18 rats, showing a systolic dysfunction. All OD groups showed high end-diastolic pressure in the left ventricle and low -dP/dT, showing a diastolic dysfunction. These rats also presented ventricular hypertrophy and lower relative kidney weight. The OD rats over 12 months showed greater accumulation of abdominal fat than controls. The isolated hearts of OD12 and OD18 showed a decreased sensitivity to isoproterenol. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that gestational diabetes may induces hyperglycemia, hypertension and heart failure in older offspring, which are important risk factors for premature death. Therefore, it is of utmost importance optimal glycemic control in diabetic pregnancy as key to preventing cardiovascular disease in older offspring.

Abstract Physical activity reduces mortality and morbidity and improves physical and psychological health. Lately, the detrimental health associations of excess sedentary time have also been acknowledged. It is still unknown how temporal patterns of physical activity and sedentary time are associated with health, as previous studies have mainly focused on summary metrics of these behaviors; for example, the weekly duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity. This study aimed to investigate the associations between the amount and temporal patterns of physical activity and sedentary time and health at mid-life. Physical activity and sedentary time were objectively measured for two weeks using an accelerometer-based activity monitor in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 46-year follow-up (n=5,621). Participants attended clinical examinations and completed health and behaviour questionnaires. A machine learning method (X-means cluster analysis) was used to identify distinct groups of participants with different patterns of physical activity and sedentary behaviour based on the activity data. A positive, dose-response association was found with perceived health and self-reported leisure time and objectively measured moderate to vigorous physical activity. Higher prolonged sedentary time was associated with better heart rate variability but not with resting heart rate or post-exercise heart rate recovery. Four distinct physical activity clusters (inactive, evening active, moderately active and very active) were recognised. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease was significantly lower in the very active cluster compared to the inactive, and in women also in the moderately active cluster compared to the inactive and evening active clusters. On average, the cardiovascular disease risk was low, indicating good cardiovascular health in the study population. Prolonged sedentary time was associated with cardiac autonomic function, which in this study was not explained by physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness level. Higher cardiovascular disease risk was found in the activity clusters in which the amount of physical activity was lower and in women took place later in the evening. Results of the study can be used for designing feasible interventions for risk groups with unhealthy physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns. / Tiivistelmä Fyysinen aktiivisuus vähentää sairastavuutta, kuolleisuutta sekä parantaa fyysistä ja psyykkistä terveyttä. Viime aikoina on lisäksi tunnistettu liiallisen paikallaanolon terveyshaitat. Vielä ei tiedetä, miten fyysisen aktiivisuuden ja paikallaanolon ajallinen jakautuminen päivän aikana vaikuttaa terveyteen, koska aiemmat tutkimukset ovat keskittyneet enimmäkseen tiettyihin summamuuttujiin kuten kohtuullisesti kuormittavan liikkumisen määrään viikossa. Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia fyysisen aktiivisuuden ja paikallaanolon määrän ja ajallisen jakautumisen terveysyhteyksiä keski-iässä. Fyysinen aktiivisuus ja paikallaanolo mitattiin kiihtyvyysanturipohjaisella aktiivisuusmittarilla kahden viikon ajan Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin 46-vuotistutkimuksessa (n=5621). Tutkittavat osallistuivat kliinisiin tutkimuksiin ja täyttivät kyselyitä terveydentilastaan ja käyttäytymisestään. Koneoppimismenetelmällä (X-means cluster analysis) tutkittavat luokiteltiin aktiivisuusdatan perusteella ryhmiin, joissa fyysisen aktiivisuuden määrä ja ajallinen jakautuminen päivän aikana poikkesi mahdollisimman paljon ryhmien välillä. Positiivinen annos-vasteyhteys löydettiin koetun terveyden ja itseraportoidun vapaa-ajan liikunnan sekä mitatun kohtuullisesti kuormittavan liikkumisen väliltä. Suurempi pitkittynyt paikallaanoloaika oli yhteydessä parempaan sykevälivaihteluun mutta ei leposykkeeseen tai harjoituksen jälkeiseen sykkeen palautumiseen. Neljä aktiivisuusryhmää tunnistettiin (inaktiiviset, ilta-aktiiviset, kohtuullisen aktiiviset ja erittäin aktiiviset). Sydän- ja verisuonitautien sairastumisriski oli merkitsevästi pienempi erittäin aktiivisessa ryhmässä verrattuna inaktiiviseen ryhmään ja lisäksi naisilla kohtuullisen aktiivisessa ryhmässä verrattuna inaktiiviseen ja ilta-aktiiviseen ryhmään. Sairastumisriski oli keskimäärin matala viitaten hyvään sydänterveyteen tutkimusjoukossa. Pitkillä paikallaanolojaksoilla oli yhteys sydämen autonomiseen säätelyyn, jota tässä työssä ei selittänyt fyysinen aktiivisuus tai aerobinen kunto. Korkeampi sydän- ja verisuonitautien riski löydettiin aktiivisuusryhmistä, joissa fyysisen aktiivisuuden määrä oli vähäisempää ja naisilla painottunut myöhäisempään iltaan. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää interventioiden suunnittelussa riskiryhmille, joiden fyysisen aktiivisuuden ja paikallaanolon piirteet ovat terveydelle haitallisia.

Cardiovascular disease begins to develop in childhood. Physical activity positively impacts cardiovascular health and lowers cardiovascular disease risk in school-aged children and adults; however, there is insufficient evidence to determine the effects of physical activity on cardiovascular health during early childhood. The specific dose of physical activity required for favourable cardiovascular health in this age group is also unknown. The purpose of this thesis was to explore the relationships between physical activity and cardiovascular health indicators during early childhood. In the first study, we found that physical activity engagement has beneficial effects on cardiovascular fitness, blood pressure, autonomic function, and arterial stiffness during early childhood. We then determined in the second study that to avoid unfavourable cardiovascular health, preschool-aged children should engage in at least 240 minutes of activity at any intensity, 80 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, or 8700 steps per day. Finally, in the third study we evaluated a novel technique for examining arterial wall properties, carotid artery longitudinal wall motion, and determined that it was weakly associated with an established indicator of arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) in early childhood. These findings highlight that the benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health begin in early childhood and the minimal amount of activity to avoid unfavourable cardiovascular health is higher than current recommendations. For the most part, physical activity benefited boys and girls similarly, although it is unclear if the physical activity targets apply equally to boys. We also determined that carotid artery longitudinal wall motion may not be an indicator of arterial stiffness in young children. Future studies should determine if the favourable effects of physical activity on cardiovascular health during early childhood carry over to later years and if achieving the physical activity targets determined in this thesis are associated with additional health benefits. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Heart disease develops slowly over time, starting in childhood. This thesis explored if physical activity can begin to prevent heart disease even in preschoolers, and how much physical activity preschoolers need in order to keep their hearts and blood vessels healthy. We found that preschool-aged children who were more active had better heart health, including better blood vessel health and higher fitness. While all activity was good, more intense, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (sometimes called energetic play) was more beneficial and slowed down the stiffening of their blood vessels as the children grew. We determined that preschool-aged children should engage in at least 4 hours of physical activity at any intensity or 80 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity every day to avoid poor heart health. The findings in this thesis highlight the importance of regular physical activity participation to promote heart health even in preschool-aged children.

Il existe une association étroite entre la santé cardiovasculaire et la santé cognitive au cours du vieillissement. Bien que la recherche dans le domaine de la santé cardiovasculaire soit vaste, le lien entre l'électrophysiologie cardiaque et la cognition est peu étudié. La présente thèse met en évidence les liens entre l'électrophysiologie cardiaque et la cognition en examinant la régulation autonomique chez les individus sains et des marqueurs de maladie chez les patients souffrant de fibrillation auriculaire (FA ; maladie du rythme cardiaque la plus prévalente). Les résultats présentés dans le chapitre 2 démontrent pour une première fois qu'un marqueur de repolarisation cardiaque, le QTcD, est lié aux performances cognitives (fonctions globales et exécutives) chez des personnes âgées sédentaires en bonne santé. Ces observations étaient plus évidentes chez les personnes présentant des valeurs élevées de QTcD, suggérant que des altérations plus importantes du rythme cardiaque pourraient avoir une association plus forte avec les performances cognitives. Les résultats présentés au chapitre 3 montrent que chez les patients souffrant de FA, une plus grande morbidité (mesurée par le sous-type de FA) serait associée à une performance cognitive plus faible (fonctions globales et exécutives). Cette même étude démontre que le volume de l'oreillette gauche agît comme facteur modérateur de l’association entre le sous-type de FA et la performance cognitive. Ceci suggère que plus l'arythmie est sévère, plus le déficit cognitif observé est important. Le chapitre 4 présente les résultats d'une étude pilote portant sur les changements dans les performances cognitives et l'oxygénation régionale du tissu cérébral chez les patients souffrant de FA qui subissent une cardioversion électrique (une procédure visant à rétablir du rythme sinusal). Les résultats de cette étude pilote montrent qu'un tel devis est effectivement réalisable et pourrait permettre de détecter des changements cognitifs dans cet échantillon. Bien que la modification de l'oxygénation du tissu cérébral en lien avec la cardioversion n’ait pas été démontrée pour le moment, des changements au niveau de la cognition ont été observé, ce qui pourrait être partiellement expliqué par la réduction des symptômes liés à la FA post-cardioversion. Parmi toutes les capacités cognitives, la flexibilité (mesurée par le Trail-Making Test) semble être plus sensible aux détériorations du rythme cardiaque, tant chez les individus sains que chez les patients souffrant de FA, dans toutes les études présentées. Les résultats sont discutés dans le contexte d'un continuum cœur-cerveau dans lequel les détériorations du cœur ou du cerveau peuvent avoir des impacts bidirectionnels et altérer davantage le fonctionnement de cet axe. Les orientations futures porteront sur les avantages potentiels de la prévention cognitive par l'exercice et la stimulation cognitive chez les personnes présentant des détériorations électrophysiologiques cardiaques. / There is a close association between cardiovascular and cognitive health in aging. While the cardiovascular health domain is vast, the link between cardiac electrophysiology and cognition is understudied. The present thesis will bring evidence linking cardiac electrophysiology and cognition by looking at autonomic regulation in healthy older individuals and disease markers in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF; most prevalent disease of heart rhythm). Chapter 2 shows for the first time that a cardiac repolarization marker, QTcD, is linked to cognitive performance (global and executive functions) in healthy sedentary older individuals. This relationship was more evident in individuals with elevated QTcD values suggesting that higher impairments in cardiac rhythm might have stronger association with cognitive performance. Results presented in Chapter 3 show that among patients with AF, higher disease burden (as measured by the subtype of AF) was associated with lower cognitive performance (global and executive functions). The study also found that the left atrial volume was a moderator of this association between AF subtype and cognitive performance. This shows that the more severe the condition is the higher the cognitive deficit observed. Chapter 4 shows the results of a pilot study investigating the changes in cognitive performance and regional cerebral tissue oxygenation in AF patients undergoing electrical cardioversion (a sinus rhythm restoration procedure). The pilot results show that such a study is indeed feasible and could detect cognitive changes in this sample. While the change in cerebral tissue oxygenation is unconclusive at this moment, the recorded change in cognition could partially be explained by the reduction in AF related symptoms. Among all cognitive abilities, switching (as measured with the Trail-Making Test) appears to be more sensitive to deteriorations in heart rhythm both in healthy individuals and patients with AF across all studies presented. The results are discussed in the context of a heart-brain continuum in which deteriorations from either the heart or the brain can have bidirectional impacts and further impair the functioning of this axis. Future directions will address the potential benefit of cognitive prevention through exercise and cognitive stimulation in older individuals with cardiac electrophysiological deteriorations.

Des preuves cumulatives soutiennent le rôle de l'insula dans la régulation autonomique cardiaque et son dysfonctionnement pourrait être impliqué dans la physiopathologie de la mort subite et inexpliquée en épilepsie (MSIE –SUDEP en anglais). La variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC) est un outil simple et fiable pour évaluer la fonction autonomique; il est également considéré comme un prédicteur potentiel de la tachycardie ventriculaire et de la mort subite chez les patients après un infarctus du myocarde. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, la VFC a suscité beaucoup d'intérêt dans le monde de l'épilepsie. Toutefois, même si plusieurs études ont tenté d'évaluer les changements de VFC dans différentes formes d'épilepsie, les résultats ont été hétérogènes voire paradoxaux de sorte que son utilité en tant que marqueur de la MSIE est loin d’être concluant. Notons que la majorité des études ont porté sur l’épilepsie temporale. Aucune étude n’a étudié les changements de la fonction autonomique cardiaque dans l'épilepsie insulo-operculaire (EIO). Il est encore incertain si une chirurgie d’épilepsie insulaire peut accélérer la dysfonction autonomique inhérente. Dans cette étude, nous visons à étudier les changements de la VFC interictale chez les patients avec EIO. Nous avons en outre évalué l'effet de la chirurgie insulo-operculaire sur ces modifications de la VFC. Quatorze patients avec une EIO et un bon résultat post-chirurgie insulo-operculaire (Engel I-II) ont été recrutés pour cette étude. Quatorze patients appariés pour l'âge et le sexe atteints d'épilepsie du lobe temporal (ELT) et exempts de crise après une lobectomie temporale antérieure et 28 individus en bonne santé appariés selon l'âge et le sexe ont également été identifiés pour les besoins de l’étude. La VFC dans le domaine temporel RMSSD (root mean square of successive RR interval differences, pNN50 (percentage of successive RR intervals that differ by more than 50ms) et le domaine fréquentiel LF (low frequency) et HF (high frequency) ont été étudiés dans les périodes préopératoire et postopératoire (6-204 mois). La VFC avant la chirurgie des patients épileptiques fut calculée à partir des enregistrements EKG obtenus simultanément aux enregistrements vidéo-EEGs effectués dans le cadre de leur évaluation préchirurgicale. La VFC après la chirurgie fut calculée chez tous les patients et les sujets sains à partir d’un EKG de repos d'une durée d’une heure au laboratoire. Le score d’inventaire des risques de MSIE (le score SUDEP-7) a été calculé à partir des données cliniques obtenues dans le dossier médical de chaque patient. Les résultats n'ont montré aucune différence statistiquement significative dans toutes les mesures de VFC entre les groupes de patients avec EIO, de patients avec ELT avant la chirurgie et de sujets sains. Chez les patients avec EIO, le score SUDEP-7 variant de 1 à 6 (moyenne de 2,9; SD :1,2) était positivement corrélé avec le pNN50 (r = 0,671; p = 0,009 et Ln (RMSSD) (r = 0,591; p = 0,026). En postopératoire, les mesures de la VFC n'étaient pas statistiquement différentes des valeurs préopératoires ou de celles des témoins. Nous avons mené une analyse exploratoire dans laquelle nous avons stratifié les patients avec EIO en deux sous-groupes : un premier groupe (1a) dont les valeurs préopératoires de Ln (RMSSD) étaient inférieures à 3,52 (valeur moyenne de notre échantillon sain) et un second groupe (1b) dont les valeurs préopératoires étaient au-dessus. En préopératoire, dans le groupe 1a, toutes les valeurs du domaine temporel et fréquentiel (LnRMSSD, pNN50, LnLF et LnHF) étaient significativement inférieures à celles du groupe témoin (p <0,01), tandis que dans le groupe 1b, seules les valeurs du domaine temporel (LnRMSSD et pNN50) étaient significativement plus élevées que ceux du groupe témoin (p <0,01). Dans les deux groupes, les valeurs de la VFC avaient tendance à se normaliser après l'opération. En revanche, la lobectomie temporale antérieure des patients avec ELT n'a pas modifié les valeurs de HRV. Ces résultats préliminaires suggèrent que dans les EIO réfractaires, la VFC peut être soit diminuée au niveau du tonus sympathique et parasympathique, soit augmentée au niveau du tonus parasympathique. L'augmentation du tonus parasympathique est possiblement inquiétante puisqu’elle était corrélée positivement avec le score SUDEP-7. Une operculo-insulectomie n'a pas affecté négativement la VFC; au contraire, une chirurgie réussie semble entraîner une certaine ‘normalisation’ de l’HRV. Une confirmation avec un échantillon plus grand est nécessaire. / Cumulative evidence supports the role of the insula in cardiac autonomic regulation whose dysfunction may be involved in the pathophysiology of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Heart rate variability (HRV) is a simple and reliable tool to assess autonomic function; it is even considered a potential predictor of ventricular tachycardia and sudden death in patients after myocardial infarction. Over the last two decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has also received much interest in epilepsy research. Several studies have tried to assess HRV changes in different epilepsy types but the results have been heterogeneous and sometimes contradictory; its role as a marker of SUDEP remains uncertain. Of note, most studies involved TLE patients and TLE surgeries; none have looked at HRV changes in insulo-opercular epilepsy (IOE) and how insular resection can affect autonomic function. In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in interictal HRV in IOE. We further evaluated the effect of insulo-opercular surgery on these HRV changes. Fourteen IOE patients who had a good outcome (Engel I-II) after an insulo-opercular surgery were enrolled in this study. Fourteen age- and sex-matched patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who were seizure-free after temporal lobectomy and 28 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were also included. HRV measurements including time domain root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) and percentage of successive RR intervals that differ by more than 50ms (pNN50) and frequency domain low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) parameters were carried out in pre- and post-operative periods (6-204 months). Presurgical HRV values for epileptic patients were calculated using EKG obtained simultaneously with video-EEG recordings during the presurgical evaluation. HRV of healthy individuals and post-surgical HRV from all operated epileptic patients were calculated from a 1-hour resting electrocardiogram at the laboratory. We also collected the patients’ presurgical data to calculate the SUDEP-7 risk inventory score. Findings showed no statistically significant differences in all HRV measurements between groups of IOE patients, TLE patients before the surgery, and healthy controls. In IOE patients, the SUDEP-7 score ranged from 1 to 6 (mean 2,9; SD: 1,6) and was positively correlated with pNN50 (r=0,671; p<0,009) and LnRMSSD (r=0,591; p<0,026). Postoperatively, HRV measurements were not statistically different from either preoperative values or those of controls. We conducted exploratory analyses where we stratified IOE patients into those whose preoperative LnRMSSD values were below (Group 1a) versus above (Group 1b) a cut-off threshold of 3,52 (mean value of our healthy sample). Preoperatively, in Group 1a, all time and frequency domain values (LnRMSSD, pNN50, LnLF, and LnHF) were significantly lower than those of controls (p<0,01) while in Group 1b, only time-domain values (LnRMSSD and pNN50) were significantly higher than those of control subjects (p<0,01). In both groups, HRV values tended to normalize postoperatively. In contrast, anterior temporal lobectomy for TLE patients did not alter HRV values. Our preliminary results suggest that in refractory IOE, HRV may be either decreased globally in sympathetic and parasympathetic tones or increased in parasympathetic tone. The increase in parasympathetic tone observed preoperatively may be of clinical concern as it was positively correlated with the SUDEP-7 score. The insulo-opercular resection did not affect the HRV; successful surgery might even have a good impact on HRV changes. Confirmation with a larger sample size is necessary.