Bakgrund: Barnafödsel är en naturlig livshändelse som symboliserar en viktig del i livet för många kvinnor. Förlossningsupplevelsen är för många föräldrar en stor upplevelse som kvarstår under lång tid. Det bemötande och stöd som ges av barnmorskan och undersköterskan under förlossningen har en betydande roll för kvinnan och dennes partners upplevelse av förlossningen. Barnmorskan och undersköterskan har olika arbetsuppgifter men strävar efter samma mål. Syfte: Var att beskriva hur barnmorskor och undersköterskor upplever sin arbetssituation i samband med barnafödsel. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ design med fyra fokusgruppsintervjuer, två med undersköterskor och två med barnmorskor. Datamaterialet analyserades systematiskt med en modell av Dahlin-Ivanoff och Holmgren. Resultat: Resultatet av analysen sammanställdes till två kategorier. Första kategorin är Ömsesidigt förtroende, vilket har tre tillhörande teman. Kommunikation, Samarbete och Teamarbete. Andra kategorin är Ohållbar arbetsmiljö, vilket har tre tillhörande teman. Stress, Känslomässig berg- och dalbana samt Ansvar. Resultatet visade på att barnmorskor och undersköterskor upplever sin arbetssituation stressig men fantastisk. De slits mellan sina känslor men älskar sitt yrke. Slutsats: Samspelet mellan barnmorska och undersköterska på en förlossningssal i samband med barnafödsel anses av personalen ha betydelse för kvinnan och hennes partners förlossningsupplevelse. / Background: Childbirth is a natural life event that symbolizes an important part of many women's lives. The birth experience is, for many parents, a great experience that lasts for a long time. The care and support provided by the midwife and the auxiliary nurse during childbirth has a significant role for the woman and her partner' s experience of childbirth. The midwife and the nurse have different tasks but strive for the same goals. Aim: To describe how midwives and auxiliary nurses experience their work situation during childbirth. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative design with four focus group interviews, two with auxiliary nurses and two with midwives. The data was systematically analyzed with a model by Dahlin-Ivanoff and Holmgren. Results: The results of the analysis were compiled into two categories. The first category is Mutual trust, which has three related themes. Communication, Collaboration and Teamwork. The second category is Unsustainable working environment, which has three related themes. Stress, Emotional roller coaster and Responsibility. The result showed that midwives and auxiliary nurses experience their work situation stressful but fantastic. They are torn between their emotions but love their profession. Conclusion: The staff consider the interactions between the midwife and the auxiliary nurse in the delivery room during childbirth to have a significant role for the woman and her partner's birth experience.

Worldwide, patients who visit health-care facilities generally have to wait very long to be attended by physicians and professional nurses. In South Africa, the Cape Triage Score system was implemented with great success in Emergency departments in the Cape Metropole. In primary health-care clinics the concern is that patients have to wait too long for service delivery, even if they are very ill and need hospitalisation. In this research study the role of triage in reducing waiting times in primary health-care clinics was examined. The Cape Triage Score system that was used in Emergency departments in the private sector and also in public hospitals was adapted for a pilot intervention study. This was done to determine if the utilisation of this system can reduce the waiting times of patients visiting primary health-care clinics. The researcher utilised a quantitative design with an intervention, after measuring the baseline waiting time. The strategies applied included an exploratory, descriptive and contextual strategy. The study was carried out in three steps according to the objectives set for the study. Firstly, the baseline assessment of the current waiting times in two PHC clinics in a sub-district of the North West Province was done. A waiting-time survey checklist was used to determine the baseline waiting time of patients visiting primary health-care clinics. These waiting-time survey checklists consisted of a few components that assessed different aspects of waiting time. The second objective was to explore and describe literature in order to understand primary health-care waiting times, triage and related constructs. The third objective was to pilot an adapted Cape Triage Score system to determine if the intervention contributed to reducing waiting times for patients visiting primary health-care clinics. Data was analysed according to Cohen’s effect sizes. The comparison between the baseline waiting times and pilot intervention waiting-time assessment was done according to Cohen’s effect sizes. The analysis of the data indicated a practical significance for the component where the pilot Cape Triage Score system was applied, as patients were referred to the physician and professional nurse according to the severity of their condition. The outcome of the study indicated no reduction in the overall waiting time of patients visiting primary health-care clinics due to the different components of the waiting-time survey checklist. Finally, the research was evaluated, limitations were identified and recommendations were stipulated for nursing practice, education, research and policy. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Worldwide, patients who visit health-care facilities generally have to wait very long to be attended by physicians and professional nurses. In South Africa, the Cape Triage Score system was implemented with great success in Emergency departments in the Cape Metropole. In primary health-care clinics the concern is that patients have to wait too long for service delivery, even if they are very ill and need hospitalisation. In this research study the role of triage in reducing waiting times in primary health-care clinics was examined. The Cape Triage Score system that was used in Emergency departments in the private sector and also in public hospitals was adapted for a pilot intervention study. This was done to determine if the utilisation of this system can reduce the waiting times of patients visiting primary health-care clinics. The researcher utilised a quantitative design with an intervention, after measuring the baseline waiting time. The strategies applied included an exploratory, descriptive and contextual strategy. The study was carried out in three steps according to the objectives set for the study. Firstly, the baseline assessment of the current waiting times in two PHC clinics in a sub-district of the North West Province was done. A waiting-time survey checklist was used to determine the baseline waiting time of patients visiting primary health-care clinics. These waiting-time survey checklists consisted of a few components that assessed different aspects of waiting time. The second objective was to explore and describe literature in order to understand primary health-care waiting times, triage and related constructs. The third objective was to pilot an adapted Cape Triage Score system to determine if the intervention contributed to reducing waiting times for patients visiting primary health-care clinics. Data was analysed according to Cohen’s effect sizes. The comparison between the baseline waiting times and pilot intervention waiting-time assessment was done according to Cohen’s effect sizes. The analysis of the data indicated a practical significance for the component where the pilot Cape Triage Score system was applied, as patients were referred to the physician and professional nurse according to the severity of their condition. The outcome of the study indicated no reduction in the overall waiting time of patients visiting primary health-care clinics due to the different components of the waiting-time survey checklist. Finally, the research was evaluated, limitations were identified and recommendations were stipulated for nursing practice, education, research and policy. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The regional healthcare in Sweden is suffering from a acute shortage of nurses. In order to cope with the situation, the regional healthcare institutions has included other professions to perform the job assigments of the absent nurses. A public debate emerged whether or not nurses were replacable with other professions in regional healtcare instituitons. This theisis believes that more research of nurses field of work could contribute to the discussion. The theisis aims to contribute to the existing research of nurses field of work by studying the division of labour between nurses and physicians and between nurses and auxillary nurses in order to understand how the division of labour between these professions look like and why they are constituted as they are. By conducting seven semi-structured interviews with nurses and taking theoretical inspiration from Andrew Abbotts theory of ”jurisdictional claims” and the three realms where claims can be made, this theisis finds that the reality of the job assigments in the division of labour between the professions are, by using Abbotts own word of choice, ”fuzzy”. The nurses’ descriptions of the divions of labour tells that nurses are losing control of job assignments in a field that they are trained to exicute, care-related work, while gaining control over medicinal assignments that they are relationally under-trained to exicute. Nurses are also giving away control over fully controlled medicinal tasks that they are trained to do to auxillary nurses, while physicians are giving away control over assignments in the same fashion to nurses. This theisis concludes that the divisions of labour displays three variations of how control can be displaced: By organizational structures, by the controlling professions themselves and by the state-required assignments; forced upon nurses as the profession is regulated by The National Board of Health and Welfare.

This study aims to explore how male auxiliary nurses relate with gender-coded norms and why they relate to these norms in their work at elderly-care, while also exploring what kind of masculine identities appear when they relate to the expected gender norm. The empirical material was gathered by using a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews with seven male auxiliary nurses from three different municipalities in Sweden. By using Connells (2008) masculinity-theory, where gender is seen as a process where the male body is regarded as an object and an acting organ which produces gender differences, this theory will help the essay understand the problems surrounding how the male auxiliaries’ nurses relate and negotiate with gender-coded norms in their work at elderly-care. This dynamic aspect of masculinity and the relation with the gender-structure will be used to examine how male auxiliary nurses relate and negotiating with different form of masculinities. The results of this study have showcased the evidently traditional gender norm that exists within this line of work, as the informants could relate to the pressure in maintaining their masculine identity. In some cases, the traditional gender norms have given the informants advantages and disadvantages which will be thoroughly explained later in the essay. The data ultimately showcased the dynamic and complex structure of masculinity, as male auxiliary nurses are expected to behave within the traditional forms of masculinity while also creating a new form of masculinity as they assume their “feminine” profession.

The development ofNursing and Nursing Education in Venda is intimately related to the work of the early missionaries, Western education and medical developments. The growth of nursing and health services had a reciprocal relationship. One was not possible without the other, viz the history of missionary education, hospitals, health services, sociocultural and political development. Each stage ofthese developments was an important step in laying the foundation of modem professional nursing and nursing education. Before contact with Western medicine, health and midwifery services were provided by traditional healers, nurses and midwives. Divination was used to: diagnose disease, identify the witch, determine medicines to cure the disease. Western nursing developed through stages of: lay nursing, hospital certificated, auxiliary nurses and midwives, registered nurses and midwives, comprehensive general nurse and midwife. The history of Nursing and Nursing Education is thus part and parcel of the social developments of the country it serves. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

The development ofNursing and Nursing Education in Venda is intimately related to the work of the early missionaries, Western education and medical developments. The growth of nursing and health services had a reciprocal relationship. One was not possible without the other, viz the history of missionary education, hospitals, health services, sociocultural and political development. Each stage ofthese developments was an important step in laying the foundation of modem professional nursing and nursing education. Before contact with Western medicine, health and midwifery services were provided by traditional healers, nurses and midwives. Divination was used to: diagnose disease, identify the witch, determine medicines to cure the disease. Western nursing developed through stages of: lay nursing, hospital certificated, auxiliary nurses and midwives, registered nurses and midwives, comprehensive general nurse and midwife. The history of Nursing and Nursing Education is thus part and parcel of the social developments of the country it serves. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Mon poste de psychologue clinicienne au sein d’une maison de retraite m’a sensibilisée à la souffrance psychique des aides-soignantes. A partir de l’écoute des aides-soignantes dans le cadre de ma mission de support technique à l’équipe, émerge la plainte récurrente d’un déficit égotiste de désinvestissement émotionnel et affectif et la non reconnaissance de la pénibilité de leur tâche, qui me conduit à poser l’hypothèse d’un burn out. La recherche porte donc sur le Syndrome d’Épuisement Professionnel. Elle étudie les relations complexes entre le personnel médico-social aides-soignantes et la cadre de santé, et entre la personne âgée et sa fille. Un questionnaire clinique a fait ressortir l’ampleur du ressenti subjectif d’être épuisé. L’échelle standardisée MSP de Louise Lemyre, celle du ressenti subjectif d’être stressé. Le stress étant convoqué dans la position conceptuelle théorique retenue du Syndrome d’Épuisement Professionnel.L’analyse de ces deux ressentis a révélé les rapports complexes entre soignante–soignée et la cadre et entre fille–mère et grand-mère. C’est ainsi que l’enjeu narcissique du personnel fait ressurgir les origines archaïques de la sexualité infantile dans le lien intime au corps. En même temps, à cause d’une féminisation généralisée de la profession, la spécificité de la fonction du Féminin Psychique s’impose.Cette recherche souhaite apporter, grâce à ce Féminin Psychique, un éclairage autre sur la position intermédiaire de la Cadre. Le statut de bonne ou mauvaise mère que les aides-soignantes lui reconnaissent, aggrave ou diminue le Syndrome d’Épuisement Professionnel et le stress. Enfin, cette recherche insiste une nouvelle fois sur la nécessité impérieuse de la formation permanente institutionnelle et du travail d’élaboration psychique de ces personnels et ce, à périodicités constantes. / As a psychologist in an EHPAD (a regulated home for dependent seniors), I became very much aware of the auxiliary nurses’ psychological sufferings. Listening to them during my team-supporting mission, I heard a recurring complaint emerge, that of an egotistical deficit of emotional and affective disinvestment and of a lack of recognition of the painfulness of their task. This has led me to hypothesize professional exhaustion. The research in this thesis therefore focuses on the burn out syndrome. It studies the complex relations between the auxiliary nurses as medico-social staff and the health manager in charge as well as between the elderly person and his/her daughter.A clinical questionnaire highlighted the depth of the subjective feeling of exhaustion while Louise Lemyre’s standardized scale highlighted the depth of the subjective feeling of stress, an operational notion in the theoretical concept of burn out.The analysis of both feelings revealed the complex relations between patient-auxiliary nurse and manager as well as between daughter-mother and grandmother. The narcissism at stake with the staff reactivates the archaic origins if child sexuality in the nursing place. A t the same time, because of the general feminization of the profession, the specificity of the feminine psyche is of foremost importance.Thanks to this notion, the research paper aims to shed a different light on the intermediary position of the manager. The status of good or bad mother figure that auxiliary nurses grant her worsens or lessens the burn out and stress.Last, this research paper further insists on the absolute necessity of permanent institutional training and of psychic elaborative work for the staff at regular intervals.