Orientador: José Antonio Marques / Banca: Jorge Luiz de Oliveira Costa / Banca: Carlos Augusto Araujo Valadão / Resumo: Foram utilizados 20 suínos machos ou fêmeas, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, grupo 1 (G1) e grupo 2 (G2). Empregouse como medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) azaperona 1,0 mg/kg e midazolam 0,2 mg/kg, administrados por via intramuscular, nos animais de ambos os grupos. Decorridos 15 minutos da aplicação da MPA, aos animais dos grupos 1 e 2, procedeuse a indução anestésica com propofol na dose de 4,0 mg/kg, via intravenosa, mantendo-se por infusão contínua, por via intravenosa, propofol na dose de 0,4 mg/kg/minuto, durante uma hora. Aos animais do G2, administrou-se um "bolus" de tramadol na dose de 4,0 mg/kg, por via intravenosa, logo após a indução anestésica com propofol. Avaliaram-se as freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, sedação, intubação orotraqueal, analgesia, pressões arteriais (sistólica, diastólica e média), saturação da oxihemoglobina, reflexos protetores, dosagem de cortisol e recuperação (tempo de extubação, tempo para decúbito esternal, tempo para posição quadrupedal), entre os grupos, dentro de cada momento. As freqüências cardíaca e respiratória e a dosagem de cortisol apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os momentos. A temperatura retal apresentou efeito significativo (P<0,05) da interação entre grupo e momento. As pressões arteriais (sistólica, diastólica e média) apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre grupos e momentos. Os reflexos protetores (ocular, palpebral e anal), apresentaram diferenças significativas (P 0,05) entre os grupos, assim como o tempo de extubação, um dos parâmetros de recuperação. Sedação, intubação orotraqueal, analgesia, saturação de oxihemoglobina, tempo para decúbito esternal e tempo para posição quadrupedal não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos e nem entre momentos. / Abstract: Twenty swines were used, among males or females, both duly spreaded over randomly performed, in two experimental groups: group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). The pre-anesthesic medication made up of an association of azaperone 1,0 mg/kg and midazolam 0,2 mg/kg, together IM, was common to both groups. After 15 minutes of the application of the pre-anesthesic medication, to the animals of the groups 1 and 2, the anesthesic induction with propofol was proceeded on the basis of 4,0 mg/kg, intravenous via, keeping a the a continuous intravenous infusion with the same drug, on the basis of 0,4 mg/kg/min, during the period of an hour. The G2 animals, it was administered a "bolus" of tramadol on the basis of 4,0 mg/kg, intravenous via, shortly after the anesthesic induction with propofol. It was assessed both cardiac and respiratory frequencies, rectal temperature, sedation, orotraqueal induction, analgesia, arterial pressures (systolic, diastolic and average), oxihemoglobine saturation, protective reflexes, cortisol dosage and recovery (extubation time, time for esternal decubitus and time for a four-footed standing), among the groups, within each moment. Both cardiac and respiratory frequencies besides the cortisol dosage showed significative differences (P<0,05) among the moments. The rectal temperature showed significative effect (P<0,05) in the interaction among groups and moments. The arterial pressures (systolic, diastolic and average) showed substantial differences (P<0,05) among groups and moments. The protective reflexes (ocular, eye-lids and rectal), showed substantial differences (P 0,05) among the groups, as well the time of extubation, one of the parameters of recovery. Sedation, orotraqueal intubation, analgesia, oxihemoglobine saturation, time for esternal decubitus and time for four-footed standing, did not present significative differences (P>0,05) among groups and nor among moments. / Mestre

Objective To determine the cardiopulmonary and blood gas status of elephants during chemical capture (immobilisation) with a thiafentanil-azaperone drug combination kept in lateral recumbency. Study design Prospective descriptive study. Animal population Ten free-ranging adult African elephant bulls (estimated weight range 3000 to 6000 kg). Methods Elephants were immobilised using a thiafentanil (15-18 mg) and azaperone (75-90 mg) by darting from a helicopter. Once recumbent, the tidal volume, minute volume, end-tidal carbon dioxide, arterial blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded immediately after instrumentation and at five-minute intervals until T20. Arterial and venous blood gases were analysed at the time of initial instrumentation and at 20 minutes. On completion of the data collection, the thiafentanil was antagonised using naltrexone (10 mg mg-1 thiafentanil). A stopwatch was used to record time to recumbency (dart placement to recumbency) and time to recovery (administering antagonist to standing). Data was checked for normality and was found to be parametric. Data were compared using a one-way analysis of variance and reported as mean (± SD). Results All elephants were successfully immobilised and all physiological variables remained constant with minimal non-significant variation over time. Average time to recumbency was 12.5 minutes. The estimated expiratory tidal volume was 21 (± 6) L breath-1 or 4.8 ± 0.8 mL kg-1, and the measured minute volume was 103 (± 31) L minute-1. The heart and respiratory rates were 49 (±6) beats and 5 (± 1) breaths minute-1, respectively. The mean arterial blood pressure was 153 (± 31) mmHg. The elephants were acidaemic (pH 7.18 ±0.06; bicarbonate ion 20 ±4 mmol L-1; lactate 11 ± 4 mmol L-1), mildly hypoxemic (PaO2 68 ± 15 mmHg) and mildly hypercapnic (PaCO2 52 ± 7 mmHg). Average time to recovery was 2.2 minutes. Conclusion and clinical relevance African elephant bulls can be successfully immobilised using thiafentanil-azaperone. Recumbency was rapid, the cardiopulmonary variables were stable and within acceptable ranges, and recovery was rapid and complete. Mild hypoxaemia and hypercapnia were evident, but does not necessarily require oxygen supplementation. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / MSc / Unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCV06MA050.pdf: 272909 bytes, checksum: 472499b757fb28714b6082f2e06716ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-20 / The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the association of azaperone with two alpha-2-agonists agents, the dexmedetomidine and the xylazine, through the study of the hemodynamics, respiratory and metabolic alterations. 18 swines Dambread X MS 50 ancestry, healthy, young, male and female, weighing 17,3 kg (+/- 1,7) had been anesthetized with isofluorane for instrumentation. The dissection of the femoral artery was carried through, for arterial pressure measurement and blood collections. After the anesthesia recovering and conclued the preparation conclusion for the animals establishment monitoration, it has started the collection for the first sample parameters. Right after the obtention of the values named controls, the animals had been randomly divided in three groups of six animals each: GA (Azaperone 2 mg.kg + sodium Chloride - IM), GAD (Azaperone 2 mg.kg + Dexmedetomidine 3&#956;g.kg - IM), GAX (Azaperone 2 mg.kg + Xylazine 2 mg.kg - IM). The following parameters had been measured during the procedures: FC, PAS, PAM, PAD, f, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3-, Hb, EB, In, K, SaO2, body temperature, blood glicose, sedation levels, muscular relaxation and stimulatons reply, collected with 15 minutes intervals up to 60 minutes of the association administration. Blood glucose levels was measured in the basal (M0) and the M60. For the statistics evaluation it was used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the test of Student Newman Keuls, for the hemodynamics and respiratory variables, A paired t test for the glicemy samples and the non-parametric Test of Kruskal-Wallis for sedation, muscular relaxation and the stimulatons reply, (p&#8804; 0,05). The FC had its values reduced in every group, however in the GAX there was a higher reduction. There wasn´t the two-phase effect on the arterial pressure, characteristic of the alpha -2-agonists agents. The PaO2, PaCO2 parameters, had only presented significant differences among the GAX moments, with reduction and addition of these values, respectively. pH, HCO3-, Hb, EB, had presented alterations with the presence of the alfa2- agonists agents in the association. The sedative effect of the proposal associations did not present significant difference statistics, however the GAX group had the highest scores. As to the muscular relaxation and the stimulatons reply, these had presented significance among the tested treatments. The other parameters had not differed statistically among the groups or the moments. The results allow to conclude that the administration of azaperone counterbalanced the characteristic hemodynamic effect of alfa2-agonists agents, the dexmedetomidine (3&#956;g.kg) and xylazine (2mg.kg) through IM way had not produced very expressive hemodynamic variations, the proposal association did not produce significant clinical alterations in the acid-basic balance of the animals and the sedative parameters had been expressive in the group admistrated with xilazina / O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a associação do azaperone com dois agentes alfa2-agonistas, a dexmedetomidina e a xilazina, através do estudo das alterações hemodinâmicas, respiratórias e metabólicas. Foram utilizados 18 suínos linhagem Dambread X MS 50, clinicamente sadios, jovens, fêmeas e machos, pesando 17,3 kg (±1,7). Após jejum alimentar mínimo de 12 horas e hídrico de seis horas os animais foram anestesiados com isofluorano para instrumentação. Foi realizada a dissecação da artéria femoral, para mensuração de pressão arterial e coletas de sangue. Após a recuperação da anestesia e concluída a preparação para o estabelecimento da monitoração dos animais, procedeu-se à coleta da primeira amostra dos parâmetros. Imediatamente após a obtenção dos valores denominados controle, os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de seis animais cada: GA (Azaperone 2 mg.kg + Cloreto de sódio - IM), GAD (Azaperone 2 mg.kg + Dexmedetomidina 3&#956;g.kg - IM), GAX (Azaperone 2 mg.kg + Xilazina 2 mg.kg - IM). Os seguintes parâmetros foram mensurados durante os procedimentos: FC, PAS, PAM, PAD, f, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3 -, Hb, EB, Na, K, SaO2, temperatura corporal, glicemia, níveis de sedação, relaxamento muscular e resposta a estímulos, coletados com intervalos de 15 minutos até 60 minutos da administração da associação, com exceção da glicemia, que foi mensurada no basal (M0) e no M60. Para a avaliação estatística empregou-se Análise de Variância de uma via (ANOVA) e o teste de Student Newman Keuls, para as variáveis hemodinâmicas e respiratórias, o Teste t pareado para as amostras da glicemia e o Teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis para aos escores de sedação, relaxamento muscular e resposta a estímulos, (p&#8804; 0,05). A FC teve seus valores reduzidos em todos os grupos, porém no GAX essa redução foi mais intensa que nos demais. Não houve o efeito bifásico sobre a pressão arterial, característico dos agentes alfa2-agonistas. Os parâmetros PaO2, PaCO2, apresentaram diferenças significativas somente entre os momentos do GAX, com redução e acréscimo desses valores, respectivamente. O pH, HCO3 -, Hb, EB, apresentaram alterações com a presença dos agentes alfa2-agonistas na associação. O efeito sedativo das associações proposta não apresentou diferença estatística significativa, porém o GAX foi o grupo que teve seus escores mais altos. Quanto ao relaxamento muscular e resposta a estímulos, esses apresentaram significância entre os tratamentos testados. Os demais parâmetros não diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos ou entre os momentos. Os resultados permitem concluir que a administração de azaperone contrabalançou os efeitos hemodinâmicos característicos de agentes alfa2-agonistas, a dexmedetomidina (3&#956;g.kg) e xilazina (2mg.kg) pela via IM não produziram variações hemodinâmicas muito expressivas, a associação proposta não produziu alterações clinicamente significativas no equilíbrio ácido-básico dos animais e os parâmetros sedativos foram mais expressivos no grupo contendo a xilazina

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marqueti_ps_me_jabo.pdf: 824420 bytes, checksum: 0961ad61a6416f733c5a56c8c5183588 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Foram utilizados 20 suínos machos ou fêmeas, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, grupo 1 (G1) e grupo 2 (G2). Empregouse como medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) azaperona 1,0 mg/kg e midazolam 0,2 mg/kg, administrados por via intramuscular, nos animais de ambos os grupos. Decorridos 15 minutos da aplicação da MPA, aos animais dos grupos 1 e 2, procedeuse a indução anestésica com propofol na dose de 4,0 mg/kg, via intravenosa, mantendo-se por infusão contínua, por via intravenosa, propofol na dose de 0,4 mg/kg/minuto, durante uma hora. Aos animais do G2, administrou-se um “bolus” de tramadol na dose de 4,0 mg/kg, por via intravenosa, logo após a indução anestésica com propofol. Avaliaram-se as freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, sedação, intubação orotraqueal, analgesia, pressões arteriais (sistólica, diastólica e média), saturação da oxihemoglobina, reflexos protetores, dosagem de cortisol e recuperação (tempo de extubação, tempo para decúbito esternal, tempo para posição quadrupedal), entre os grupos, dentro de cada momento. As freqüências cardíaca e respiratória e a dosagem de cortisol apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os momentos. A temperatura retal apresentou efeito significativo (P<0,05) da interação entre grupo e momento. As pressões arteriais (sistólica, diastólica e média) apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre grupos e momentos. Os reflexos protetores (ocular, palpebral e anal), apresentaram diferenças significativas (P 0,05) entre os grupos, assim como o tempo de extubação, um dos parâmetros de recuperação. Sedação, intubação orotraqueal, analgesia, saturação de oxihemoglobina, tempo para decúbito esternal e tempo para posição quadrupedal não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos e nem entre momentos. / Twenty swines were used, among males or females, both duly spreaded over randomly performed, in two experimental groups: group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). The pre-anesthesic medication made up of an association of azaperone 1,0 mg/kg and midazolam 0,2 mg/kg, together IM, was common to both groups. After 15 minutes of the application of the pre-anesthesic medication, to the animals of the groups 1 and 2, the anesthesic induction with propofol was proceeded on the basis of 4,0 mg/kg, intravenous via, keeping a the a continuous intravenous infusion with the same drug, on the basis of 0,4 mg/kg/min, during the period of an hour. The G2 animals, it was administered a “bolus” of tramadol on the basis of 4,0 mg/kg, intravenous via, shortly after the anesthesic induction with propofol. It was assessed both cardiac and respiratory frequencies, rectal temperature, sedation, orotraqueal induction, analgesia, arterial pressures (systolic, diastolic and average), oxihemoglobine saturation, protective reflexes, cortisol dosage and recovery (extubation time, time for esternal decubitus and time for a four-footed standing), among the groups, within each moment. Both cardiac and respiratory frequencies besides the cortisol dosage showed significative differences (P<0,05) among the moments. The rectal temperature showed significative effect (P<0,05) in the interaction among groups and moments. The arterial pressures (systolic, diastolic and average) showed substantial differences (P<0,05) among groups and moments. The protective reflexes (ocular, eye-lids and rectal), showed substantial differences (P 0,05) among the groups, as well the time of extubation, one of the parameters of recovery. Sedation, orotraqueal intubation, analgesia, oxihemoglobine saturation, time for esternal decubitus and time for four-footed standing, did not present significative differences (P>0,05) among groups and nor among moments.

Wild animal capture has progressed over the years from trapping or physical capture, which was dangerous to both animal and man, to chemical immobilization. Opioids and butyrophenones are the most common classes of drugs used for ungulate immobilization; however newer drugs and drug combinations are commonly used in an attempt to reduce time to immobilization in wildlife. The enzyme hyaluronidase is often added to drug combinations in the belief that it reduces time to immobilization by improving drug absorption. The primary objective of this study was to ascertain if the addition of hyaluronidase to an etorphine and azaperone drug combination would be of value in reducing time to immobilization in blue wildebeest. The study also tried to ascertain if the added hyaluronidase enabled one to reduce the etorphine and azaperone doses required to immobilize blue wildebeest, without affecting time to immobilization. The study made use of a four-way cross-over study design, with four treatment groups, four sequences and four periods. The four treatment groups were etorphine and azaperone; etorphine, azaperone and 5000 international units (IU) hyaluronidase; etorphine, azaperone and 7500 IU hyaluronidase; and 75 % of the original etorphine dose, 75% of the original azaperone dose and 7500 IU hyaluronidase. Each animal was immobilized with each of the above four drug combinations randomly over an eight week period with a two week interval between each period. The times to first effect, first down and immobilization were recorded. The etorphine and azaperone treatment group was used as the control group. The difference in time to first effect between the control group and the etorphine, azaperone and 7500 IU hyaluronidase treatment group was statistically significant (95 seconds versus 67 seconds; p = 0.007). When compared to the time to immobilization in the control group (323 seconds) the time to immobilization in the etrophine, azaperone and 5000 IU hyaluronidase (228 seconds); etorphine, azaperone and 7500 IU hyaluronidase (210 seconds) and the low dose etorphine, low dose azaperone and 7500 IU hyaluronidase (268 seconds) groups were statistically significantly reduced (p=0.002, p=0.001 and p=0.045 respectively). It is therefore concluded that the addition of 5000 or 7500 IU hyaluronidase to an etorphine and azaperone combination significantly reduced the time to immobilization in blue wildebeest. The unexpected decrease in time to immobilization in the low dose etorphine, low dose azaperone and 7500 IU hyaluronidase treatment group requires further investigation. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted