Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:38:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIEGO FRANCIEL MARQUES MUHLBEIER.pdf: 2283104 bytes, checksum: 4b3910db11a5426da6161c55a1de78bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-12 / Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise from mesenchymal tissues which represent about 1% of all diagnosed solid malignant tumors in adults. Changes that affect the tumor growth such as the deregulation of apoptosis, through overexpression of the Bcl-2 family proteins, have been associated with the prognosis of patients in various types of cancers, including soft tissue sarcomas (SPM). The Bcl-2 family proteins include anti-apoptotic and proapoptotic proteins such as proteins Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively. Despite the evidence, the prognostic value of these proteins, as well as the association with clinicopathological factors, remain controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of the expression of apoptosis-related markers Bcl-2 and Bax in 86 patients with STS of extremities by immunohistochemical analysis on a tissue microarray construction. Cytoplasmic expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was detected in 25.9% and 66.7% of the cases, respectively. Overexpression of both Bcl-2 and Bax was directly associated with synovial sarcoma, histological grade and clinical stage. A significant association between Bax and Bcl-2 expression was also observed. The 5-year overall survival (OS) for the group was 57%, being lower for cases with Bcl-2 overexpression (47.6% vs 58.3%) and Bax overexpression (50% vs 66.7%), although such difference was not significant. After multivariate analysis, the histological grade remained as an independent prognostic factor (p=0.043, HR=8.0, 95% CI, 1.1-60.1). Bcl-2 family proteins have been tested as therapeutic targets in some clinical studies in several cancers. In our study, overexpression of both Bcl-2 and Bax was associated with histological grade and clinical stage of the tumors, which are classical factors of poor prognosis. Thus, we suggest the use of these proteins as potential prognostic markers in STS of extremities, providing a more appropriate therapeutic planning for each patient. / Os sarcomas constituem um grupo heterogêneo de tumores que surgem a partir de tecidos mesenquimais e que representam cerca de 1% de todos os tumores sólidos malignos diagnosticados em adultos. Alterações que afetam o crescimento tumoral, como a desregulação da apoptose, por meio da hiperexpressão de proteínas da família Bcl-2, têm sido associadas ao prognóstico dos pacientes em diversos tipos de cânceres, incluindo os sarcomas de partes moles (SPM). A família Bcl-2 inclui proteínas pró-apoptóticas e anti-apoptóticas, tais como as proteínas Bax e Bcl-2, respectivamente. Apesar das evidências, o valor prognóstico dessas proteínas, assim como a associação com fatores clínicopatológicos, ainda permanecem controversos. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o significado clínico da via da apoptose, por meio da avaliação da expressão imuno-histoquímica de Bcl-2 e Bax, em um grupo de 86 casos de SPM de extremidades, utilizando microarranjos de tecidos (tissue microarray). A expressão citoplasmática de Bcl-2 e Bax foi detectada em 25,9% e 66,7% dos casos, respectivamente. A hiperexpressão de ambos, Bcl-2 e Bax, foi associada aos sarcomas sinoviais, ao grau histológico e ao estadiamento clínico. Uma associação significativa entre a expressão das proteínas Bcl-2 e Bax também foi observada. A sobrevida global em cinco anos foi de 57%, sendo menor para os casos com hiperexpressão de Bcl-2 (47,6% x 58,3%) e Bax (50% x 66,7%), porém, esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa. Após análise multivariada, o grau histológico apresentou-se como fator prognóstico independente (p = 0.043, HR = 8.0, IC 95%, 1.1-60.1). Proteínas da família Bcl-2 vêm sendo testadas como alvos terapêuticos em diversos estudos clínicos em vários tipos de cânceres. Em nosso estudo, a expressão de Bcl-2 e Bax foi associada com o grau histológico e o estadiamento clínico, que são fatores clássicos de mau prognóstico. Assim, sugerimos o uso da expressão imunohistoquímica de Bcl-2 e Bax como potencial marcador prognóstico em SPM de extremidades, possibilitando um planejamento terapêutico mais adequado para cada caso.

Cerca de 40% dos oócitos bovinos fecundados não completam o desenvolvimento da fase de pré-implantação. A aquisição da competência para o desenvolvimento do oócito depende de alterações morfológicas, bioquímicas e moleculares. Essas alterações ocorrem tanto nos oócitos como nas células do cumulus. O presente trabalho estudou a interação cumulus e oócito no processo de morte celular programada nos complexos de cumulus oophoros (COCs) de diferentes classes morfológicas em bovinos. Os COCs foram puncionados de ovários de abatedouro, selecionados e classificados em 3 qualidades morfológicas: A: cumulus completo; B: cumulus parcial; C: cumulus expandido (todos com ooplasma homogêneo). Os COCs foram utilizados para avaliação da maturação nuclear em 0 e em 24h de cultivo do grau de fragmentação do DNA das células do cumulus (CC) antes e após a maturação in vitro, avaliação da competência do desenvolvimento embrionário partenogenético até o 9º dia pós-ativação, avaliação da qualidade dos blastocistos e estimativa dos transcritos e proteínas BCL-2 e BAX em CC maturados por 24h. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a maioria dos oócitos imaturos do grupo COC-A estavam em estádio de VGi e apresentavam dano mínimo ou inexistente no DNA. Ao contrário, os COCs B e C após a retirada do folículo apresentavam-se em estádio mais avançado de VG e fragmentação do DNA. Após a maturação dos COCs houve um aumento significativo dos núcleos fragmentados nos grupos COC-C e principalmente no COC-B. A morfologia dos COCs alterou a quantidade de oócitos que conseguiram ultrapassar o bloqueio embrionário e desenvolver à blastocisto e não a qualidade dos blastocistos. A expressão da proteína BCL-2 nos COCs não diferiu entre as diferentes morfologias de COCs. No entanto, a razão entre as proteínas BCL-2/BAX foi maior nos grupos com o cumulus completo e no grupo com o cumulus expandido. O grupo de COC-B foi o que apresentou maior quantidade da proteína BAX e menor relação entre as proteínas BCL-2/BAX. Com base nestes resultados, conclui-se que em COCs de diferentes morfologias existe uma correlação negativa entre fragmentação nuclear e potencial de desenvolvimento embrionário, e ainda que a baixa razão das proteínas BCL-2/BAX está relacionada com o aumento de fragmentação nuclear nas CC. No entanto, essa relação não ocorre com transcritos dos genes BCL-2 e BAX / About 40% of fertilized bovine oocytes do not complete development during the preimplantation period. It is known that the in vitro embryo production system is influenced by several factors, among them, the morphological quality of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). The present work aimed to study the cumulus-oocyte interaction on the process of programmed cell death in bovine COCs of different morphological classes. The COCs were obtained from bovine ovaries and classified according to the morphology of their cumulus cell layers, as follows: class A, compact and with many layers; class B, compact with few layers; class C, expanded (all classes with homogeneous ooplasm). Before in vitro maturation (IVM), the nuclear maturation in COCs and DNA fragmentation in cumulus cells (CC) were evaluated. After IVM, oocytes and CC were analyzed for nuclear maturation, DNA fragmentation and BCL-2 and BAX transcripts and proteins. The developmental competence and quality of parthenogenetic embryos at the 9th day post-activation were also analyzed. The results showed that the majority of class A immature oocytes were at iGV stage, with minimal or inexistent DNA fragmantation, contrasting with the other classes of oocytes. In immature class B and C oocytes, the fGV stage of nuclear maturation was the most frequent, with increased DNA fragmentation. After IVM, an increase in DNA fragmentation was observed in B and C COCs, mainly in B group. The morphological type of COCs was not related with blastocyst quality, but affected the proportion of embryos capable of overcoming developmental block and reaching the blastocyst stage. BCL-2 protein in CC had the same expression level in all the COCs groups. However, the BCL-2/BAX proteins ratio was higher in A and C groups. COC-B had the highest BAX expression and lower ratio. These data demonstrate that there is a negative correlation between DNA fragmentation in CC and embryo developmental potential in different morphological types of COCs, and that the lower the BCL2/BAX protein ratio the greates the DNA fragmentation in CC, but this relation does not occur with transcripts

Cerca de 40% dos oócitos bovinos fecundados não completam o desenvolvimento da fase de pré-implantação. A aquisição da competência para o desenvolvimento do oócito depende de alterações morfológicas, bioquímicas e moleculares. Essas alterações ocorrem tanto nos oócitos como nas células do cumulus. O presente trabalho estudou a interação cumulus e oócito no processo de morte celular programada nos complexos de cumulus oophoros (COCs) de diferentes classes morfológicas em bovinos. Os COCs foram puncionados de ovários de abatedouro, selecionados e classificados em 3 qualidades morfológicas: A: cumulus completo; B: cumulus parcial; C: cumulus expandido (todos com ooplasma homogêneo). Os COCs foram utilizados para avaliação da maturação nuclear em 0 e em 24h de cultivo do grau de fragmentação do DNA das células do cumulus (CC) antes e após a maturação in vitro, avaliação da competência do desenvolvimento embrionário partenogenético até o 9º dia pós-ativação, avaliação da qualidade dos blastocistos e estimativa dos transcritos e proteínas BCL-2 e BAX em CC maturados por 24h. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a maioria dos oócitos imaturos do grupo COC-A estavam em estádio de VGi e apresentavam dano mínimo ou inexistente no DNA. Ao contrário, os COCs B e C após a retirada do folículo apresentavam-se em estádio mais avançado de VG e fragmentação do DNA. Após a maturação dos COCs houve um aumento significativo dos núcleos fragmentados nos grupos COC-C e principalmente no COC-B. A morfologia dos COCs alterou a quantidade de oócitos que conseguiram ultrapassar o bloqueio embrionário e desenvolver à blastocisto e não a qualidade dos blastocistos. A expressão da proteína BCL-2 nos COCs não diferiu entre as diferentes morfologias de COCs. No entanto, a razão entre as proteínas BCL-2/BAX foi maior nos grupos com o cumulus completo e no grupo com o cumulus expandido. O grupo de COC-B foi o que apresentou maior quantidade da proteína BAX e menor relação entre as proteínas BCL-2/BAX. Com base nestes resultados, conclui-se que em COCs de diferentes morfologias existe uma correlação negativa entre fragmentação nuclear e potencial de desenvolvimento embrionário, e ainda que a baixa razão das proteínas BCL-2/BAX está relacionada com o aumento de fragmentação nuclear nas CC. No entanto, essa relação não ocorre com transcritos dos genes BCL-2 e BAX / About 40% of fertilized bovine oocytes do not complete development during the preimplantation period. It is known that the in vitro embryo production system is influenced by several factors, among them, the morphological quality of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). The present work aimed to study the cumulus-oocyte interaction on the process of programmed cell death in bovine COCs of different morphological classes. The COCs were obtained from bovine ovaries and classified according to the morphology of their cumulus cell layers, as follows: class A, compact and with many layers; class B, compact with few layers; class C, expanded (all classes with homogeneous ooplasm). Before in vitro maturation (IVM), the nuclear maturation in COCs and DNA fragmentation in cumulus cells (CC) were evaluated. After IVM, oocytes and CC were analyzed for nuclear maturation, DNA fragmentation and BCL-2 and BAX transcripts and proteins. The developmental competence and quality of parthenogenetic embryos at the 9th day post-activation were also analyzed. The results showed that the majority of class A immature oocytes were at iGV stage, with minimal or inexistent DNA fragmantation, contrasting with the other classes of oocytes. In immature class B and C oocytes, the fGV stage of nuclear maturation was the most frequent, with increased DNA fragmentation. After IVM, an increase in DNA fragmentation was observed in B and C COCs, mainly in B group. The morphological type of COCs was not related with blastocyst quality, but affected the proportion of embryos capable of overcoming developmental block and reaching the blastocyst stage. BCL-2 protein in CC had the same expression level in all the COCs groups. However, the BCL-2/BAX proteins ratio was higher in A and C groups. COC-B had the highest BAX expression and lower ratio. These data demonstrate that there is a negative correlation between DNA fragmentation in CC and embryo developmental potential in different morphological types of COCs, and that the lower the BCL2/BAX protein ratio the greates the DNA fragmentation in CC, but this relation does not occur with transcripts

Procurando compreender o envolvimento da aldosterona (Aldo) na injúria renal, o objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento crônico com Aldo sobre a função renal e a histologia das arteríolas renais, procurando correlacionar os achados com a expressão de genes reguladores do processo de fibrose e apoptose. A Aldo não alterou os parâmetros fisiológicos, PA, ritmo de filtração glomerular (estimado pela depuração plasmática de creatinina), proteinúria e a morfologia das arteríolas corticais. No entanto, aumentou a expressão do RNAm para TGF-β1, PAI-1 e BAX no tecido renal, além da contagem de células TUNEL positivas nos glomérulos. O antagonismo ao receptor MR (pelo uso da espironolactona) aboliu o efeito hormonal somente sobre a expressão do RNAm para BAX e a marcação do DNA degradado (TUNEL), enquanto que o antagonismo ao GR (pelo uso do RU 486) reduziu ou aboliu todos os efeitos da Aldo. Os resultados indicam que a Aldo pode induzir respostas precoces sobre o remodelamento do tecido renal, sem ainda comprometer a função renal ou alterar a PA. Essas respostas foram independentes da sobrecarga de sal e ocorreram por um mecanismo que envolveu os receptores MR e GR. / In order to understand the aldosterone (Aldo) involvement in renal injury, the objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of Aldo chronic treatment on renal function and renal arterioles histology, trying to correlate the findings with the regulatory genes of fibrosis and apoptosis. Aldo did not change the physiological parameters, BP, glomerular filtration rate (estimated by creatinina clearance), proteinuria and cortical arterioles morphology. However, Aldo increased mRNA expression for TGF-β1, PAI-1 and BAX in renal tissue, as well as TUNEL-positive cell count in glomeruli. MR receptor antagonism (by spironolactone) abolished only the hormonal effect on the mRNA expression for BAX and degraded DNA labeling (TUNEL); whereas GR antagonism (by RU 486) reduced or abolished all Aldo effects. The results indicated that Aldo can induce early responses on renal tissue remodeling, without altering renal function or BP. These responses were salt independent and involved MR and GR receptors.

Melanoma cutâneo ainda constitui a principal causa de morte por câncer de pele nos países desenvolvidos. A variabilidade do comportamento clínico dessa neoplasia tem sido apenas parcialmente explicada pelos aspectos clínicos e histológicos, e a identificação de variáveis biológicas pode vir a ser importante na determinação de grupos de risco específicos. Foram estudados 69 pacientes com melanoma cutâneo primário de diversos graus de gravidade, tratados entre 1990 e 2007, com o intuito de verificar aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos, preparar Tissue microarray (TMA) para estudo dos melanomas cutâneos primários com espessura maior que 1,0 mm, avaliar por análise imuno-histoquímica a expressão das proteínas da apoptose celular Bcl2, Bax, Bak, Apaf-1, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, FasL e Fas em nevos-controle e em melanomas primários com espessuras menores e maiores que 1mm, e correlacionar a expressão dessas proteínas da apoptose com a evolução de melanomas cutâneos primários. Os resultados ratificaram tanto dados epidemiológicos já publicados em relação a sexo, idade e local da lesão, quanto a correlação entre a evolução da doença e os índices de Breslow. A análise dos escores compostos relativos à expressão das proteínas da apoptose revelou que o perfil imuno-histoquímico dessas proteínas parece não ter significado prognóstico, uma vez que não houve diferenças de expressão entre pacientes com e sem doença disseminada. Não foram encontradas alterações na expressão das proteínas da apoptose estudadas que pudessem sugerir o seu envolvimento tanto na gênese quanto na progressão de melanoma primário. O perfil imuno-histoquímico com tendência pró-apoptótica parece indicar que outros fatores seriam responsáveis pelo crescimento e disseminação da neoplasia / Cutaneous melanoma still constitutes the main cause of skin cancer death in developed world. Clinical behavior variability of this neoplasia has been only partially explained by clinical and histological aspects, and identification of biological variables can be important for determining specific risk groups. Sixty nine (69) patients with mild to severe primary cutaneous melanoma treated in 1990-2007 were studied aiming at (a) verifying clinical epidemiological aspects, (b) generating a Tissue microarray (TMA) for characterizing proteins expression of cutaneous melanoma > 1.0 mm, (c) analyzing the immunohistochemical expression of the apoptosis proteins Bcl2, Bax, Bak, Apaf-1, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, FasL e Fas in 10 control nevi and in primary melanomas with thickness 1mm, (d) and correlating these proteins expression with the disease prognosis. Results have ratified known epidemiological date on gender, age and lesion localization as well as the correlation between the disease prognosis and the Breslow\'s indexes. Analysis of the composite scores relating to apoptosis proteins has revealed that their immunohistochemical profile seems to be not significant for determining the disease prognosis, since no differences in proteins expression were found when compared patients with and without disease dissemination. Alterations in proteins expression suggesting their role in the genesis as well as in the prognosis of primary melanoma were not evidenced. Immunohistochemical profile with pro-apoptosis trend seems to indicate other factor as responsible for the neoplasia growth and dissemination

Melanoma cutâneo ainda constitui a principal causa de morte por câncer de pele nos países desenvolvidos. A variabilidade do comportamento clínico dessa neoplasia tem sido apenas parcialmente explicada pelos aspectos clínicos e histológicos, e a identificação de variáveis biológicas pode vir a ser importante na determinação de grupos de risco específicos. Foram estudados 69 pacientes com melanoma cutâneo primário de diversos graus de gravidade, tratados entre 1990 e 2007, com o intuito de verificar aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos, preparar Tissue microarray (TMA) para estudo dos melanomas cutâneos primários com espessura maior que 1,0 mm, avaliar por análise imuno-histoquímica a expressão das proteínas da apoptose celular Bcl2, Bax, Bak, Apaf-1, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, FasL e Fas em nevos-controle e em melanomas primários com espessuras menores e maiores que 1mm, e correlacionar a expressão dessas proteínas da apoptose com a evolução de melanomas cutâneos primários. Os resultados ratificaram tanto dados epidemiológicos já publicados em relação a sexo, idade e local da lesão, quanto a correlação entre a evolução da doença e os índices de Breslow. A análise dos escores compostos relativos à expressão das proteínas da apoptose revelou que o perfil imuno-histoquímico dessas proteínas parece não ter significado prognóstico, uma vez que não houve diferenças de expressão entre pacientes com e sem doença disseminada. Não foram encontradas alterações na expressão das proteínas da apoptose estudadas que pudessem sugerir o seu envolvimento tanto na gênese quanto na progressão de melanoma primário. O perfil imuno-histoquímico com tendência pró-apoptótica parece indicar que outros fatores seriam responsáveis pelo crescimento e disseminação da neoplasia / Cutaneous melanoma still constitutes the main cause of skin cancer death in developed world. Clinical behavior variability of this neoplasia has been only partially explained by clinical and histological aspects, and identification of biological variables can be important for determining specific risk groups. Sixty nine (69) patients with mild to severe primary cutaneous melanoma treated in 1990-2007 were studied aiming at (a) verifying clinical epidemiological aspects, (b) generating a Tissue microarray (TMA) for characterizing proteins expression of cutaneous melanoma > 1.0 mm, (c) analyzing the immunohistochemical expression of the apoptosis proteins Bcl2, Bax, Bak, Apaf-1, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, FasL e Fas in 10 control nevi and in primary melanomas with thickness 1mm, (d) and correlating these proteins expression with the disease prognosis. Results have ratified known epidemiological date on gender, age and lesion localization as well as the correlation between the disease prognosis and the Breslow\'s indexes. Analysis of the composite scores relating to apoptosis proteins has revealed that their immunohistochemical profile seems to be not significant for determining the disease prognosis, since no differences in proteins expression were found when compared patients with and without disease dissemination. Alterations in proteins expression suggesting their role in the genesis as well as in the prognosis of primary melanoma were not evidenced. Immunohistochemical profile with pro-apoptosis trend seems to indicate other factor as responsible for the neoplasia growth and dissemination

Les aptamères peptidiques sont des protéines combinatoires capables de moduler spécifiquement une fonction de leur cible. Une sélection fonctionelle d’aptamères peptidiques capables d’inhiber la mort cellulaire Bax-dependante chez la levure et en cellules mammaifères a été effectuée. Deux aptamères peptidiques ont été sélectionnés (Apta-32 et Apta-34). L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de caractériser ces deux aptamères peptidiques et leur(s) cible(s) dans le contexte de la mort cellulaire Bax-dependante. La première partie est l’étude de l’Apta-34 qui cible une protéine (C34) contenant un domaine de mort et ayant des fonctions pro-apoptotiques. Nous avons montré que lors de l’induction de l’apoptose, C34 est transloquée du noyau (sa localisation principale) au cytoplasme. Dans les mêmes conditions, Apta-34 co-localise avec C34 dans le noyau, empêchant, ou du moins retardant, sa sortie du noyau. De plus nous avons identifié le site de liaison d’Apta-34 sur C34, qui est localisé dans les 215 amino acides en N-terminale de la protéine, une région qui contient un site prédictif d’export nucléaire. Finalement, nous avons montré que la délétion de l’homologue de C34 protège contre la mort induite par hBax en levure. La seconde partie est l’étude d’Apta-32 qui cible deux paralogues (C32a et b) d’une famille de protéine impliquée dans le traffic membranaire dans les voies de l’endocytose. Nous avons montré qu’Apta-32 se lie à un domaine fonctionnel de C32. Des études in silico de docking ont permis d’identifier trois sites distincts de liaison d’Apta-32 sur ce domaine. Le site dominant est composé d’acides aminés qui partagent des propriétés physico-chimiques communes entre les différents interacteurs d’Apta-32 (C32a, C32b et l’homologue levure) mais pas avec des homologues qui ne lient pas Apta-32. De plus un screening double hybride d’une banque de cDNA levure a permis d’identifier des cibles mevure d’Apta-32. Finalement, des études préliminaires chez l’embryons de drosophile, permettent de suggérer que l’expression d’Apta-32 peut entraîner un défaut de la phagocytose. Cette étude a permis d’identifier des régulateurs de la mort cellulaires impliqués dans deux processus cellulaires distincts. / Peptide aptamers are small combinatorial proteins able to specifically modulate a function of their target. A functional selection of peptide aptamers able to inhibit Bax-dependent cell death in yeast and mammalian systems has been performed. Two peptide aptamers have been selected (Apta-32 and Apta-34). The aim of this thesis project was to characterize those two inhibitory peptide aptamers and their targets in order to understand their function in the Bax-dependent cell death. The first part focuses on Apta-34 that targets a Death Domain-containing protein (T34) that has pro-apoptotic functions. We showed that during the induction of apoptosis T34 translocates from nucleus (its major localization site) to the cytoplasm. In the same conditions, Apta-34 co-localizes with T34 in the nucleus, inhibiting or at least delaying its exit from the nucleus. Moreover we identified that Apta-34 binds to the well conserved 215 N-terminal amino acids of T34 that contains a putative Nuclear Export Signal. Finally we showed that the deletion of its homologue prevents hBax-induced cell death in yeast. The second part focuses on Apta-32 that targets two paralogues (T32a and b) of a family of proteins involved in the endocytotic membrane trafficking. We showed that Apta-32 is binding to a functional domain of T32. By in silico docking studies we identified 3 distinct binding sites of Apta-32 on this domain. The dominant binding site is composed by amino acid that share physico-chemical properties between binders of Apta-32 (T32a, T32b and a yeast homologue) but not with homologues that do not bind Apta-32. Moreover we identified yeast targets of Apta-32 by yeast two hybrid yeast cDNA library screening. Finally preliminary observations on drosophila embryos expressing Apta-32 suggest that Apta-32 expression could lead to a defect on phagocytosis. This study leads to the identification of regulators of the cell death acting on two distinct pathways.

Chez les végétaux, la mort cellulaire programmée (MCP) permet d'assurer le développement optimal de la plante et de protéger l'organisme contre différents stress biotiques et abiotiques. Peu d'effecteurs de la MCP végétale sont connus et caractérisés. L'objectif de ce projet de maîtrise était donc d'améliorer nos connaissances sur l'un de ces effecteurs : la protéine anti-apoptotique Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1). Chez les plantes, BI-1 possède un rôle de protection contre la MCP induite par différents stress et ce projet s'est intéressé à la caractérisation de ce rôle pour trois agents stressants. L'utilisation de différents mutants nuls et surexpresseurs d'AtBI-1 chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana pour des tests de germination et l'extraction de la chlorophylle a permis la démonstration d'un rôle de protection d'AtBI-1 contre la MCP induite par les UV-C et le méthyl viologène puisque son absence augmente la sensibilité des plantules. Par contre, dans les conditions utilisées, AtBI-1 ne semble pas jouer de rôle de protection contre une MCP induite par les cytokinines. La suite du projet s'est concentrée sur la régulation du gène AtBI-1 suite à une irradiation aux UV-C. Une région régulatrice spécifique aux UV-C a pu être identifiée grâce à une série de constructions comprenant la région régulatrice d'AtBI-1 coupée à différents sites de restriction et couplée au gène rapporteur GUS. Cette région régulatrice est probablement impliquée dans la régulation négative du gène puisque sa délétion entraîne une forte augmentation de l'expression basale d'AtBI-1. Enfin, une analyse bio-informatique de cette région régulatrice spécifique aux UV-C a permis l'identification de plusieurs motifs et sites de liaison pouvant potentiellement être impliqués dans la régulation d'AtBI-1 par les UV-C. De plus, des essais de gel à retardement sur cette région régulatrice montrent qu'elle est liée par un facteur nucléaire en conditions normales et qu'il y a perte de cette liaison suite à un traitement aux UV-C. L'identification de ce facteur nucléaire permettra de déterminer son implication dans la régulation d' AtBI-1 par les UV-C.

England experienced a resurgence of musical talent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries known as the "English Musical Renaissance." This rebirth spanned the years 1880 – 1945 and is credited to the work of Edward Elgar, Frederick Delius, Gustav Holst, and Ralph Vaughan Williams. Their break with Continental compositional models and the subsequent rediscovery of Tudor music and English folk song eventually created a "pastoral" musical style, heard as the authentically English musical voice. A strain of English musical Romanticism continued parallel to the Renaissance, however, represented by Granville Bantock, Joseph Holbrooke, Rutland Boughton, Arnold Bax, and Havergal Brian. These composers retained Continental, specifically Wagnerian, Romantic techniques, including chromatic harmony, leitmotifs, virtuosic use of enormous performing forces, and an emphasis on programmatic music. Their inspiration was drawn from exotic sources and Nature's mystical, dangerous, and beguiling qualities instead of any "pastoral" traits. Each wrote emotionally extravagant music at a time when such was considered foreign to the English character. This dissertation demonstrates the Wagnerian character of these “English Romantics” through examination of stylistic features in representative scores. Further, by presenting scores, criticism, and monographs, it affirms their sustained compositional presence through the twentieth century though English cultural tastes had turned from Germany to France, Russia, and the United States after the First World War. Finally, in challenging the standard narrative of British musical history this study broadens the concept of authentically English music to include a great deal more music “made in England.”

Of the thousands of dividing progenitor cells (PCs) generated daily in the adult brain only a very small proportion survive to become mature neurons through the process of neurogenesis. Identification of the mechanisms that regulate cell death associated with neurogenesis would aid in harnessing the potential therapeutic value of PCs. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is suggested to regulate death of PCs in the adult brain as overexpression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), an anti-apoptotic protein, enhances the survival of new neurons. To directly assess if Bcl-2 is a regulator of apoptosis in PCs, this study examined the outcome of removal of Bcl-2 from the developing PCs in the adult mouse brain. Retroviral mediated gene transfer of Cre into adult floxed Bcl-2 mice eliminated Bcl-2 from developing PCs and resulted in the complete absence of new neurons at 30 days post viral injection. Similarly, Bcl-2 removal through the use of nestin-induced conditional knockout mice resulted in reduced number of mature neurons. The function of Bcl-2 in the PCs was also dependent on Bcl-2-associated X (BAX) protein, as demonstrated by an increase in new neurons formed following viral-mediated removal of Bcl-2 in BAX knockout mice. Together these findings demonstrate that Bcl-2 is an essential regulator of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.