Orientador: Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna / Resumo: É importante desenvolver uma ferramenta com validação estatística robusta para diagnosticar a dor em ovinos e proceder a uma intervenção analgésica eficaz. Este estudo objetivou elaborar um etograma para avaliar o comportamento e validar uma escala para avaliar a dor aguda pós-operatória em ovinos. Realizou-se laparoscopia eletiva em 48 ovinos saudáveis, filmados em quatro momentos, um pré-operatório e três pós-operatórios antes e após a analgesia de resgate analgésico e 24 horas. Os vídeos foram aleatorizados e avaliados duas vezes com intervalo de um mês pelos quatro observadores. A análise estatística foi realizada no software R e as diferenças consideradas significativas quando p <0,05. Baseada na associação múltipla adotou-se uma escala unidimensional. A confiabilidade intra e inter-observador variou de moderada a muito boa (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse ≥ 0,55). A escala apresentou correlação de Spearman > 0.80 com as escalas numérica, descritiva simples e visual analógica e correlação de 0,59 com a escala de expressão facial. Pelo teste de Friedman a escala foi responsiva, pelo aumento e diminuição dos escores de dor de todos os itens após a cirurgia e intervenção analgésica, respectivamente. Todos os itens da escala apresentaram correlação item-total de Spearman aceitável (0,3 - 0,7) e a sua consistência interna foi excelente (α de Cronbach = 0,84). Todos os seus itens apresentaram especificidade < 0.30 e sensibilidade entre 0.67- 0.85, exceto para apetite. Se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The development of a tool with robust statistical validation is important to diagnose pain in sheep and carry out an effective analgesic intervention. The current study aimed to develop an ethogram to evaluate behavior and validate a scale to evaluate acute postoperative pain in sheep. Elective laparoscopy was performed in 48 healthy sheep, filmed at four moments, one preoperative and three postoperative before and after analgesic rescue analgesia and 24 hours after. The videos were randomized and assessed twice by the four evaluators, with an interval of one month between evaluations. The statistical analysis was performed using R software and differences were considered significant when p <0.05. Based on the multiple association, a unidimensional scale was adopted. The intra- and inter-observer reliability ranged from moderate to very good (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.55). All items on the scale demonstrated an acceptable Spearman item-total correlation (0.3 - 0.7). The scale presented Spearman correlations > 0.80 with the numerical, simple descriptive, and visual analogue scales, and a correlation of 0.59 with the facial expression scale. According to the Friedman test, the scale was responsive, due to the increase and decrease in pain scores of all items after surgery and analgesic intervention, respectively. The internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's α = 0.84) and all items presented specificity <0.30 and sensitivity between 0.67-0.85, except for appet... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

<div>Quantifying the dynamics and rheology of soft biological suspensions such as red blood cells, vesicles, or capsules is paramount to many biomedical and computational applications. These systems are multiphase flows that can contain a diverse set of deformable cells and rigid bodies with complex wall geometries. For this thesis, we are performing several numerical simulations using boundary element methods (BEM) for biological suspensions in biomedically relevant conditions. Each simulation is devised to answer fundamental questions in modeling these systems.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Part of this thesis centers around the fluid mechanics of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), fluid droplets surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer. GUVs are important to study because they mimic the dynamics of anuclear cells and are commonly used as a basis for artificial cells. The dynamics of vesicles in simple shear or extensional flows have been extensively studied. However the conditions seen in microfluidic devices or industrial processing are not always described by steady shear or extensional flows alone, and require more investigation. In our first study, we investigate the shape stability of osmotically deflated vesicles in a general linear flow (i.e., linear combinations of extensional and rotational flows). We modeled the vesicles as a droplet with an incompressible interface with a bending resistance. We simulated a range of flow types from purely shear to purely extensional at viscosity ratios ranging from 0.01 to 5.0 and reduced volumes (measured asphericity, higher is more spherical) from 0.60 to 0.70. The vesicle's viscosity ratio appears to play a minimal role in describing its shape and stability for many mixed flows, even in cases when significant flows are present in the vesicle interior. We find in these cases that the bending critical capillary number for shape instabilities collapse onto similar values if the capillary number is scaled by an effective extensional rate. These results contrast with droplet studies where both viscosity ratio and flow type have significant effects on breakup. Our simulations suggest that if the flow type is not close to pure shear flow, one can accurately quantify the shape and stability of vesicles using the results from an equiviscous vesicle in pure extension. Only when the flow type is nearly shear flow, do we start to see deviations in the observations discussed above. In this situation, the vesicle's stationary shape develops a shape deviation, which introduces a stabilizing effect and makes the critical capillary number depend on the viscosity ratio.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Continuing with our research on single vesicle dynamics, we have performed simulations and experiments on vesicles in large amplitude oscillatory extensional (LAOE) flows. By using LAOE we can probe the non-linear extension and compression of vesicles and how these types of deformation affect dilute suspension microstructure in time-dependent flows through contractions, expansions, or other complex geometries. Our numerical and experimental results for vesicles of reduced volumes from 0.80 to 0.95 have shown there to be three general dynamical regimes differentiated by the amount of deformation that occurs in each half cycle. We have termed the regimes: symmetrical, reorienting, and pulsating in reference to the type of deformation that occurs. We find the deformation of the quasispherical vesicles in the microfluidic experiments and boundary element simulations to be in quantitative agreement. The distinct dynamics observed in each regime result from a competition between the flow frequency, flow time scale, and membrane deformation timescale. Using the numerical results, we calculate the particle coefficient of stresslet and quantify the nonlinear relationship between average vesicle stress and strain rate. We additionally present some results on the dynamics of tubular vesicles in LAOE, showing how the experiments suggest the vesicles undergo a shape transformation over several strain rate cycles. Broadly, our work provides new information regarding the transient dynamics of vesicles in time-dependent flows that directly informs bulk suspension rheology.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Our most recent project deals with the accuracy of discretized double layer integrals for Stokes flow in the boundary element method.</div><div>In the fluid mechanics literature, the chosen parameterization, meshing procedure, and singularity handling are often selected arbitrarily or based on a convergence study where the number of elements is decreased until the relative error is sufficiently low.</div><div>A practical study on the importance of each of these parameters to the accurate calculation of physically relevant results, such as the particle stresslet, could alleviate some of the guesswork required. The analytical formulas for the eigenfunctions/eigenvalues of the double layer operator of an ellipsoidal particle in a quadratic flow were recently published¹, providing an analytical basis for testing boundary element method discretization accuracy.</div><div>We use these solutions to examine the local and global errors produced by changing the interpolation order of the geometry and the double-layer density. The results show that the local errors can be significant even when the global errors are small, prompting additional study on the distribution of local errors. Interestingly, we find that increasing the interpolation orders for the geometry and the double layer density does not always guarantee smaller errors. Depending on the nature of the meshing near high curvature regions, the number of high aspect ratio elements, and the flatness of the particle geometry, a piecewise-constant density can exhibit lower errors than piecewise-linear density, and there can be little benefit from using curved triangular elements. Overall, this study provides practical insights on how to appropriately discretize and parameterize three-dimensional (3D) boundary-element simulations for elongated particles with prolate-like and oblate-like geometries.</div><div><br></div>

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A simulation was created using LS-DYNA® to determine the acoustical properties of a golf ball and golf driver head impact. LS-DYNA® has a coupled finite element analysis (FEA) and boundary element method (BEM) solver that uses the integral form of Helmholtz’s acoustic wave equation to deliver predicted sound pressure levels at predetermined acoustic points. Validation of the modeling was done on a simple plate donated by Titleist Golf. The plate was modeled and meshed using TrueGrid and impacted by a three layer golf ball model derived from “Tanka’s” paper on multilayered golf balls. The final converging model consisted of 10,900 solid fully integrated elements between the ball, plate, and plate support structure. The result was compared to experimental data taken by an air cannon and anechoic chamber that housed strain and acoustical measurement equipment. The sound level predictions from the model showed a promising correlation with experimental data and the focus switched to a golf driver head response during impact. The same ball developed from Tanaka’s paper was used to impact a 350cc generic golf driver head. The driver head consisted of 3300 fully integrated shell elements throughout the model. The top of the hosel was fixed during the simulation to simulate the connection to the golf shaft. The ball was fired at the center of the driver’s face and the predicted sound was determined for a point two feet behind the driver head. The BEM prediction of the driver head model showed little correlation with actual recorded impact sounds provided by Cleveland Golf when comparing frequency response functions. These differences could arise from assumptions and simplifications made to speed up the impact simulation. The sound produced from the golf ball after impact was one such factor was not included. Due to the complex shape of the driver head and the total number of elements involved, the numerical solution took upwards of 100 hours to finish. Adding the golf ball sound would greatly increase computational time and not contribute significantly to the overall predicted sound. Although the BEM solution can be used to characterize different driver heads, the impact is too complicated to efficiently and accurately predict the true impact sounds.

Denna uppsats är en redogörelse och analys av olika motiv för musikledarskap som förekommer inom Equmeniakyrkan. Analysen är baserad på en översikt av teologiska beskrivningar av tjänst och kallelse samt en enkätundersökning. Med hjälp av en egenkonstruerad teologisk analysmodell synliggörs frågor om ansvar, angelägenhet och identitet. Uppgiften är att redogöra för individuella, lokala och nationella beskrivningar av musikledarskap inom Equmeniakyrkan, och synliggöra hur olika motiv relaterar till varandra. Uppsatsens resultat och slutsats visar att det förekommer fyra olika kategorier av övergripande motiv för musikledarskap inom Equmeniakyrkan. Personer inom dessa olika kategorier kan utöva musikledarskap, men deras motiv skiljer sig åt. En sådan mångfald av olika musikledarskap kan utgöra teologiska och praktiska problem. I många fall är motiven oförenliga i förståelsen av en gemensam teologisk identitet. De står samtidigt i kontrast till Equmeniakyrkans officiella identitet som en enande kyrka i Sverige.

The United Nations have declared the effects of climate change as the “defining issue of our time” (United Nations, 2019). As a result of increased industrialization in the last century to keep up with the demands of a growing global population, the global output of greenhouse emissions has rocketed, which is linked to the shifting and abnormal weather patterns of the planet. Electricity and heat production alone are attributed to generating 25% of greenhouse gas emissions (Edenhofer, et al.). To alleviate the increasing levels of carbon emission there is an effort to transition in green energy power generation sources like wind energy that is abundantly available in the midwestern United States. This study aims to implement the Blade Element Method derived modeling methods for predicting the performance of a wind turbine. The experimental results obtained from the MEXICO project is employed as the validation source for the research.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vivian Valerio Dias.pdf: 5425019 bytes, checksum: 4659de96d60e00f57ceed1a35b2dbb1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It has become aware, through the nineties, that the growth of economy is affecting its several sectors and reaching dimensions never considered before. Studies related to the environment and society, search for solutions that bring balance between growth and the preservation of natural resources, aiming and that such actions are appropriate in a social level. Through this thought, the concept of sustainable development was created and it has brought attention and growing concerns to the well-being of the population. For this reasoning and this new conscience to have influence in the decision making the access to relevant data it is considered indispensable. In this matter, indicators (tools that help analyze, quantify and simplify the reading of technical information directed to several organizations, institutions and groups of people) are used and developed. In this path there are still many difficulties, indicators generally used for decision making in political aspects, for example, economic and social indicators do not consider the impacts of other sectors. An economic indicator does not consider the social or environment impacts, as well as social indicators do not consider environment or economic effects, in the same way that, environment indicators do not disclose social or economic impacts. The sustainability brought the concept of synergy among the three sectors, the economy, the environment and the society and it has provided the creation of comparative indicators or sustainability indicators. The purpose of this study is to display the current situation of the sustainability and well-being indicators, aiming to explain its constitution, relevance and influence in political decisions. Its main focus will be to follow the development and construction of IRBEM (Reference Indicators of Well-Being in the City), a project directed by MNSP (Our São Paulo Movement) / Ao longo dos anos 90 tomou-se percepção de que o crescimento da economia está afetando seus diversos setores e atingindo dimensões nunca antes consideradas. Estudos voltados ao meio ambiente e à sociedade procuram achar uma solução para que haja equilíbrio entre crescimento e a preservação de recursos naturais de forma que tais ações sejam também adequadas a nível social. Através dessa premissa nasceu o conceito do desenvolvimento sustentável e despertou uma crescente preocupação com o bem-estar da população. Para que este raciocínio, esta nova consciência tenha influência na tomada de decisões julga-se indispensável o acesso à dados relevantes. Pensando nisso são utilizados e desenvolvidos os indicadores, ferramentas que auxiliam analisar, quantificar e simplificar a leitura de informações técnicas para as diversas organizações, instituições e grupos de pessoas. Neste caminho ainda encontram-se muitas dificuldades, indicadores geralmente utilizados para tomada de decisões políticas, por exemplo, indicadores econômicos e sociais não consideram os impactos de outros setores. Um indicador econômico não considera os impactos sociais ou ambientais, assim como indicadores sociais não consideram efeitos ambientais ou econômicos, da mesma forma que, indicadores ambientais não revelam os impactos sociais ou econômicos. A sustentabilidade trazendo o conceito da sinergia entre os três setores, a economia, o meio ambiente e a sociedade de uma comunidade dá início aos indicadores comparativos, ou seja, os indicadores de sustentabilidade. O escopo deste trabalho constitui-se na realização de uma leitura sobre a situação atual dos indicadores de sustentabilidade e bem-estar, buscando explicar sua constituição, relevância e influência nas decisões políticas. Teve como foco principal o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento e construção do IRBEM (Indicadores de Referência de Bem-Estar no Município), projeto dirigido pelo Movimento Nossa São Paulo

La détection radar passive met à profit des émetteurs non-coopératifs, déjà présents dans l’environnement, qui transmettent des signaux de télécommunications, de type DVB-T dans l’étude présentée.Elle utilise les réflexions de ces signaux sur de potentielles cibles et les exploite comme échos radar au niveau d’un récepteur aéroporté.Ces nouveaux systèmes de détection, par nature discrets et économes en énergie et en allocation de fréquences, étendent la surveillance à la basse altitude.Si les différentes étapes des traitements classiques utilisés en radar passif terrestre (estimation du signal de référence, réjection, filtrage adapté, détection)demandent d’être réorientées sérieusement pour répondre aux contraintes liées à la réception aéroportée,il en va de même du récepteur qui doit satisfaire les exigences matérielles de la plateforme aérienne.Dans ce but, un système expérimental embarqué sur motoplanneur a été développé permettant d’acquérir des signaux réels indispensablesà la compréhension de l’impact de la propagation des signaux DVB-T.La méthode d’estimation du signal de référence proposée permet d’une part, de lutter contre les fluctuations du canal de propagation induites par les multi-trajetsen exploitant la diversité d’antenne et d’autre part, de prendre en compte les variations temporelles en s’appuyant sur la méthode BEM (Basis Expension Model).Ensuite, une analyse théorique sur la répartition du fouillis de sol est apportée.L’exploitation des signaux expérimentaux permet de la valider par une analyse dans le plan distance-Doppler et angle-Doppler.Une projection cartésienne permet de mettre en évidence des échos forts confrontés avec la vérité terrain.L’estimation du signal de référence et la connaissance de l’étalement du fouillis de sol sont les piliers fondamentaux de la détection car ces composantes représentent deux contributions à rejeter.Pour le signal de référence, une méthode classique de réjection où les coefficients du filtre sont estimés au sens des moindres carrés est mise en oeuvre.Un filtrage spatial orthogonal à la direction d’arrivée du signal de référence est ajouté afin de diminuer l’impact du bruit émis.Le large étalement en Doppler et en distance nous a conduit à rejeter le fouillis sur des périodes de corrélation plus courtes.Les travaux présentés apportent une compréhension fine de l’impact de la propagation sur les traitements de détection en radar passif aéroporté et offrent des perspectives engageantesquant à la détection de cibles de moyennes à grandes Surfaces Equivalentes Radar. / Passive radar detection benefits from non-cooperative telecommunication broadcasters, already existing in the environment, such as DVB-T broadcasters.It uses signal reflections over potential targets. An airborne receiver takes advantage of it as radar echoes.This new kind a detection system is discrete, has low energy consumption, uses already allocated frequencies and broaden radar detection to low altitudes.Due to airborne constraints, the standard signal processing steps, as the receiving system need to be adjusted.Indeed a dedicated radar has been developped in order to get experimental signal, and therefore help deepen the understanding of propagation phenomenon.The proposed reference signal estimation allows to face channel multipath induced fluctuations on the one hand, and to take into account channel time variationsthanks to Basis Expansion Model (BEM) modeling. A theoretical analysis of the clutter spread is then drawn.Experimental results confirm the expectation in the range-Doppler and angle-Doppler domain.Besides a clutter cartesian projection highlights the major reflectors, that may be confronted to the terrain truth.Reference signal estimation and clutter spread constitute two radar detection pilars, as these components have to be cancelled.So as to reject direct path, space filtering orthogonal to the direct direction is also performed to suppress the impact of the transmitted noise.Then reference signal is cancelled via a standard rejection method based on least-square filter coefficients estimation.The large Doppler and range clutter spread, lead us to reject the reference signal over shorter correlation periods.The present work gives an accurate comprehension of propagation mechanisms impact on airborne passive radar signal processing andprovides a promising perspective regarding intermediate radar cross section target detection.