Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T15:59:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 raruzakearateixeiragoncalves.pdf: 8876670 bytes, checksum: 4a4c19291f8b39adaea3a43fd323b6fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T04:00:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 raruzakearateixeiragoncalves.pdf: 8876670 bytes, checksum: 4a4c19291f8b39adaea3a43fd323b6fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T04:00:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 raruzakearateixeiragoncalves.pdf: 8876670 bytes, checksum: 4a4c19291f8b39adaea3a43fd323b6fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação pretende caracterizar a memória audiovisual como marca identitária de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, privilegiando a investigação inédita sobre a produção independente em vídeo, realizada pela empresa Bem-te-vídeo, fundada em 1984 na cidade. Para a avaliação do objeto de estudo, recorreu-se à perspectiva memorialística, adotando a metodologia da história oral, que tem por proposta reconstruir o percurso histórico por meio do testemunho dos sujeitos da experiência. Nesse sentido, foram realizadas entrevistas com 17 pessoas, envolvidas no contexto cultural e audiovisual do período, o que totalizou a análise de cerca de 20 horas de gravação em áudio. Material que, transcrito, ofertou um documento rico sobre a história da produtora, de seus realizadores e do processo da produção de bens audiovisuais e culturais na cidade. A pesquisa ainda contou com um exaustivo trabalho de revisão bibliográfica e investigação de arquivos pessoais, de jornais, revistas, fotografias e produtos em suporte audiovisual. Isto resultou em uma análise fílmica sobre o videodocumentário O Bar Redentor: Fora desse bar, o mundo é mudo, criado pela produtora em 1987. A dissertação orienta-se pela compreensão dos processos comunicacionais como conformadores das identidades e das sociabilidades, em seu contexto histórico, baseando-se em metodologias e conceitos propostos pelos Estudos Culturais, a Nova História, as pesquisas sobre o fenômeno do vídeo no Brasil e as Teorias da Análise Fílmica. / This paper aims to characterize the audiovisual memory as brand identity of Juiz de Fora, unpublished research focusing on independent video production, conducted by producer Bem-te-video, founded in 1984 in the city. For the evaluation of the object of study, we used the memorial perspective, adopting the methodology of oral history, which is proposed to reconstruct the historical route through the testimony of the subjects of the experiment. Accordingly, we conducted interviews with 17 people involved in the audiovisual and cultural context of the period, which amounted to the analysis of approximately 20 hours audio recording. Material that transcript offered a rich document about the history of the producer, its directors and production of audiovisual and cultural assets in the city. The survey also included a thorough literature review and the investigation of personal files, newspapers, magazines and photographs and products in audiovisual support. This resulted in a film analysis on the video documentary The Redeemer Bar: Outside this bar, the world is silent, created in 1987 by producer. The work is guided by the understanding of communication processes with conforming identities and sociability, in its historical context, based on concepts and methodologies proposed by Cultural Studies, New History, research on the phenomenon of video in Brazil and the theories of film analysis.

De nos jours, le respect de l'environnement est une obligation dans le cadre de travaux maritimes. Les caissons en béton verticaux à plaques poreuses sont souvent la solution technique privilégiée pour agrandir les ports existants et / ou améliorer l'agitation des bassins. L'empreinte au sol est réduite et la demande en matériaux de carrière est moins importante par rapport aux digues en enrochement classiques. Récemment, des systèmes alternatifs aux caissons en béton verticaux ont été conçus. Les structures amortisseuses de la houle à enrochements verticalisés sont constituées d'une structure métallique entourant des blocs. Ce type de structure offre des avantages environnementaux, une perméabilité aux courants et une bonne performance hydrodynamique. Ce travail de thèse visait à développer un nouveau code 3D-BEM facile à utiliser et intégrant les écoulements en milieux poreux. Des géométries innovantes sont testées comme des gabions espacés avec une chambre d’expansion ou un mélange de plaques poreuses et de milieux poreux.La description des écoulements dans un milieu poreux est une question complexe. Navier-Stokes moyenné au sens de Reynolds (RANS) est le processus mathématique communément utilisé pour modéliser les écoulements en milieux poreux. Ce dernier est considéré comme un milieu continu homogène. L'équation bien connue de Forchheimer étendue décrit les forces volumiques appliquées à l'écoulement par un milieu poreux à travers des coefficients de résistance et d'inertie. Ces recherches ont été l’occasion d’examiner ces coefficients, notamment celui d'inertie mal connu dans le cas d’un milieu poreux. Il joue un rôle majeur pour les écoulements à très faible KC se produisant dans les couches internes des digues poreuses. Une analyse de la littérature sur les écoulements de milieux poreux a été entreprise. Le code numérique appelé Diffra3D a été développé. Il a ensuite été utilisé pour rechercher des coefficients de résistance de milieux poreux à l'aide de données provenant de trois campagnes expérimentales : un test de sloshing sur hexapode et deux études classiques de transmission/réflexion en canal à houle. Celles-ci ont également été l'occasion de tester et de calibrer le code. De nouvelles géométries de structures poreuses ont ensuite été testées expérimentalement et numériquement.Deux nouvelles valeurs de coefficients de résistance d'un milieu poreux sont proposées pour les écoulements à très faibles KC. Certaines caractéristiques intéressantes concernant le coefficient d'inertie CM d'un milieu poreux sont également développées. Ce sujet de recherche mériterait encore d’être approfondi pour tenter de trouver une ou plusieurs loi(s) empirique(s) décrivant l’évolution du coefficient d'inertie dans ce régime spécifique d’écoulement. Le code Diffra3D fonctionne de façon satisfaisante pour modéliser les écoulements en milieu poreux. Il est cependant limité aux vagues à faibles cambrures. Tout l'enjeu est de bien caractériser le milieu poreux étudié. L'utilisation de Diffra3D a permis de montrer que les structures poreuses verticales innovantes, telles que les gabions espacés, ont entièrement leur place en tant que digues amortisseuses de la houle respectueuses de l'environnement. Elles pourraient être couramment utilisées dans le futur. / Nowadays the respect of the environment is an obligation in maritime works. Vertical concrete caissons with porous plates are often the number one technical solution to enlarge existing ports and/or to improve the agitation of the basins. The footprint is reduced and the demand in quarry materials is less important compared to classical riprap breakwaters. Recently, alternative systems to vertical concrete caissons have been designed. Vertical riprap breakwaters are made of a metal framework enclosing blocks. This kind of structure offers environmental benefits, permeability for currents and a good hydrodynamic performance. This thesis work looks at developing a new 3D-BEM code that is easy to use and integrates porous media. Innovative geometries are tested like spaced gabions with damping chamber or a mix of porous plates and porous media.Describing flows in porous media is an complex issue. Volume averaging method is the common mathematical process used to model porous media flows without drawing every grain of a porous medium. The well-known extended Forchheimer equation describes the volumetric forces applied to the flow by a porous medium through resistance and inertial coefficients. These researches were the occasion to look into this coefficients, especially the one of poorly understood inertia in the case of a porous medium. It plays a major role in very low-KC flows currently occurring in porous breakwaters apart from armour layer.First, a literature review on porous media flows was undertaken. In parallel, the numerical code called Diffra3D was produced. It was then used to look for resistance coefficients of porous media through data coming from three experimental campaigns : one sloshing test on hexapode and two classical reflection-transmission studies in a wave tank. These campaigns were also the occasion to test and calibrate the code. New geometries of porous structures were then tested experimentally and numerically. Two new values of resistance coefficients of a porous medium are proposed. Some interesting features concerning the inertia coefficient CM of a porous medium are also developed. In simulations, we observe that the hydrodynamic behaviour of porous structures in low-KC flows is very sensitive to the coefficient of inertia. This research topic would still deserve further studies in order to find empirical law(s) for the inertia coefficient of a porous medium. The code Diffra3D performs well to model porous media flows. However, it is limited to waves with low steepness. The challenge is to properly characterise the porous medium. This research has shown that innovative porous structures like spaced gabions have proven their place as environmentally-friendly damping breakwaters. They may be commonly used in the future.

Ballastfria spår har på senare tid börjat byggas i allt större utsträckning. En anledning till detta är höjda krav på järnvägstransporter. Ett ballastfritt spår är ofta utformat som en långsträckt betongplatta på mark som för ned lasten från rälerna till underbyggnaden. I nuläget saknar Sverige dimensioneringsprinciper för ballastfria spår. Principerna är redan etablerade i andra länder men behöver inordnas för svenska förhållanden. År 2012 gjorde regeringen bedömningen att en ny stambana för snabbtåg bör byggas. För detta ändamål har Trafikverket utarbetat en ny teknisk systemstandard för höghastighetsbanor. De traditionella ballasterade spåren är inte optimerade för höga hastigheter. Trafikverkets nya systemstandard förutsätter därför att stora delar av den nya stambanan utförs med ballastfritt spår. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att studera dimensionering med hänsyn till det statiska beteendet hos ballastfria spår och skapa en grundläggande förståelse för spårreaktioner. Med hjälp av handberäkningar och datorstödda metoder undersöks elementärfall av belastningar samt sambandet mellan plattans erforderliga böjstyvhet och underbyggnadens styvhet. Handberäkningsmodeller som antas i detta arbete är bland annat Winklerbäddmodellen och diverse vedertagna tvärsnittsmodeller. De datorstödda metoderna som används är FEM-programmet BRIGADE/Plus och BEM-programmet BE-platte. I BRIGADE/Plus används en tvådimensionell modell där marken modelleras som ett elastiskt underlag. I BE-platte används en tredimensionell modell med en markmodell enligt Winklerbäddmodellen. Resultaten från de olika metoderna kontrolleras mot varandra för att verifiera erhållna resultat. Sambandet mellan elasticitetsmodul i plattornas underlag, plattjocklek och lastreaktioner åskådliggörs i diagram samt tvärkraftstabell i kapitel 4. Beräkningsmodellernas beteende diskuteras och jämförs i kapitel 5. / Recently slab tracks have been built more frequently, among other things due to an increasing demand on rail transport. A slab track is often designed as a continuous concrete slab on grade that carries down the load from the rails to the substructure. At present, Sweden lacks design principles for slab tracks. Principles are established in other countries but must be adapted to Swedish conditions. In 2012 the Swedish government made the assessment that a new mainline for high-speed trains should be built. For this purpose, the Swedish Transport Administration prepared a new technical standard for high-speed tracks. Traditional ballasted tracks are not optimized for high speed trains and therefore the new standard requires large parts of the new mainline to be built with slab track. The aim of this thesis is to study the design of slab tracks with respect to their static behavior and create a fundamental understanding of force reactions acting on them. For elementary load cases the relation between required slab bending stiffness and the stiffness of the substructure will be investigated using hand calculations and computer-assisted methods. Models for hand calculation adopted in this work include the Winkler-bed model and various conventional cross-sectional models. The computer-assisted methods used are FEM software BRIGADE/Plus and BEM software BE-Platte. In BRIGADE/Plus the models are two-dimensional and the soil is modeled as an elastic base. In BE-Platte the models are three-dimensional and the soil is modeled according to Winkler-bed model. The results of the various methods are cross-checked against each other to verify the results obtained. The relationship between the modulus of elasticity of the subsoil, plate thickness and load reactions is illustrated in charts and a shear force table in Chapter 4. The behavior of the calculation models is discussed and compared in Chapter 5.

Lineare hyperbolische partielle Differentialgleichungen in homogenen Medien, beispielsweise die Wellengleichung, die die Ausbreitung und die Streuung akustischer Wellen beschreibt, können im Zeitbereich mit Hilfe von Randintegralgleichungen formuliert werden. Im ersten Hauptteil dieser Arbeit stellen wir eine effiziente Möglichkeit vor, numerische Approximationen solcher Gleichungen zu implementieren, wenn das Huygens-Prinzip nicht gilt. Wir nutzen die Faltungsquadraturmethode für die Zeitdiskretisierung und eine Galerkin-Randelement-Methode für die Raumdiskretisierung. Mit der Faltungsquadraturmethode geht eine diskrete Faltung der Faltungsgewichte mit der Randdichte einher. Bei Gültigkeit des Huygens-Prinzips konvergieren die Gewichte exponentiell gegen null, sofern der Index hinreichend groß ist. Im gegenteiligen Fall, das heißt bei geraden Raumdimensionen oder wenn Dämpfungseffekte auftreten, kann kein Verschwinden der Gewichte beobachtet werden. Das führt zu Schwierigkeiten bei der effizienten numerischen Behandlung. Im ersten Hauptteil dieser Arbeit zeigen wir, dass die Kerne der Faltungsgewichte in gewisser Weise die Fundamentallösung im Zeitbereich approximieren und dass dies auch zutrifft, wenn beide bezüglich der räumlichen Variablen abgeleitet werden. Da die Fundamentallösung zudem für genügend große Zeiten, etwa nachdem die Wellenfront vorbeigezogen ist, glatt ist, schließen wir Gleiches auch in Bezug auf die Faltungsgewichte, die wir folglich mit hoher Genauigkeit und wenigen Interpolationspunkten interpolieren können. Darüber hinaus weisen wir darauf hin, dass zur weiteren Einsparung von Speicherkapazitäten, insbesondere bei Langzeitexperimenten, der von Schädle et al. entwickelte schnelle Faltungsalgorithmus eingesetzt werden kann. Wir diskutieren eine effiziente Implementierung des Problems und zeigen Ergebnisse eines numerischen Langzeitexperimentes. Im zweiten Hauptteil dieser Arbeit beschäftigen wir uns mit Transmissionsproblemen der Wellengleichung im Freiraum. Solche Probleme werden gewöhnlich derart behandelt, dass der Freiraum, wenn nötig durch Einführen eines künstlichen Randes, in ein unbeschränktes Außengebiet und ein beschränktes Innengebiet geteilt wird mit dem Ziel, eventuelle Inhomogenitäten oder Nichtlinearitäten des Materials vollständig im Innengebiet zu konzentrieren. Wir werden eine Lösungsstrategie vorstellen, die es erlaubt, die aus der Teilung resultierenden Teilprobleme so weit wie möglich unabhängig voneinander zu behandeln. Die Kopplung der Teilprobleme erfolgt über Transmissionsbedingungen, die auf dem ihnen gemeinsamen Rand vorgegeben sind. Wir diskutieren ein Kopplungsverfahren, das auf verschiedene Diskretisierungsschemata für das Innen- und das Außengebiet zurückgreift. Wir werden insbesondere ein explizites Verfahren im Innengebiet einsetzen, im Gegensatz zum Außengebiet, bei dem wir ein auf ein Mehrschrittverfahren beruhendes Faltungsquadraturverfahren nutzen. Die Kopplung erfolgt nach der Strategie von Johnson und Nédélec, bei der die direkte Randintegralmethode zum Einsatz kommt. Diese Strategie führt auf ein unsymmetrische System. Wir analysieren das diskrete Problem hinsichtlich Stabilität und Konvergenz und unterstreichen die Einsatzfähigkeit des Kopplungsalgorithmus mit der Durchführung numerischer Experimente.

De nombreux phénomènes physiques peuvent être étudiés au moyen de modélisations et de simulations numériques, courantes dans les applications scientifiques. Pour être calculable sur un ordinateur, des techniques de discrétisation appropriées doivent être considérées, conduisant souvent à un ensemble d’équations linéaires dont les caractéristiques dépendent des techniques de discrétisation. D’un côté, la méthode des éléments finis conduit généralement à des systèmes linéaires creux, tandis que les méthodes des éléments finis de frontière conduisent à des systèmes linéaires denses. La taille des systèmes linéaires en découlant dépend du domaine où le phénomène physique étudié se produit et tend à devenir de plus en plus grand à mesure que les performances des infrastructures informatiques augmentent. Pour des raisons de robustesse numérique, les techniques de solution basées sur la factorisation de la matrice associée au système linéaire sont la méthode de choix utilisée lorsqu’elle est abordable. A cet égard, les méthodes hiérarchiques basées sur de la compression de rang faible ont permis une importante réduction des ressources de calcul nécessaires pour la résolution de systèmes linéaires denses au cours des deux dernières décennies. Pour les systèmes linéaires creux, leur utilisation reste un défi qui a été étudié à la fois par la communauté des matrices hiérarchiques et la communauté des matrices creuses. D’une part, la communauté des matrices hiérarchiques a d’abord exploité la structure creuse du problème via l’utilisation de la dissection emboitée. Bien que cette approche bénéficie de la structure hiérarchique qui en résulte, elle n’est pas aussi efficace que les solveurs creux en ce qui concerne l’exploitation des zéros et la séparation structurelle des zéros et des non-zéros. D’autre part, la factorisation creuse est accomplie de telle sorte qu’elle aboutit à une séquence d’opérations plus petites et denses, ce qui incite les solveurs à utiliser cette propriété et à exploiter les techniques de compression des méthodes hiérarchiques afin de réduire le coût de calcul de ces opérations élémentaires. Néanmoins, la structure hiérarchique globale peut être perdue si la compression des méthodes hiérarchiques n’est utilisée que localement sur des sous-matrices denses. Nous passons en revue ici les principales techniques employées par ces deux communautés, en essayant de mettre en évidence leurs propriétés communes et leurs limites respectives, en mettant l’accent sur les études qui visent à combler l’écart qui les séparent. Partant de ces observations, nous proposons une classe d’algorithmes hiérarchiques basés sur l’analyse symbolique de la structure des facteurs d’une matrice creuse. Ces algorithmes s’appuient sur une information symbolique pour grouper les inconnues entre elles et construire une structure hiérarchique cohérente avec la disposition des non-zéros de la matrice. Nos méthodes s’appuient également sur la compression de rang faible pour réduire la consommation mémoire des sous-matrices les plus grandes ainsi que le temps que met le solveur à trouver une solution. Nous comparons également des techniques de renumérotation se fondant sur des propriétés géométriques ou topologiques. Enfin, nous ouvrons la discussion à un couplage entre la méthode des éléments finis et la méthode des éléments finis de frontière dans un cadre logiciel unique. / Many physical phenomena may be studied through modeling and numerical simulations, commonplace in scientific applications. To be tractable on a computer, appropriated discretization techniques must be considered, which often lead to a set of linear equations whose features depend on the discretization techniques. Among them, the Finite Element Method usually leads to sparse linear systems whereas the Boundary Element Method leads to dense linear systems. The size of the resulting linear systems depends on the domain where the studied physical phenomenon develops and tends to become larger and larger as the performance of the computer facilities increases. For the sake of numerical robustness, the solution techniques based on the factorization of the matrix associated with the linear system are the methods of choice when affordable. In that respect, hierarchical methods based on low-rank compression have allowed a drastic reduction of the computational requirements for the solution of dense linear systems over the last two decades. For sparse linear systems, their application remains a challenge which has been studied by both the community of hierarchical matrices and the community of sparse matrices. On the one hand, the first step taken by the community of hierarchical matrices most often takes advantage of the sparsity of the problem through the use of nested dissection. While this approach benefits from the hierarchical structure, it is not, however, as efficient as sparse solvers regarding the exploitation of zeros and the structural separation of zeros from non-zeros. On the other hand, sparse factorization is organized so as to lead to a sequence of smaller dense operations, enticing sparse solvers to use this property and exploit compression techniques from hierarchical methods in order to reduce the computational cost of these elementary operations. Nonetheless, the globally hierarchical structure may be lost if the compression of hierarchical methods is used only locally on dense submatrices. We here review the main techniques that have been employed by both those communities, trying to highlight their common properties and their respective limits with a special emphasis on studies that have aimed to bridge the gap between them. With these observations in mind, we propose a class of hierarchical algorithms based on the symbolic analysis of the structure of the factors of a sparse matrix. These algorithms rely on a symbolic information to cluster and construct a hierarchical structure coherent with the non-zero pattern of the matrix. Moreover, the resulting hierarchical matrix relies on low-rank compression for the reduction of the memory consumption of large submatrices as well as the time to solution of the solver. We also compare multiple ordering techniques based on geometrical or topological properties. Finally, we open the discussion to a coupling between the Finite Element Method and the Boundary Element Method in a unified computational framework.

In 2018, the shipping industry accounted for 2.89% of worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with carbon dioxide (CO2) being the most significant GHG affecting global warming (IMO, 2020). This research aims to introduce a method for selecting propellers at the early design stage to lower CO2 emissions from ships.Traditionally, propeller design assumes that a ship travels in a straight line at a constant speed. However, real-sea conditions involve environmental forces and ship maneuvering, requiring frequent adjustments in speed and direction. These adjustments affect the flow angle and velocity at the propeller, causing it to operate outside its design point and, as a result, reducing its efficiency.To tackle this issue, a MATLAB-based simulation program was developed. Which predicts ship maneuvering motions in 4 degrees of freedom (DOF)—surge, sway, yaw, and roll—using the MMG model. The program applies wave and wind forces, calculates ship motion responses in each iteration, and employs two controllers to manage the rudder and propeller speed, ensuring the ship stays on course and arrives on time.The optimization process is iterative, using simulation outcomes to determine propeller speed, thrust, drift angle, etc., and then selecting an optimized propeller with the program's optimization tool that is more adequate for the operational condition.Building on Trodden's (2014) work, this approach improves maneuvering simulations' accuracy by incorporating ship rolling motion, more realistic wave modeling, and more accurate hydrodynamic coefficients. This offers a closer representation of operational conditions.Case studies comparing this method with the traditional approach to propeller selection have shown the simulation program's precision and its effectiveness in improving propeller open water efficiency by 1.65% and reducing CO2 emissions by 1.47% for a Pure Car Carrier (PCC) ship. The results of the research showed a promising potential for the program to predict ship maneuvering motions in real-sea conditions and optimize the propeller. / År 2018 stod sjöfartsindustrin för 2,89 % av de globala utsläppen av växthusgaser (GHG), där koldioxid (CO2) är den mest betydande växthusgasen som påverkar den globala uppvärmningen (IMO, 2020). Denna forskning syftar till att introducera en metod för val av propellrar i det tidiga designskedet för att sänka CO2-utsläppen från fartyg.Traditionellt antar propellerdesignen att ett fartyg reser i rakt linje med konstant hastighet. Men verkliga sjöförhållanden involverar miljöpåverkan och fartygsmanövreringar, vilket kräver frekventa justeringar av hastighet och riktning. Dessa justeringar påverkar flödesvinkeln och hastigheten vid propellern, vilket gör att den opererar utanför sin designpunkt och som ett resultat minskar dess effektivitet. För att ta itu med denna fråga utvecklades ett MATLAB-baserat simuleringsprogram. Programmet förutsäger fartygsmanövreringsrörelser i 4 frihetsgrader (DOF) - surge, sway, yaw och roll - med användning av MMG-modellen. Programmet tillämpar våg- och vindkrafter, beräknar fartygsrörelsesvar i varje iteration och använder två kontrollanter för att hantera rodret och propellerhastigheten, vilket säkerställer att fartyget håller kursen och ankommer i tid.Optimeringsprocessen är iterativ, använder simuleringsresultat för att bestämma propellerhastighet, dragkraft, drifvinkel osv., och väljer sedan en optimerad propeller med programmets optimeringsverktyg som är mer lämplig för driftsförhållandet. Genom att bygga vidare på Troddens (2014) arbete förbättrar denna metod noggrannheten i manövreringssimuleringar genom att inkludera fartygets rullningsrörelse, mer realistisk vågmodellering och mer exakta hydrodynamiska koefficienter. Detta erbjuder en närmare representation av driftsförhållanden.Fallstudier som jämför denna metod med det traditionella tillvägagångssättet för val av propeller har visat simuleringsprogrammets precision och dess effektivitet i att förbättra propellerns öppenvatteneffektivitet med 1,65 % och minska CO2-utsläppen med 1,47 % för ett Pure Car Carrier (PCC) -fartyg. Forskningens resultat visade en lovande potential för programmet att förutsäga fartygsmanövreringsrörelser under verkliga sjöförhållanden och optimera propellern.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjami struktūrų modeliavimo, diskretizavimo ir optimizavimo uždaviniai, jų sprendimo būdai ir algoritmai. Pasiūlyta originali strypinių struktūrų optimizavimo ir diskretizavimo technika, kurioje naudojami vaizdų algebros metodai ir baigtinių elementų metodo (toliau – BEM) programiniai paketai. Atlikta BEM programinių paketų apžvalga, parinkti tinkamiausi paketai darbo tikslams realizuoti ir rezultatams verifikuoti. Išanalizuoti skaitmeninių vaizdų skeletų išgavimo metodai. Pasiūlytas originalus vaizdo skeleto apdorojimo algoritmas skerspjūvio charakteristikoms nustatyti. Sudarytas ir programiškai realizuotas strypinių struktūrų optimizavimo-diskretizavimo algoritmas. Realizuota programinė sistema susideda iš vaizdų apdorojimo ir duomenų paruošimo dalies (MATLAB kalba) bei BEM skaičiavimų dalies (ANSYS vidine programavimo kalba APDL). Skaičiavimo rezultatai atvaizduojami ir verifikuojami STAAD.Pro paketu. Diskretizavimo metu strypinės struktūros mazgų vieta randama vaizdo skeleto segmentų sankirtos taškuose, o segmentų skerspjūvių plotai randami atkarpų, jungiančių šiuos mazgus, vidurio taškuose. Kai struktūros mazgų padėtis fiksuota arba mazgai yra per arti vienas kito atliekamas mazgų padėties koregavimas. Darbe atlikti testiniai skaičiavimai, rezultatų analizė ir verifikavimas, suformuluotos išvados. / In the master thesis the problems of structure modeling, discretization-optimization and their solution methods and algorithms are analyzed. The original technique for optimization and discretization of beam structures has been suggested; The packages of image algebra methods and of the finite element methods were employed for that. Several packages of finite element method have been reviewed and the most suitable packages for the current problems were identified. The methods for obtaining skeletons of digital images were explored. The algorithms for optimization and discretization of beam structures has been suggested and coded. The program created consents of the part for image processing and input data preparing, and the part for image the finite element via method. The results obtained are represented and verified by STAAD.Pro package. During the discretization, the positions of structure nodes are obtained in the intersection of skeleton segments. The segments' cross-section areas are obtained in the middle-points between two adjacent nodes. The positions of nodes may be corrected if the nodes close to each other. The test-calculation, analysis of results and verification are presented and conclusions are drawn.

O objeto desta dissertação é a perspectiva teórica e política elaborada pelo Partido Socialista Brasileiro entre 1945 e 1950, em particular sua relação com as teses do socialismo democrático e com o advento do Estado de Bem-Estar Social na Europa. São analisados os problemas enfrentados pela organização partidária, os dilemas políticos e as contribuições teóricas dos socialistas no imediato pós-guerra. A partir da pesquisa dos documentos do partido, da imprensa socialista e dos jornais da época, busca-se configurar de que modo os socialistas brasileiros procuraram construir um projeto próprio de democracia associada à ampliação de direitos sociais. Ao mesmo tempo, são discutidas as formas com as quais se flertava com a possibilidade da formação de um terceiro campo socialista internacional, em contraposição aos monopólios capitalistas e ao comunismo de tipo soviético. / The purpose of this dissertation is the theoretical and political perspective developed by the Brazilian Socialist Party between 1945 and 1950, in particular regarding the thesis of democratic socialism and the advent of the Welfare State in Europe. The problems faced by the party organization, political dilemmas and theoretical contributions of the Socialists in the immediate postwar era are analyzed. From the research party documents, the socialist press and the newspapers of the time, it seeks to establish which way the Brazilian socialists have sought to build their own democracy project associated with the expansion of social rights. At the same time, are discussed the forms to the possibility of forming a third international field, in contrast to capitalist monopolies and Soviet-style communism.

A manutenção do bem-estar animal no setor da suinocultura é um dos maiores desafios para os modernos sistemas de produção devido principalmente à intensificação, que acarreta aumento do estresse dos animais confinados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a preferência de suínos por objetos suspensos como enriquecimento ambiental, desuso, comportamento social e parâmetros fisiológicos, submetidos a diferentes ambientes enriquecidos em Câmara de Preferência Ambiental (CPA). Foram utilizados 60 leitões com idade média de setenta dias (dez semanas), divididos em dois grupos contemporâneos. Na fase 1 foi realizada uma classificação hierárquica de 30 leitões, mantidos na baia da granja, de acordo com os comportamentos de bater, sem o revide da ação inicial, por três dias consecutivos, totalizando dezoito horas de observação, das 07h00 às 10h00 e das 15h00 às 18h00. Em seguida, após determinada a hierarquia, os leitões foram para a CPA, onde foram alojados 2 leitões (subordinados) em cada baia \"companhia\" e nas baias \"teste\" foram alojados 5 leitões (2 dominantes e 3 intermediários), por cinco dias (D-1, D0, D1, D2 e D3), e a cada semana um novo grupo de leitões \"teste\" foi introduzido na CPA. Esta metodologia foi repetida por quatro semanas com o primeiro grupo (fase 1). A fase 2 repetiu as observações de hierarquia e preferência com um novo grupo de 30 leitões. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram os diferentes objetos suspensos para enriquecer o ambiente, inseridos a partir do dia 1 e retirados ao final da tarde: garrafa pet (politereftalado de etila) (objeto 1), corda de sisal (objeto 2), corrente (objeto 3) e ambiente controle (sem enriquecimento), cada qual em um dos compartimentos da CPA aleatoriamente. Durante todo o período experimental foram anotados a cada dez minutos os comportamentos individuais dos leitões, totalizando seis horas de observação comportamental diária, das 08h00 às 11h00 e das 13h00 às 16h00. Para avaliação destes comportamentos foi utilizado um etograma de trabalho com os parâmetros: agonístico, ócio, comendo, bebendo, vocalizando, estereotipia, positivos (lúdico, explorar, brincando com o enriquecimento) e outros. Foi caracterizado o ambiente térmico dentro de cada compartimento da CPA durante todo o período experimental por data logger (modelo U12-012) a cada quinze minutos e realizadas avaliações fisiológicas como: frequência respiratória, temperatura superficial da nuca por meio de câmera termográfica Termovisor (Alemanha) e colheita do fluído oral em dias alternados, no D0 e D2 de apenas um suíno companhia aleatório por compartimento e um suíno teste, duas vezes ao dia, às 07h00 e 13h00. Para a análise estatística dos dados comportamentais foi utilizado o procedimento GLIMMIX do SAS utilizando animal como medida repetida. Os tratamentos foram comparados pelo teste-t a 5%. O objeto que mais foi procurado e interagido pelos suínos foi a corda de sisal, com um total de 70,8 minutos e 36,5 eventos durante os três dias de exposição ao enriquecimento, seguido da garrafa pet e da corrente. Nas categorias dominante e intermediária o comportamento que apresentou maior frequência em relação aos outros comportamentos foi o ócio (P<0,05). Para os suínos subordinados, o comportamento mais frequente foi o ócio, seguido por comer e positivos (P<0,05). A temperatura ambiente dentro da CPA não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os compartimentos. A temperatura superficial da nuca foi maior (P<0,05) no período das 13h00 em relação ao das 7h00, porém, sem diferença para a concentração de cortisol (P>0,05). Com isso, conclui-se a preferência dos suínos foi pela corda de sisal, com desuso gradual de três dias, alterando a frequência comportamental, porém, a mesma não interferiu nos parâmetros fisiológicos estudados, demonstrando que não houve estresse nos animais. / The welfare maintenance in swine production is one of the main challenges in modern systems mainly due to intensification of animal production, which leads to increase in stress of confined animals. The aim of the present trial was to evaluate preference of piglets for suspended objects such as environmental enrichment, disuse, social behavior and physiological parameters, submitted to different environments enriched in Environmental Preference Chamber (EPC). Sixty piglets with 70 days of average age (10 weeks) were used; they were divided into two contemporary groups. On phase 1, a hierarchical classification of 30 piglets was realized, kept at farm\'s barn, according to the agonistic standards of fighting, beating and mounting other piglets in the same pen, when did not have retaliate from the initial action, for three consecutive days, totaling 18 hours of observation, from 7 to 10 am and from 3 to 6 pm. Then, after reaching the hierarchy organization, piglets were placed in the EPC, where two piglets (subordinates) were housed in each \"company\" pen and in the \"test\" pens five piglets (2 dominants and 3 intermediates) were housed for 5 days (D-1, D0, D1, D2 and D3), and each following week a new group of piglets \"test\" was introduced in the EPC. This methodology was repeated for 4 weeks with the first group (phase 1). Phase 2 repeated the hierarchy and preference observations with a new group of 30 piglets. The experimental design was a completely randomized. The treatments were the different objects suspended to enrich the environment, inserted on day 1 and removed in the afternoon: sisal rope; chain; PET bottle (polyethylene terephthalate) and control environment (without enrichment), each one placed at a EPC compartment, randomly. Throughout the experimental period, individual behaviors of the piglets were registered every 10 minutes, totaling 6 hours of daily behavioral observation, from 8 to 11 am and from 1 to 4 pm. In order to evaluate these behaviors, we used a ethogram with the parameters: agonistic, playful, idleness, eating, drinking, exploring, vocalizing, stereotyping, playing with the object and others. The thermal environment was characterized within each EPC compartment throughout the experimental period by HOBO (model U12-012) data logger every 15 minutes and physiological evaluations were performed, such as: respiratory rate, neck surface temperature by thermographic camera Thermovisor Testo® (Germany) and oral fluid harvest on alternate days, at D0 and D2 from only one random company pig per compartment and one swine test, twice daily, at 7 am and 1 pm. For the statistical analysis of the behavioral data GLIMMIX SAS procedure, using animal as a repeated measurement was used. Treatments were compared through PDIFF and t test at 5%. The sisal rope was the most used object, with a total interaction of 70.8 minutes and 36.475 events during the three days of enrichment exposure, followed by the pet bottle and the chain. The behavior that presented the highest frequency was idleness (P<0.05) for dominant and intermediate pigs. For subordinate pigs, the most frequent behavior was idleness, followed by eating, exploring and playing with the object (P<0.05). The ambient temperature within the EPC did not differ (P>0.05) between the compartments. The superficial temperature of the neck differed (P<0.05) in the period of 1 pm compared to 7 am, however, cortisol concentration did not differ (P>0.05). Therefore, we concluded that the most sought and interacted object was the sisal rope, with a gradual disuse of three days, altering the behavioral frequency, however, it did not interfere in the studied physiological parameters, showing no signs of animal stress.

O interesse pelo bem-estar financeiro está crescendo no mundo. A partir da desregulamentação e com o aumento da concorrência no setor financeiro, cidadãos comuns passaram a operar em um mercado complexo de forma a atender as próprias necessidades e às de sua família. Todas essas mudanças ajudaram a aumentar a preocupação sobre até que ponto tais cidadãos estavam preparados para operar nesse cenário. A partir de tal mudanças iniciou-se uma discussão sobre qual deve ser o foco das políticas públicas: concentrar mais no que as pessoas sabem ou no que elas fazem? Somado a esse cenário, vivemos uma mudança na composição da população brasileira e mundial com uma virada histórica prevista para 2050, quando os idosos passarão a ser em maior número do que os jovens graças a fatores como maior expectativa de vida e queda no número de filhos entre as famílias. Nesse contexo, esse trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o bem-estar financeiro do consumidor idoso de baixa renda e o uso de instituições bancárias. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas, sendo a primeira uma revisão da literatura referente aos dois temas principais, bem-estar financeiro e idosos, apoiada por uma revisão sistemática. A segunda parte consiste em uma pesquisa empírica. Por um lado, os resultados da revisão sistemática apontam para o fato de que os trabalhos publicados sobre o tema bem-estar financeiro carecem de conceituação e entre os que conceituam, há diversas abordagens. Além disso, vê-se ainda poucos trabalhos em periódicos de maior relevância, apesar do crescimento na quantidade de artigos nos últimos anos. Já em relação à pesquisa empírica pode-se dizer que, embora os idosos de baixa renda apresentem um conhecimento sobre finanças, esse conhecimento é limitado ao ser comparado com o conceito apontado pelas teorias. Tal fato aumenta a vulnerabilidade dos consumidores, haja vista que o processo de construção do conhecimento é extremamente informal e aspectos relacionados ao bem-estar financeiro como segurança e liberdade de escolha ficam totalmente comprometidos. Como achado apresenta-se os antecedentes do conhecimento financeiro dos consumidores idosos de baixa renda pesquisados e uma esquematização dos sensos observados dentro dos quatro pilares que formam o conceito de bem-estar financeiro. / Interest in financial well-being is growing in the world. As a result of deregulation and increased competition in the financial sector, ordinary citizens began to operate in a complex market in order to meet their own needs and those of their families. All of these changes helped increase concern about the extent to which such citizens were prepared to operate in this scenario. From such changes began a discussion about what should be the focus of public policies: focus more on what people know or what they do. In addition to this scenario, we are experiencing a change in the composition of the Brazilian and world population with a historical turn expected in 2050, when older people will be more numerous than the young, thanks to factors such as a higher life expectancy and a decrease in the number of children among families. In this context, this study aims to study the financial well-being of low-income elderly consumers and the use of banking institutions. The research was carried out in two stages, the first one being a review of the literature on the two main themes, financial wellbeing and the elderly, supported by a systematic review. The second part consists of empirical research. On the one hand, the results of the systematic review point to the fact that the published works on the subject of financial well-being need to be conceptualized and among those who conceptualize, there are several approaches. In addition, there are still few papers in major journals, despite the growth in the number of articles in recent years. Regarding empirical research, it can be said that, although low-income elderly people have a knowledge of finance, this knowledge is limited when compared to the ideal indicated by theories. This fact increases the vulnerability of consumers, given that the process of knowledge construction is extremely informal and aspects related to financial well-being such as security and freedom of choice are totally compromised. We present the antecedents of the financial knowledge of the low-income elderly consumers surveyed and a schematization of the observed senses within the four pillars that form the concept of financial well-being.