This thesis evaluates truck route choice set generation algorithms and derives guidance on using the algorithms for effective generation of choice sets for modeling truck route choice. Specifically, route choice sets generated from a breadth first search link elimination (BFS-LE) algorithm are evaluated against observed truck routes derived from large streams of GPS traces of a sizeable truck fleet in the Tampa Bay region of Florida. A systematic evaluation approach is presented to arrive at an appropriate combination of spatial aggregation and minimum number of trips to be observed between each origin-destination (OD) location for evaluating algorithm-generated choice sets. The evaluation is based on both the ability to generate relevant routes that are typically considered by the travelers and the generation of irrelevant (or extraneous) routes that are seldom chosen. Based on this evaluation, the thesis offers guidance on effectively using the BFS-LE approach to maximize the generation of relevant routes. It is found that carefully chosen spatial aggregation can reduce the need to generate large number of routes for each trip. Further, estimation of route choice models and their subsequent application on validation datasets revealed that the benefits of spatial aggregation might be harnessed better if irrelevant routes are eliminated from the choice sets. Lastly, a comparison of route attributes of the relevant and irrelevant routes shed light on presence of systematic differences in route characteristics of the relevant and irrelevant routes.

Argon oxygen decarburization slag (AOD) was tested in batch and column experiments to investigate its phosphorus (P) removal performance. The effects of factors such as AOD dose, initial P concentration of the feeding solution, and aging on the P removal ability of the slags were analyzed. In a column experiment, electric arc furnace slag (EAF), blast furnace slag (BFS) and AOD were combined in five different ways to determine optimal conditions for P removal. In another column experiment, the three types of slag were modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and NaOH to adjust their dissolution properties and the effect on P removal performance was examined. In the batch experiments, AOD exhibited very promising P removal ability. It removed 94.8% of P from 6.5 mg P L-1 synthetic solution in 4 hours with a dose of 5 g L-1. Maximum P removal capacity of 27.5 mg P g-1 was achieved. In the dual-filter column experiment, the column packed with only EAF had the best P removal performance (consistently above 93%). Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was identified as the main P species in the five slag samples collected from the outlet chambers. The contributions from crystalline calcium phosphate (Ca-P) and P adsorbed on iron/aluminum (hydr)oxides were greater in samples from the inlet chambers. The P speciation results revealed that P was predominantly removed by the slags through formation of ACP. The second column experiment showed that modification with PEG and NaOH solution only enhanced short-term P removal by the slags. However, exhaustion of the modified slags occurred much earlier, indicating that the modification process had shortened the lifespan of the slags. Untreated AOD showed better P removal than untreated EAF until pore volume 244, probably due to faster dissolution rate of gamma dicalcium silicate (dominating in AOD according to the XRD results) than of beta dicalcium silicate (dominating in EAF). / <p>QC 20170830</p>

Software implementovaný v rámci Fly-by-Wire systému firmy Honeywell je složen z mnoha modelů implementovaných v systému Simulink. Tato práce se zabývá hledáním přímých a nepřímých spojitostí mezi jednotlivými signály v systému těchto modelů. Jako vhodný aparát je zvolena teorie grafů. Na základě modelů jsou vygenerovány grafy a úloha nalézt spojitost mezi signály je převedena na úlohu nalézt cestu mezi dvěma vrcholy grafu. Známé algoritmy k vyhledávání cest v grafech určují délku nebo váhu nalezené cesty. Pro tuto aplikaci je ale potřeba rozlišovat cesty primární a sekundární bez ohledu na jejich délku. Proto jsou tyto známé algoritmy upraveny.

Master’s thesis proposes a new algorithm which enables efficient conversion of graphical representation of warehouse into graph theory representation and consequently accelerates estimation for route costs. The proposed algorithm computes route distances between any places in warehouse based on Breadth first search, image processing „skeletonization“ and Dijkstra algorithm. Using the proposed algorithm it is possible to search routes in a warehouse effectively and fast using precomputed routing table. Searching time is less then milisecond using routing table and even size of warehouse doesn’t affect it significantly instead of using Dijkstra algorithm.

Vi människor spenderar en stor del av våra liv inomhus, varför kvalitén på luften är av stor betydelse. En tydlig definition på begreppet god inomhusmiljö eller bra luftkvalité är svår att specificera, även om man vet att det finns ett flertal faktorer som påverkar den upplevda komforten och har inverkan på både människans hälsa och dess prestationsförmåga (Warfvinge & Dahlbom 2010). Konsekvenserna av dålig luftkvalitet har visat sig vara många, och problemet ter sig betydligt mer komplext än vad man inledningsvis kan tro.Studien undersöker huruvida inomhusmiljörelaterade problem kan urskönjas i äldre småhus utrustade med självdrags- eller frånluftsventilation, och om det finns behov av att införa lagstadgade ventilationskontroller, likt systemet med OVK. Mätningar har genomförts i sex enfamiljshus i bostadsområdet Johanneslust i Malmö. Luftflöde, lufttemperatur, operativ temperatur samt relativ fuktighet har bestämts med adekvat mätutrustning, och denna data har kompletterats med en frågeenkät där de boende i området fått redogöra för upplevd inomhusmiljö. Med avstamp i det teoretiska materialet samt rådande lagar och regelverk har mätresultaten och enkätsvaren kunnat analyseras och sammanställas. Det visade sig att endast ett av de sex mätobjekten uppnådde ett tillräckligt högt luftflöde per kvadratmeter boyta, enligt Boverkets definition på 0,35 l/s,m^2, men att den relativa fuktigheten i samtliga hus var inom ett acceptabelt intervall, likaså inomhustemperaturen. Resultatet från enkäterna visade att 98 % av de boende i området var mycket eller ganska nöjda med sin bostad överlag, men drag, för låg eller varierande rumstemperatur samt instängd lukt besvärade mellan 40 – 60 % av de svarande. Av de framkomna resultaten drogs slutsatsen att otillräcklig luftomsättning i äldre småhus utrustade med självdrags- eller frånluftsventilation är tämligen vanligt förekommande. Tidigare studier, ELIB (1990) och Bostad barn och hälsa (2000), som visat att 4 av 5 hushåll har en luftomsättning som inte uppgår till kravet, kan tillsammans med mätresultaten vara en god indikator på att ett standardiserat system för ventilationskontroll i småhus bör införas. / The study examines whether indoor environmental problems can be discerned in older single-family houses equipped with natural or exhaust air ventilation. Measurements have been conducted in six single-family houses in the residential area of Johanneslust and Håkanstorp, Malmö. The air flow and operational temperature as well as relative humidity has been determined, and the data has been paired with a questionnaire in which the residents of the area have had the opportunity to describe their perceived indoor environment. Using the theoretical material and actual laws and regulations as a springboard, an analysis of the measurements and the obtained answers from the questionnaire could be made. It showed that only one out of the six houses in the study had an adequate air flow per square meter, defined by the Swedish Board of Housing as 0,35 l/s,m^2, but that the relative humidity and indoor temperature were both in what would be considered an acceptable span. 98 percent of the residents in the area were very or quite satisfied with their living space overall, but too low or varying room temperature and odor troubled 40 – 60 percent of the respondents. The conclusion drawn from the results is that an insufficient air flow is common in older single-family houses equipped with natural or exhaust air ventilation systems. Previous studies, ELIB (1990) and Bostad barn och hälsa (2000), has shown that 4 out of 5 households have an air circulation that does not meet the requirement set, and in light of the results of this study legislated controls of the indoor environment and ventilation systems in single-family houses should be implemented, and possibly bring with it improved indoor environment.

No description available.

The Decision-making in the activities in the electricity sector is an exercise considered indispensable to achieve the strategic objectives of the companies, especially with regard to medium and large investments aiming effective solutions of short, medium and long term for the power system. In this respect, decision-making methodologies are used at different levels of planning within any company in the industry. The electricity distribution companies, due to its large amount of assets and large concession areas, face these problems daily, in programming of maintenance activities, service in contingencies, expansion, among others. With regard to the planning of the system expansion, among the problems of charging voltage level equipment and the MT network, there are a number of solutions that may be analyzed and determined in accordance with cost-benefit. Glimpsing determine properly and optimally the best solutions for a given electrical system, this paper proposes the use of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to aid decision making and prioritization of works. The methodology allows encompass qualitative and quantitative criteria, based on the opinion of experts and statistical data. Among the criteria considered for the application of the methodology are the operating gain of the work with respect to technical losses, loading of the cables of the feeders, voltage level indicators and continuity of electricity supply, as well as physical and financial aspects related to extension feeders and total cost of the work. The technical results of each proposed solution are simulated by Interplan® software, which performs the power flow calculations by BFS methodology (Backward Forward Sweep), widely used in radial systems of power distribution. Based on the definition of these criteria, can be determined by applying the AHP the best solution for a given region. Among the alternatives of works are the installation of new equipment, renovation of networks, construction of new feeders and substations. The main contribution of this work is the possibility of using the model developed for other cases that have the same objective, through the adoption of standard criteria. / A tomada de decisão em atividades no setor elétrico é um exercício considerado indispensável para alcançar os objetivos estratégicos das empresas, principalmente no que diz respeito aos investimentos de médio e grande porte visando soluções eficazes de curto, médio e longo prazo para o sistema de potência. Nesse aspecto, metodologias de auxílio à tomada de decisão são utilizadas nos diferentes níveis de planejamento dentro de qualquer empresa do setor. As concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica, devido a sua grande quantidade de ativos e amplas áreas de concessão, enfrentam esses problemas diariamente, na programação das atividades de manutenção, atendimentos emergenciais, expansão, entre outras. No que diz respeito ao planejamento da expansão do sistema, entre os problemas de carregamento de equipamentos e níveis de tensão nas redes MT (Média Tensão), existem uma série de soluções que podem ser analisadas e definidas de acordo com o custo-benefício. Vislumbrando determinar de forma adequada e otimizada as melhores soluções para um determinado sistema elétrico, este trabalho propõe a utilização do método AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) para auxílio à tomada de decisão e priorização de obras. A metodologia permite englobar critérios qualitativos e quantitativos, considerando a opinião de especialistas e dados estatísticos. Entre os critérios considerados para a aplicação da metodologia estão o ganho operacional da obra com relação às perdas técnicas, carregamento dos condutores nos alimentadores, indicadores de nível de tensão e continuidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica, assim como aspectos físicos e financeiros, relacionados à extensão dos alimentadores e custo total da obra. Os resultados técnicos de cada solução proposta são simulados pelo software Interplan®, que realiza os cálculos de fluxo de potência através da metodologia BFS (Backward Forward Sweep), muito utilizada em sistemas radiais de distribuição de energia elétrica. Com base na definição desses critérios, é possível determinar através da aplicação do AHP qual a melhor solução para uma determinada região. Entre as alternativas de obras estão a instalação de novos equipamentos, recondutoramentos e construção de novos alimentadores e subestações. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é a possibilidade da utilização do modelo desenvolvido para outros casos que tenham este mesmo foco, através da adoção de critérios padrão.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T14:24:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roussian Di Ramos Alves Gaioso - 2014.pdf: 6127790 bytes, checksum: 9990f791c0f9abaee7e3e03e4cdc8ee4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T14:29:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roussian Di Ramos Alves Gaioso - 2014.pdf: 6127790 bytes, checksum: 9990f791c0f9abaee7e3e03e4cdc8ee4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-30T14:29:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Roussian Di Ramos Alves Gaioso - 2014.pdf: 6127790 bytes, checksum: 9990f791c0f9abaee7e3e03e4cdc8ee4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-08 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This paper presents a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) based parallels implementations for the All Pairs Shortest Paths and Transitive Closure problems in graph. The implementations are based on the main sequential algorithms and takes full advantage of the highly multithreaded architecture of current manycore GPUs. Our solutions reduces the communication between CPU and GPU, improves the Streaming Multiprocessors (SMs) utilization, and makes intensive use of coalesced memory access to optimize graph data access. The advantages of the proposed implementations are demonstrated for several graphs randomly generated using the widely known graph library GTgraph. Graphs containing thousands of vertices and different edges densities, varying from sparse to complete graphs, were generated and used in the experiments. Our results confirm that GPU implementations can be competitive even for graph algorithms whose memory accesses and work distribution are both irregular and data-dependent. Keywords / Este trabalho apresenta implementações paralelas baseadas em Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) para os problemas da identificação dos caminhos mínimos entre todos os pares de vértices e do fecho transitivo em um grafo. As implementações são baseadas nos principais algoritmos sequenciais e tiram o máximo proveito da arquitetura multithreaded das GPUs atuais. Nossa solução reduz a comunicação entre a Central Processing Unit (CPU) e a GPU, melhora a utilização dos Streaming Multiprocessors (SMs) e faz um uso intensivo de acesso aglutinado em memória para otimizar o acesso de dados do grafo. As vantagens dessas implementações propostas são demonstradas por vários grafos gerados aleatoriamente utilizando a ferramenta GTgraph. Grafos contendo milhares de vértices foram gerados e utilizados nos experimentos. Nossos resultados confirmam que implementações baseadas em GPU podem ser viáveis mesmo para algoritmos de grafos cujo acessos à memória e distribuição de trabalho são irregulares e causam dependência de dados.

Mechanisms for improving the execution efficiency of graph algorithms on Data-Parallel Architectures were proposed and identified. Execution of graph algorithms on GPGPU architectures, the prevalent data-parallel architectures was considered. Irregular and data dependent accesses in graph algorithms were found to cause significant idle cycles in GPGPU cores. A prefetching mechanism that reduced the amount of idle cycles by prefetching a data-dependent access pattern found in graph algorithms was proposed. Storing prefetches in unused spare registers in addition to storing them in the cache was shown to be more effective by the prefetching mechanism. The design of the cache hierarchy for graph algorithms was explored. First, an exclusive cache hierarchy was shown to be beneficial at the cost of increased traffic; a region based exclusive cache hierarchy was shown to be similar in performance to an exclusive cache hierarchy while reducing on-chip traffic. Second, bypassing cache blocks at both the level one and level two caches was shown to be beneficial. Third, the use of fine-grained memory accesses (or cache sub-blocking) was shown to be beneficial. The combination of cache bypassing and fine-grained memory accesses was shown to be more beneficial than applying the two mechanisms individually. Finally, the impact of different implementation strategies on algorithm performance was evaluated for the breadth first search algorithm using different input graphs and heuristics to identify the best performing implementation for a given input graph were also discussed.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2017-12-22T14:07:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Favor corrigir autor: Autor(es): Filho, Nélio Alves do Amaral Favor verificar no Lattes se Araúno tem ou não acento Primeiro Orientador: Araujo, Débora Rosana Ribeiro Penido Co-orientador: Araujo, Leandro Ramos de on 2018-01-22T18:24:16Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-22T18:28:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Favor corrigir: Autor(es): Filho, Nélio Alves do Amaral Verificar se os sobrenomes Araújo tem ou não acento on 2018-01-24T12:13:21Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T12:29:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-24T13:46:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T13:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nelioalvesdoamaralfilho.pdf: 3229871 bytes, checksum: c82c698f342f6b908377149e4abe130a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Este trabalho propõe a apresentação e o desenvolvimento computacional de um algoritmo para solução de fluxo de potência em sistemas de distribuição baseado no método Backward Forward Sweep (BFS). No algoritmo foram consideradas as principais etapas do método tradicional e algumas estratégias propostas isoladamente em trabalhos na literatura. Além disso, propõe-se a incorporação da representação do acoplamento eletromagnético entre alimentadores em paralelo nos modelos de linhas, e estudos do impacto dessa representação nos cálculos de fluxo de potência usando o BFS. Apresenta-se também, de maneira detalhada, uma maneira de implementar o controle de tape dos reguladores de tensão no método BFS. Tais questões são normalmente negligenciadas ou não são explicitadas nos trabalhos encontrados na literatura que envolvem o método analisado. Análises detalhadas do método BFS também são realizadas e apresentadas neste trabalho. Evidências analíticas são desenvolvidas para sustentar essas análises, bem como os resultados obtidos. Neste trabalho também é feita uma comparação entre o método BFS desenvolvido e um método baseado em Newton-Raphson para solução de sistemas de distribuição. As análises realizadas têm como foco principal a investigação do comportamento desses métodos quando são levados a operar em pontos considerados críticos para convergência. Para isso, são analisados fatores como a variação da relação X/R, o aumento do carregamento, o impacto da modelagem de carga (modelo ZIP) e o impacto da presença dos reguladores de tensão. / This work proposes the presentation and the computational development of an algorithm for power flow solution in distribution systems based on the Backward Forward Sweep (BFS) method. The algorithm contains the main steps of the traditional method and some strategies proposed separately in works in the literature. In addition, it is proposed the incorporation of the representation of the electromagnetic coupling between feeders in parallel in the line models, and studies of the impact of this representation in the power flow calculations using the BFS. A way to implement the tape control of the voltage regulators in the BFS method is also presented in detail. Such questions are usually neglected or not deeply explained in the works found in the literature that involve the analyzed method. A detailed analyzes of the BFS method are also performed and presented in this work. Some analytical evidence is developed to support these analyzes, as well as the results obtained. In this work a comparison is also made between the developed BFS method and a Newton-Raphson-based method for the distribution systems solution. The analyzes made have as main focus the investigation of the behavior of these methods when they are taken to operate in points considered critical for convergence. For this, factors such as the variation of the X/R ratio, the load’s increase up, the impact of the load modeling (ZIP model) and the impact of the presence of the voltage regulators are analyzed.