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Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2001. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 28, 2009). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 214-231).

Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2010. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 19, 2010). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-84).

Björk är ett av Sveriges mest vanliga trädslag med en uppdelning av två huvudarter, glasbjörk och vårtbjörk. Vilka är etablerade i hela landet. Utöver dessa två björkarter finns i Sverige även underarter. En av dessa är masurbjörk, en variant av vårtbjörken. Masurbjörken finns framför allt i södra Sverige och kan knytas an till gamla kulturmarker inom såväl jordbruks- som svedjebrukslandskapet. Masurbjörken har ett mycket speciellt och karaktäristiskt utseende vilket beror på en genetisk störning i tillväxten, något som medför bristningar i kambiet. Det var just detta speciella utseende som gjorde att masurbjörken blev väldigt populär i de svenska folkhemmen. Inom den svenska möbelindustrin har masurbjörk efterfrågats under hela 1990-talet. Det finns ett flertal olika typer av masurbjörk; knölmasur, halsmasur, ringmasur, randmasur och buskmasur vilka skiljer sig åt i både utseende, kvalitativa och egenskaper. Vanligaste är knölmasur.   Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva den exteriöra och interiöra karaktären hos några utvalda trädindivider vid ett klonförsök av masurbjörk anlagt år 2002 i Bispgården, Jämtland. Samt att analysera sambandet mellan dessa.   Detta examensarbete var upplagd som en fältstudie där såväl mätningar som fotografisk dokumentation ägt rum.   Den genomförda kvalitetsundersökningen visade att 77% av de undersökta trädindividerna hade exteriöra och interiöra tecken på masurbildning. Av de utvalda träden saknade 22% de exteriöra tecknen medan 6% saknade masur interiört samtidigt fanns en andel om 6% där masurbildningen saknades helt, både exteriört och interiört. Kvalitetsundersökningen visade också att det fanns ett visst samband mellan trädindividernas dimension och höjdtillväxt. Vilket gällde såväl den totala höjdtillväxten som masurbildningens höjdsträckning. När det gällde lämpliga användningsområden för de undersökta trädindividerna visade undersökningen att 40% passade till faner, 27% som knivämnen medan de resterande 33% ansågs lämpliga för övriga slöjdändamål.   Ett av det mest överraskande resultatet i kvalitetsundersökningen var den trädindivid som inte visade några som helst tecken på masurbildning varken exteriört eller interiört. Detta var mycket anmärkningsvärt, hur kunde detta komma sig?   Med hypotesen att de klonförökade trädindividerna hade 100% masurbildning och masurstruktur, av mer eller mindre omfattning och utbredning. Visade dock studiens utfall på överraskade resultat. Naturen skapar inte alltid förutsättningarna för att generera högkvalitativa träd även om plantorna i utgångsläget hade dessa förutsättningar. / Curly birch has a very special and characteristic appearance, which is due to the genetic growth disturbance of the silver birch, which causes rupture in the cambia. This caused the curly birch to become very popular in Swedish family homes throughout the 1990s. Which meant that the Swedish furniture industry demanded curly birch during this period. The most common type of curly birch is the knotted. The purpose of this study was to describe the exteriors and interiors of some selected tree subjects in a cluster of curly birch and to analyze the relationship between them. The quality survey showed that 77% of the tree species surveyed had exterior and interior signs of curly birch formation. 22% lacked exterior characters, 6% lacked interior signs and 6% lacked both exterior and interior signs of curly birch formation. Of the tree species surveyed, 40% fit the category veneers, 27% as knives and 33% were suitable for other handicraft objects. Nature does not always create high-quality trees, even if the material at the outset had those conditions, the most important conclusion of the study.

Temporal data analysis and mining has attracted substantial interest due to theproliferation and ubiquity of time series in many fields. Time series clustering isone of the most popular mining methods, and many time series clustering algorithmsprimarily focus on detecting the clusters in a batch fashion that will use alot of memory space and thus limit the scalability and capability for large timeseries.The BIRCH algorithm has been proven to scale well to large datasets,which is characterized by an incrementally clustering data objects using a singlescan. However the Euclidean distance metric employed in BIRCH has beenproven to not be accurate for time series and will degrade the accuracy performance.To overcome this drawback, this work proposes an extended BIRCH algorithmfor large time series. The BIRCH clustering algorithm is extended bychanging the cluster feature vector to the proposed modified cluster feature, replacingthe original Euclidean distance measure with dynamic time warping andemploying DTW barycenter averaging method as the centroid computation approach,which is more suitable for time-series clustering than any other averagingmethods. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, weconducted an extensive evaluation of our algorithm against BIRCH, k-meansand their variants with combinations of competitive distance measures. Experimentalresults show that the extended BIRCH algorithm improves the accuracysignificantly compared to the BIRCH algorithm and its variants, and achievescompetitive and similar accuracy as k-means and its variant, k-DBA. However,unlike k-means and k-DBA, the extended BIRCH algorithm maintains the abilityof incrementally handling continuous incoming data objects, which is thekey to cluster large time-series datasets. Finally the extended BIRCH-based algorithmis applied to solve a subsequence time-series clustering task of a simulationmulti-variate time-series dataset with the help of a sliding window.

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Reindeer are important drivers of ecosystem processes in arctic and subarctic ecosystems, changing nutrient conditions and influencing vegetation by grazing and trampling. Mountain birch forests are one of the ecosystems impacted by reindeer grazing, but the effect on the 3D structure of these forests is not well understood. Drones are revolutionising ecological studies, allowing to create high-resolution 3D point clouds at low costs. I investigated the effect of year-round and autumn reindeer grazing on mountain birch forest vegetation in historically separated grazing areas at the Finnish-Norwegian border, using a combination of field data and drone data. The two sampling techniques were further compared to evaluate the possibility to use photogrammetric point clouds to characterise mountain birch forests. I found lower productivity in the year-round grazing regime, coinciding with generally higher vegetation density. Vertically, higher densities were found above browsing height, while the understory showed lower densities compared to autumn grazed areas. These results suggest that mountain birches allocate more biomass to the canopy area, which can be direct or indirect grazing effects. Nevertheless, overall productivity is lowered by grazing indicating changes in vegetation biomass and composition. The point clouds generally matched field data, but the understory vegetation tended to be underrepresented, arising the question if found effects are ecological or technical. As this could not be disentangled, cautious interpretation of my results is required. I conclude that using photogrammetric point clouds is a promising technique for ecological studies, but needs further development to improve accuracy and reliability of results.

La salvinorine A est un néoclérodane naturel possédant une forte affinité pour les récepteurs opioïdes kappa. Tout comme elle, de nombreux terpénoïdes bioactifs naturels, tels que l’acide hardwickiique, possèdent une chaîne latérale 2-(furan-3-yl)-éthyle en position 9. L’introduction de cette chaîne sur le squelette décaline est actuellement reportée dans la littérature en 3 à 8 étapes formelles et nécessitent souvent une dérivatisation préalable des autres fonctionnalités, diminuant ainsi la possibilité d’accéder à plusieurs analogues à partir d’un seul intermédiaire. L’objectif de ce travail a été de développer une méthode d’introduction efficace et diastéréosélective de ce motif à partir de la dicétone de Wieland-Miescher C(9)-méthylée (DWM). Ceci a été envisagé afin d’accéder à un intermédiaire commun peu fonctionnalisé pouvant ensuite être dérivatisé en de nombreux analogues naturels ou synthétiques. Pour cela, plusieurs stratégies ont été envisagées et testées mais l’introduction du motif désiré n’a pas été possible. L’une d’elle a tout de même permis de synthétiser de manière fortuite un nouveau composé, l’α-iodocétone de la DWM. Des essais de dérivatisation ont été effectués et sont toujours en cours de développement. Une stratégie d’aldolisation de Mukaiyama en présence de l’éther d’énol silylé de la DWM et de divers acétals a également été mise au point et permet d’accéder de manière diastéréosélective en 2 étapes à 36 nouveaux aldols simples, silylés, méthylés ou bien encore benzylés comportant différentes chaînes latérales en position C(9) avec des rendements compris entre 9 et 97%. Des fonctionnalisations ultérieures ont ensuite été entrepris sur certains intermédiaires dans l’optique de synthétiser deux sesquiterpénoïdes naturels, le (+)-auréol et la (+)-strongyline A. / The natural neoclerodane salvinorin A exhibits a great affinity for kappa opioid receptors. Several other bioactive natural terpenoids, such as hardwickiic acid, are also bearing a 2-(furan-3-yl)-ethyl chain at position 9. The introduction of this chain is usually performed with 3 to 8 formal synthetic steps. Derivatization of other functionalities is often mandatory in order to meet the chemoselectivity requirements, and is preventing the possibility to access multiple analogues. The aim of this work was to develop an efficient and diastereoselective method to introduce this lateral chain at C(9) position of the C(9)-methylated Wieland-Miescher diketone (DWM) in order to access many natural or synthetic analogues from a common intermediate. Several strategies were designed, but the introduction of the ethyl-3-furyl chain remained unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the new α-iodoketone of the DWM was obtained by serendipity during this work. Experiments in order to derive this compound are still under investigation. A Mukaiyama aldol reaction strategy was set up and permit a diastereoselective access to 36 new aldols (simple, silylated, methylated or benzylated), bearing different lateral chains at C(9) position, with 9 to 97% yield. Further functionalization of two aldols were undertaken in order to synthesize two natural sesquiterpenoids, the (+)-aureol and the (+)-strongylin A.