Title Regime intervention to influence aerobic fitness level of middle age women Objective The aim of the work is to evaluate the effect of two-month physical intervention on the aerobic fitness level of middle-aged women and the influence of this intervention on the change of the body composition of individual study participants. Methods The tested group consisted of 5 middle-aged women with a sedentary occupation and no regular physical activity. The evaluation of their aerobic fitness and body composition was performed before the start of the intervention. These values were compared to the results of the same tests after the intervention. The values of VO2max measured before and after the intervention were used for the evaluation of aerobic fitness. The regression equation, based on the results of 2 km walking test (part of the UNIFITTEST 6-60), was used for the calculation of VO2max. The methods of bioimpedance (using the portable device Body stat 1500) and anthropometric measurement (body high, weight, circuits) were used for determination of body composition - mainly % FFM and% BF. The physical intervention itself was focused on walking for two months period. The form was used for monitoring of intervention individual exercise units. The group of middle-aged women performed the prescribed...

The obesity is a main factor in expansions of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes type 2, musculoskeletal diseases and some of the tumour illnesses. Study is dealing with the effect of movement activities during 3-months individual program on body mass reduction and changes of composition in human body. The program was held in VSTJ Medicina Praha, z.s. from April 2018 to January 2019. Included the group of 37 participants. Only 19 of them completed the program. This group undertook the body analysis, using bioimpedant machine "Tantia MC-780 MA". Components of evaluation were body mass, BMI and body fat in kg and %. In application "Time for Health" nutritional Intervention diet was monitored and evaluated during consultations. Physical activity using Pedometer "Garmin Vivofit" was recorded as a number of steps. Aim of this study was to obtain a collection data of changes in the body mass and body composition of the participants, based on input and output analysis as well as other biological parameters. Comparison of the compliance and program was based on recorded number of diet days. Statistically important differences between input and output data were compared and average decrease in body mass was 3.5 kg (SD ± 3.22), body fat 2.3 kg (SD ± 2.63) and BMI 1.17 kg (SD ±1.11). On average participants...

Obesity is a disease of major proportion in the United States. The Surgeon General has identified obesity as a national health problem that affects approximately 34 million Americans. The aim of this study was to investigate the very-low-calorie diet, Optifast 70. Measurements for resting energy expenditure (REE} and body composition via circumference measurements (CBF} and infrared photospectromerty (NIR} with a Futrex 5000 were collected at weeks 1, 7, 13, 19, and 25. Biochemical data, including serum chemistry panel (SMA-12} and complete blood count (CBC}, were collected on weeks 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, and 25. Lipid profiles were drawn on weeks 1 and 25. Participants ranged in age from 27 to 64. Subjects' mean body mass loss was -20.4 kg ± 6.6 kg with a maximum body mass loss of -33.23 kg and minimum body mass loss of -9.770 kg. Mean loss in body fat mass using infrared photospectrometry as a measurement was -13.4 kg; mean loss of lean body mass was -4.2 kg. A significant change was noted in resting energy expenditure over the course of the diet, and a positive correlation was identified between loss of body mass and resting energy expenditure. No significant correlation was identified between the loss of lean body mass or body fat mass and its relationship to resting energy expenditure. Both circumference and infrared body fat measurements showed a positive correlation as the loss in body mass increased, making their reliability better as subjects approached desirable weight. In examining biochemical data, only cholesterol showed a significant change over the course of the diet; all other parameters remained within normal limits. Variations in patients' lipid profiles were identified, but no significant changes were noted.

Despite increasing prevalence, significant negative biopsychosocial consequences, and few treatment options, overweight and obesity in adolescence has received very little attention in the scientific literature. The major objective of this research program was to evaluate the efficacy of a cognitive behavioural (CBT) program in the treatment of adolescent overweight and obesity. Sixty three overweight or obese adolescents (28M, 35F) aged 11.5 to 18.9 years (M = 14.41, SD = 1.85) participated in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a CBT weight loss intervention. This comprehensive intervention program incorporated a range of CBT techniques aimed at assisting adolescents to establish and maintain healthy eating and physical activity habits. Treatment resulted in improved body composition post treatment and sustained or improved body composition following maintenance. Participation in a motivational interview (MI) prior to this CBT intervention did not influence treatment outcomes. Despite reductions in weight and body fat, lean body mass was not affected by the intervention, thus, treatment did not detrimentally effect linear growth and lean body tissue. Poor compliance with measurement protocols limits conclusions that can be drawn regarding the impact of treatment on eating and activity habits. However, results suggest that treatment resulted in a reduction in fat consumption, reduced saturated fat intake, and reduced time spent in sedentary activities. Increases in physical activity were not evident. The treatment seeking sample did not report elevated psychopathology levels and treatment did not impact on adolescent depression, anxiety, or stress. Adolescents receiving treatment reported improvements in disordered eating relative to those in the control condition. A secondary aim of this research program was to redress the limited information available on the behavioural and psychosocial factors associated with adolescent overweight and obesit y. These factors were explored in community samples of adolescents (n = 161, M = 16.3, SD = I .8) and their parents, and young adults (n = 292, M = 19.7, SD = 2.0). In comparison to both normal and overweight adolescents, treatment seeking adolescents reported greater body dissatisfaction and weight. discontent. Body weight was not associated with psychopathology in the community samples and treatment seeking adolescents did not differ from normal or overweight adolescents from the community sample in terms of psychopathology. However, young adults who reported being overweight during childhood reported greater psychopathology as young adults. These findings suggest that excess weight in adolescence may have longer term rather than immediate effects on psychopathology. A number of family factors were associated with body weight in both adolescents and young adults. Combined, results indicated that CBT is efficacious in the treatment of overweight and obesity in adolescents and MI does not improve the efficac y of CBT. The current findings suggest that the impact of excess weight on psychosocial functioning is limited to body discontent and dissatisfaction in adolescence but is associated with increased psychopathology in early adulthood. Results also highlighted the importance of parents and family in the treatment of overweight and obesity in adolescents.

<p>Sweden has one of the highest incidences of osteoporotic fractures in the world. A more sedentary lifestyle is one of several proposed reasons for the increase in osteoporosis seen in the developed countries. The aim of this thesis was primarily to study the influence of muscle strength, and body composition, on bone mineral density, BMD, in young adults. The second aim was to evaluate the possible influence of estrogen on muscle strength in women.</p><p>A population-based study of 113 subjects (53 men and 60 women) aged 22-85 showed associations for premenopausal, but not postmenopausal women, between isometric quadriceps muscle strength and BMD in the total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck. In men there was only an association between muscle strength and BMD in the total body. Another population-based study of 125 randomly selected young adults (64 women and 61 men) showed that total body BMD, TBMD, is influenced by isokinetic knee flexion and extension strength in women but not in men where body composition influenced TBMD. In 159 randomly selected young adult women (20-39 years) knee flexion and extension strength influenced not only TBMD but also total hip BMD, and heel BMD. However, lean body mass and body weight were better predictors for BMD at these skeletal sites. An extension of this study involving 335 women again demonstrated that lean body mass is the best predictor of BMD. This study also showed that Uppsala women aged 20-39 years have a BMD that is approximately 0.1-1.2 SD (2-12 %) above international/national references. In addition marked variations in BMD T-scores between various skeletal sites were noted. </p><p><i>In Conclusion: </i>The association between muscle strength and BMD is evident in women in their early twenties but with age lean body mass and body weight becomes better predictors for BMD. In men lean body mass and body composition but not muscle strength predicted BMD. Hormone replacement therapy does not influence muscle strength and there is no association between allelic variations in the estrogen receptor alpha and muscle strength in women.</p>

<p>Excessive weight gain has frequently been reported in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, especially in girls. In general, puberty is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity that is further diminished by overweight. The causes and consequences of excessive weight gain in adolescents with type 1 diabetes are not fully understood. The studies described in this thesis addressed body composition in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and the relationships between physical activity, energy intake and changes in body composition. Furthermore, the effect of metformin as additional therapy on glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity was examined in a randomised placebo-controlled study. Body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (%BF) were significantly higher in girls with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy control girls. Mean HbA1c during puberty, but not mean insulin dose, was positively related to BMI at the age of 18 in girls with diabetes. A centralised fat distribution was associated with poor glycaemic control, increased daily dosage of insulin and elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Neither total physical activity nor total energy intake differed between adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes and healthy age-matched control girls. A high dietary fat intake was positively related to gain in %BF in girls with type 1 diabetes. Additional therapy with metformin for three months improved glycaemic control and peripheral insulin sensitivity in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. The improvement in glycaemic control was related to insulin sensitivity at baseline, implying that the most insulin resistant subjects benefited most from the metformin therapy. It is concluded that the excessive weight gain observed in girls with type 1 diabetes is mainly attributable to an increased fat mass and that dietary fat intake is of importance for this gain in body fat. Additional treatment with metformin improves glycaemic control in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes.</p>

Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Sweden has one of the highest incidences of osteoporotic fractures in the world. A more sedentary lifestyle is one of several proposed reasons for the increase in osteoporosis seen in the developed countries. The aim of this thesis was primarily to study the influence of muscle strength, and body composition, on bone mineral density, BMD, in young adults. The second aim was to evaluate the possible influence of estrogen on muscle strength in women. A population-based study of 113 subjects (53 men and 60 women) aged 22-85 showed associations for premenopausal, but not postmenopausal women, between isometric quadriceps muscle strength and BMD in the total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck. In men there was only an association between muscle strength and BMD in the total body. Another population-based study of 125 randomly selected young adults (64 women and 61 men) showed that total body BMD, TBMD, is influenced by isokinetic knee flexion and extension strength in women but not in men where body composition influenced TBMD. In 159 randomly selected young adult women (20-39 years) knee flexion and extension strength influenced not only TBMD but also total hip BMD, and heel BMD. However, lean body mass and body weight were better predictors for BMD at these skeletal sites. An extension of this study involving 335 women again demonstrated that lean body mass is the best predictor of BMD. This study also showed that Uppsala women aged 20-39 years have a BMD that is approximately 0.1-1.2 SD (2-12 %) above international/national references. In addition marked variations in BMD T-scores between various skeletal sites were noted. In Conclusion: The association between muscle strength and BMD is evident in women in their early twenties but with age lean body mass and body weight becomes better predictors for BMD. In men lean body mass and body composition but not muscle strength predicted BMD. Hormone replacement therapy does not influence muscle strength and there is no association between allelic variations in the estrogen receptor alpha and muscle strength in women.

Excessive weight gain has frequently been reported in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, especially in girls. In general, puberty is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity that is further diminished by overweight. The causes and consequences of excessive weight gain in adolescents with type 1 diabetes are not fully understood. The studies described in this thesis addressed body composition in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and the relationships between physical activity, energy intake and changes in body composition. Furthermore, the effect of metformin as additional therapy on glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity was examined in a randomised placebo-controlled study. Body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (%BF) were significantly higher in girls with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy control girls. Mean HbA1c during puberty, but not mean insulin dose, was positively related to BMI at the age of 18 in girls with diabetes. A centralised fat distribution was associated with poor glycaemic control, increased daily dosage of insulin and elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Neither total physical activity nor total energy intake differed between adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes and healthy age-matched control girls. A high dietary fat intake was positively related to gain in %BF in girls with type 1 diabetes. Additional therapy with metformin for three months improved glycaemic control and peripheral insulin sensitivity in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. The improvement in glycaemic control was related to insulin sensitivity at baseline, implying that the most insulin resistant subjects benefited most from the metformin therapy. It is concluded that the excessive weight gain observed in girls with type 1 diabetes is mainly attributable to an increased fat mass and that dietary fat intake is of importance for this gain in body fat. Additional treatment with metformin improves glycaemic control in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes.

Introduction. Asymmetric body posture lately is more and more often diagnosed among adolescents in Lithuania also in other countries. In this stage of development, the posture undergoes many adjustments and adaptations due to changes of the body and to demanding psychosocial factors. Consequences of this widely spreading health disorder are very important as for physical health and so for social and mental wellbeing. Asymmetric body posture is considered not only one of the most common adolescents’ musculoskeletal system disorders (Juškelienė, 1996; Lindišienė, 1999; McEvoy, 2005) but also one of the possible signs or reasons of scoliosis (Nissinen et al., 1993; Hazebroek et al, 1992). Posture asymmetry may influence reduced musculoskeletal system functioning. It was established negative influence of asymmetric posture on cardiovascular system’s function (Sucato, 2003), pulmonary function (Lin, 2001), urogenital system’s function (Mohanty, 2000), nervous system’s functioning (Wiggins, 2003). Also children with posture disorders more often have insecurity and inferiority feelings (Saccomani, 1998), and more often suffer from depression and anxiety episodes (Norris, 1992). The normal development of spine curvatures depends on the interaction between heritable growth factors and the mechanical environment in which the spine grows. Sedentary life style among schoolchildren decreases their physical and social wellbeing. The research works emphasize, that proper physical activity... [to full text]