A shift in economic power from the developed world to emerging markets has seen the BRICS countries becoming the new growth centre of the world. In 2010, half of the total global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows went to emerging economies. A large portion of these FDI flows goes to the manufacturing industry with a quarter of the global GDP being generated by the production processes of multinational manufacturing enterprises (MMEs). The challenge for the BRICS countries will be to sustain their trend in FDI inflow. Previous studies on this topic focused on the determinants of FDI at country level as opposed to an industry specific focus. The outcome of this study assists MMEs in their entering decisions and policy makers in developing policies that create an enabling environment that will attract foreign capital.This research analyses the BRICS countries as potential destinations for FDI in the manufacturing industry. The analyses followed a three phased approach. The first phase identified the potential determinants of FDI to the manufacturing industry of the BRICS countries. The second phase either validated or disproved investor perceptions about the factors that would impact on the performance of an investment. In the third and final phase of the analysis, the competitiveness of the BRICS countries in attracting FDI to the manufacturing industry was assessed.The analysis of the three hypotheses contributed to the overarching theme of evaluating the BRICS countries as potential destinations for MMEs. The outcome of the analysis highlights that countries are unique and that investor perceptions about a country’s conditions and how this will impact on the performance of an investment are not always valid. In the overall analysis of the BRICS countries as potential destinations for FDI, the majority of the BRICS countries, with the exception of South Africa, are found to be competitive destinations for attracting FDI to the manufacturing industry. On the basis of the outcome of the analysis and the methodology followed in this study, a general model that can be used in future FDI research is suggested. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Market based instruments have become a common feature in country policies aimed at transitioning to low carbon economies. BRICS countries are responsible for approximately two-thirds of the global average of carbon emissions. These countries are under continuing international pressure to demonstrate leadership in their carbon emission reduction efforts.This research explored the implementation of market based instruments in Brazil, China, India and South Africa as they transition to low carbon economies and determined the elements and driving forces informing the selection of market based instruments. The research sought to achieve three objectives, the first objective was to establish whether market based instruments were regarded as a policy option for low carbon transition initiatives by these four countries. The second objective was to determine the drivers and sectors informing a selection of market based instruments. The third objective was to extract lessons from these countries for South African to consider in its low carbon transition.The research outcomes included a model of the interrelationship between driving forces for decisions to adopt market based instruments, targeted sectors that would be subjected to such mechanisms and the eventual combination of instruments that gets implemented. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Tesis para optar al grado de magíster en estudios internacionales / La premisa es ilustrar cómo los miembros del bloque BRICS aspiran a moldear el nuevo escenario internacional. A lo largo de la tesis se estudian las negociaciones llevadas a cabo en el Grupo de Trabajo Abierto en el marco de la Agenda post-2015 encomendado por la Asamblea General para realizar una propuesta. A partir de esta pregunta se pueden desprender otros cuestionamientos más específicos: ¿existió negociación conjunta por parte de los Estados del bloque? Y de ser así, ¿dicha acción conjunta facilita o provoca mayores dificultades en el proceso de búsqueda de convergencia entre los diferentes intereses existentes? ¿Cuáles son los temas que se buscan incluir en la agenda? Una hipótesis de la la tesis es que los países del BRICS aprovecharon una oportunidad única para influir en la agenda mundial que sentará las directrices hasta el año 2030. La presente investigación analiza el tema en cuestión tomando como punto de partida dichas preguntas mediante el estudio del grupo BRICS como un actor relevante y un referente concretoen el marco del proceso de generación de la Agenda post-2015, en la medida que incluye a Estados de gran importancia en las dinámicas del sistema internacional, en su ámbito multilateral como regional. La idea que se sostiene en la investigación es que el BRICS consiguió establecer en los 17 objetivos propuestos para la Agenda post-2015 sus intereses y prioridades, logrando proyectar – más allá de su importancia económica, geográfica y poblacional - su nueva presencia y status político en el orden mundial. Para poder responder a las preguntas de la investigación, se estudia el papel desempeñado por los Estados del BRICS en las negociaciones para el establecimiento de la nueva agenda de desarrollo en el contexto del Grupo de Trabajo Abierto - encomendado por la Asamblea General - entre marzo de 2013 y junio de 2014. Durante este período los Estados, a través de Documentos técnicos, Declaraciones Conjuntas como unilaterales, fueron estableciendo prioridades en la agenda exponiendo sus posturas, preocupaciones y visiones acerca de cuáles debían ser los futuros pilares del desarrollo. Comprendiendo que el sistema internacional tiende a la multiplicación de los polos de poder y de los centros de decisión, la investigación buscará comprobar qué implicancias tiene para la gobernanza global el rol desempeñado por los BRICS en la agenda post-2015 a través del posicionamiento de sus intereses en la nueva agenda global. / Programa Ayudas para Estadías Cortas de Investigación, Vicerrectoría de Asuntos Académicos de la Universidad de Chile

Increasing longevity and  falling fertility have increased interest in financing retirement age and have increased the burden of old age in an ageing society. This research is based on data from 41 countries of OECD and BRICS, between 1995 and 2017. By employing the fixed-effect estimation method, this study is to test and compare the relationship between the child and old-age dependency ratios, life expectancy and savings rate of these countries. The two groups of countries represent developed (OECD) and emerging (BRICS) countries with different level of development and states of ageing. The estimation results show that the savings rate of OECD countries can be explained by the old-age and child dependency ratios and life expectancy, but life expectancy has a greater impact on the savings rate. However, although the savings rate in BRICS countries is also positively affected by life expectancy, the impact of child dependency ratio is much greater than life expectancy. But, the effect of old-age dependency ratios on savings is insignificant in BRICS countries.

Magister Legum - LLM / Environmental Law is at the forefront of the global community and environmental protection and conservation is regarded as of the utmost importance.1 Outer Space is a unique, limited, and valuable resource. Outer space allows states to utilise thousands of satellites for research, national defence, and communications. At the inception of space law, only a few states dominated space activities and all human space activities were so challenging that nearly any method seemed acceptable for placing objects in outer space, currently more countries have space industries and launch capabilities

As the global markets are becoming increasingly competitive, companies need to find a way to maintain their relevance and competitiveness. Studies have found that companies engaging in Mergers and Acquisitions are more likely to remain competitive. (Choi & Chang, 2020) However, current literature focuses a lot more on other factors that motivate companies to engage in Mergers and Acquisitions, such as Synergy benefits, Increasing market shares, and expansions. Studies have found that there have been several historic waves of M&A activity. This thesis aims to expand further the understanding of how big European companies invest in new companies. What are the longitudinal patterns amongst the different acquisitions? What kinds of companies do they acquire and where the target companies are located? With the help of publications and annual reports provided by the five analyzed companies, the study found that there are some clear trends of what kinds of companies the acquiring firms are investing in. The regions are mostly the bigger markets and not the markets with the highest growth potential.(Radulescu et al., 2014)With this information, I conclude that the bigger companies are buying target companies in markets that they know and are familiar with. Companies are investing in companies that have a leading position in a desired market and invests into market shares and increasing their own product offering.

Global Governance (XVII) im Ukraine-Prisma ● Vorbemerkungen ''Zum Inhalt und zu den Einzelbeiträgen''; ● Dokumentation (de): ○ Kommentar v. W. Pawlenko, 23.05.2023, ''Zu BRICS-PLUS''; ○ Kommentar v. L. Golinkin, ''The Nation'', 13.06.2023, ''Zum Asow-Spuk''; ○ Anmerkungen v. M. McConnell, im US-Senat, 12.06.2023, ''Zur US-Ukraine-Hilfe''; ○ Stenogramm ''W.Putin beim Treffen mit Militärkorrespondenten''. 13.06.2023; ● Dokumentation (ru, en) sämtlicher Textoriginale.:Global Governance (XVII) im Ukraine-Prisma – BRICS-Plus, Asow-Spuk, US-Eigennutz und Militärkorrespondenten beim Präsidenten – ● Vorbemerkungen 'Zum Thema und zu den Einzelbeiträgen' von Rainer Böhme & Wilfried Schreiber; ● Dokumentation (Übers. a. d. Russ./Engl. v. Rainer Böhme): ○ Kommentar von Wladimir Pawlenko, ‘IA REX’, 23.05.2023: 'Die BRICS-Erweiterung als Indikator für tektonische globale Veränderungen'. ○ Kommentar v. Lew Golinkin, 'The Nation', 13.06.2023, 'Die westlichen Medien beschönigen das Asow-Bataillon'; ○ Anmerkungen v. Mitch McConnell, im US-Senat, 12.06.2023, 'Hilfe für die Ukraine ist eine Investition in Amerikas Sicherheit'; ○ Gesprächsthemen beim 'Treffen mit Militärkorrespondenten', 13.06.2023 (Kurzübersicht); ○ Stenogramm: Präsident Wladimir Putin beim 'Treffen mit Militärkorrespondenten', 13.06.2023; ○ Anhang: Liste der Teilnehmer am Treffen, 13.06.2023. ● Dokumentation (ru, en) sämtlicher Textoriginale: ○ Kommentar (ru) von W. Pawlenko für ‘IA REX’, Moskau, 23.05.2023; ○ Kommentar (en) von L. Golinkin, 'The Nation', 13.06.2023; ○ Anmerkungen (en) von M. McConnell, im US-Senat, 12.06.2023; ○ Stenogramm (ru): Präsident W.Putin beim 'Treffen mit Militärkorrespondenten', 13.06.2023.

This thesis investigates the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and the link between carbon emissions, energy use and economic growth in the BRICS countries within 1980-2013. The reason for analysing a sample of energy-intensive developing countries (the BRICS) is that these nations are of major concern for the global environmental challenge. The results of panel cointegration relationship estimation do not support the EKC. The estimated elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions to energy use is 0.60%, while the elasticity of economic growth to energy consumption is 1.74%. Moreover, the causality tests indicate that energy use Granger-causes carbon emissions, while economic growth, in turn, Granger-causes energy use. This thesis adds to the existing literature and can have policy relevance for the BRICS countries. Based on the results of this study, the overall recommendation is to prioritize increase in energy efficiency through technological development and use of cleaner resources of production.

XV. BRICS-Gipfel 2023 als Chance – hin zu einer neuen Weltordnung ● Vorbemerkungen 'Zum Inhalt und zu den Einzelbeiträgen'; ● Dokumentation (de): ○ Kommentar v. W. Pawlenko, 23.05.2023, 'Zu BRICS-PLUS'; ○ Kommentar v. I. Bremmer, 'Foreign Policy', 17.06.2023, 'Zur nächsten globalen Supermacht: Technologie-Unternehmen'; ○ BRICS-Gipfel-2023 Erklärung von Johannesburg, 23.08.2023; ● Dokumentation (en, ru) sämtlicher Textoriginale.:XV. BRICS-Gipfel 2023 als Chance – hin zu einer neuen Weltordnung – Global Governance im Diskurs (XVIII) – ● Vorbemerkungen 'Zum Thema und zu den Einzelbeiträgen' von Rainer Böhme & Wilfried Schreiber; ● Dokumentation (Übers. a. d. Russ./Engl. v. Rainer Böhme): ○ Kommentar von Wladimir Pawlenko, ‘IA REX’, 23.05.2023: 'Die BRICS-Erweiterung als Indikator für tektonische globale Veränderungen'. ○ Kommentar von Ian Bremmer, 'Foreign Policy', 17.06.2023, 'Die nächste globale Supermacht ist nicht die, die Sie denken'; ○ Kurzübersicht: BRICS-Erklärung von Johannesburg II, 23.08.2023; ○ XV. BRICS-Gipfel: Erklärung von Johannesburg II, 23.08.2023; ● Dokumentation (en, ru) sämtlicher Textoriginale: ○ Kommentar (ru) von W. Pawlenko für `IA REX´, Moskau, 23.05.2023; ○ Kommentar (en) von I. Bremmer, 'Foreign Policy', 17.06.2023; ○ XV. BRICS-Gipfel: Erklärung von Johannesburg II, 23.08.2023.

Yes