Acompanha 1 mapa / Orientador: Fábio Augusto Gomes Vieira Reis / Banca: Gerson Araujo de Medeiros / Banca: Vania Silvia Rosolen / Resumo: Diversas mudanças nos modelos sociais e econômicos desenvolvidos nas cidades podem, muitas vezes, criar ambientes insustentáveis do ponto de vista ambiental. É o caso do surgimento de brownfields, áreas que possuíam uma função anterior, e que por motivos geralmente econômicos, são abandonadas, podendo herdar passivos ambientais. Porém, estes espaços podem ser descontaminados, reutilizados e adquirir nova função. Depois de realizar diversos projetos de remediação de áreas contaminadas, um consórcio da União Europeia criou o Tailored Improvement of Brownfield Regeneration in Europe (TIMBRE) projeto que tem o objetivo de remediar áreas contaminadas levando em consideração aspectos do meio físico e socioeconômico, se adaptando à realidade dos locais e às necessidades dos envolvidos. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação teve o objetivo de aplicar o método TIMBRE de forma simplificada na Região dos Lagos de Santa Gertrudes (RLSG), considerando as investigações ambientais já realizadas na área e instrumentos de planejamento urbano e territorial, visando a elaboração de uma proposta de gerenciamento ambiental. Após o levantamento bibliográfico inicial, que possibilitou o conhecimento da situação legal sobre áreas contaminadas no país, especialmente no Estado de São Paulo, foi possível caracterizar a área de estudo em aspectos físicos e socioambientais. Após a interpolação dos dados obtidos nessa etapa para o método TIMBRE, foi possível elaborar três categorias de análise nos resulta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Various changes in the social and economic models developed in cities can often create environmentally unsustainable environments. It is the case of the emergence of brownfields, areas that had a previous function, and for economic reasons, are abandoned, being able to inherit environmental liabilities. However, these sites can be decontaminated, reused and acquire new functions. After undertaking several remediation projects for contaminated sites, the European Union created a consortium named Tailored Improvement of Brownfield Regeneration in Europe (TIMBRE) project which aims to remedy contaminated areas taking into account aspects of the physical and socioeconomic environment, adapting to the reality of the sites and the needs of those involved. In this sense, this dissertation aimed to apply the TIMBRE method in a simplified way in the Santa Gertrudes Lake Region (RLSG), considering the environmental investigations already carried out in the area and instruments of urban and territorial planning, aiming at the elaboration of an environmental management proposal. After the initial bibliographic survey, which enabled the knowledge of the legal situation on contaminated areas in Brazil, especially in the State of São Paulo, it was possible to characterize the study area in physical and socio-environmental aspects. After the interpolation of the data obtained in the previous step for the TIMBRE method, it was possible to elaborate three categories of analysis in the results,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, Johannesburg 2017 / This research sought to identify the key success factors associated with industrial brownfields site redevelopment projects in urban areas of South Africa. Nine such success factors were identified from international and local literature. Through documentary research, three brownfield case studies in Johannesburg were investigated. These included the Newtown Cultural Precinct, the Egoli Gas site and the AECI Modderfontein site. Commonalities includes location within the urban edge, original industrial land use, and the redevelopment intent of the landowners. Aspects differing among the sites include distance from the inner city, size, the certainty of contamination and redevelopment success. Based on the findings of the three case studies, the nine success factors were refined. The factors are no or low contamination, brownfields policy maturity, certainty regarding liability for remediation, risk-based land use options, favourable market conditions, quick funding access with rapid statutory approvals, readily available municipal services and transport infrastructure, and strong political and community support. The case study findings provide indications towards generalisation for success factors that may apply to future brownfields projects. Further research required includes a larger database of brownfields redevelopment case studies to be developed for South African, in order to further test associated success factors. / XL2018

Este texto analisa as formas pelas quais os sindicatos metalúrgicos de duas unidades produtivas de uma mesma empresa automobilística organizaram suas ações a partir de um contexto de grandes mudanças, iniciado a partir da década de 1990. São objetos de análise os trabalhadores de duas unidades da Toyota Motors Co. do Brasil: a de São Bernardo do Campo, localizada na região do ABC paulista, e a de Indaiatuba, localizada na região de Campinas-SP. Procuramos colocar em discussão as práticas do Sindicato dos metalúrgicos do ABC, localizado em uma tradicional região industrial e também as do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de Campinas e Região, que representa um novo território produtivo brasileiro. No contexto das recentes transformações ocorridas no setor automotivo brasileiro, especialmente a partir da década de 1990, as estratégias de racionalização do processo produtivo desconfiguraram as formas tradicionais de ação sindical e de organização do trabalho, fazendo com que os atores sociais se repensem nesse contexto de mudanças. / This paper discusses the ways in which workers unions from two brazilian Toyota automobile plants organized their actions in a context of changes, starting from 1990s. I analyse both metalworkers union´s practices of ABC Paulista region located in a traditional industrial area and Campinas metalworkers union located in a new industrial cluster. In a context of recent changes lived by the brazilian automotive industry, especially from the 1990s, the rationalization strategies in the production processes have been changing traditional forms of union activity and work organization, so these workers and their unions started to rethink their possibilities of action.

Este texto analisa as formas pelas quais os sindicatos metalúrgicos de duas unidades produtivas de uma mesma empresa automobilística organizaram suas ações a partir de um contexto de grandes mudanças, iniciado a partir da década de 1990. São objetos de análise os trabalhadores de duas unidades da Toyota Motors Co. do Brasil: a de São Bernardo do Campo, localizada na região do ABC paulista, e a de Indaiatuba, localizada na região de Campinas-SP. Procuramos colocar em discussão as práticas do Sindicato dos metalúrgicos do ABC, localizado em uma tradicional região industrial e também as do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de Campinas e Região, que representa um novo território produtivo brasileiro. No contexto das recentes transformações ocorridas no setor automotivo brasileiro, especialmente a partir da década de 1990, as estratégias de racionalização do processo produtivo desconfiguraram as formas tradicionais de ação sindical e de organização do trabalho, fazendo com que os atores sociais se repensem nesse contexto de mudanças. / This paper discusses the ways in which workers unions from two brazilian Toyota automobile plants organized their actions in a context of changes, starting from 1990s. I analyse both metalworkers union´s practices of ABC Paulista region located in a traditional industrial area and Campinas metalworkers union located in a new industrial cluster. In a context of recent changes lived by the brazilian automotive industry, especially from the 1990s, the rationalization strategies in the production processes have been changing traditional forms of union activity and work organization, so these workers and their unions started to rethink their possibilities of action.

This thesis deals with the role of actors involved in brownfield revitalization in the town of Sušice. Specifically, it concerns the revitalization of the former Solo Sušice and former maternity hospital. These old unused buildings and lands necessarily need revitalize and find new functional uses. The role of actors can have a key influence on the regeneration of both monitored areas themselves. The work discusses mainly cooperation, communication and consensus between public administration, the private sector and the public. The theoretical part is focused on institutional theories, factors of territorial development, actors of spatial development, management of city administration and use of spatial development documents. In the empirical part, brownfields in Sušice are presented and the results obtained through interviews, questionnaire and development document analysis are presented. Research has shown a very different role for actors involved in revitalization. In Sušice, the most important role is played by the association My ze Sušice. On the contrary, public administration seems to be rigid and has no interest in revitalization. Keywords: brownfields; actors of urban planning; urban plan; urban regeneration; Sušice

Over the course of the past several decades the benefits of redeveloping brownfields have been widely recognized. Actions have been taken to foster sustainable redevelopment of brownfields by government, policy makers and stakeholders across the world. However, redevelopments encounter great challenges and risks related to environmental and non-environmental issues. In this work, we intend to build a comprehensive and practical framework to evaluate the hydrogeological and financial risks involved during redevelopment and to ensure developers reserve sufficient capital to cover unexpected future costs within the guarantee period. Punitive damages, which contribute to these costs, are in this thesis solely associated with the cost of repossessing a house within a development should the indoor air concentration of TCE exceed the regulatory limit at a later time. The uncertainties associated with brownfield remediation have been among the barriers to brownfield redevelopment. This is mainly caused by the lack of knowledge about a site’s environmental condition. In order to alleviate uncertainties and to better understand the contaminant transport process in the subsurface, numerical simulations have been conducted to investigate the role of controlling parameters in determining the fate and transport of volatile organic compounds originating from a NAPL source zone located below the water table in the subsurface. In the first part of this thesis, the numerical model CompFlow Bio is used on a hypothesized three-dimensional problem geometry where multiple residential dwellings are built. The simulations indicate that uncertainty in the simulated indoor air concentration is sensitive to heterogeneity in the permeability structure of a stratigraphically continuous aquifer with uncertainty defined as the probability of exceeding a regulatory limit. Houses which are laterally offset from the groundwater plume are less affected by vapour intrusion due to limited transverse horizontal flux of TCE within the groundwater plume in agreement with the ASTM (2008) guidance. Within this uncertainty framework, we show that the Johnson and Ettinger (1991) model generates overly-conservative results and contributes to the exclusion zone being much further away from the groundwater plume relative to either CompFlow Bio or ASTM (2008). The probability of failure (or the probability of exceedence of the regulatory limit) is defined and calculated for further study. Due to uncertainties resulting from parameter estimation and model prediction, a methodology is introduced to incorporate field measurements into the initial estimates from the numerical model in order to improve prediction accuracy. The principle idea of this methodology is to combine the geostatistical tool kriging with the statistical data assimilation method Kalman filter to evaluate the worth and effectiveness of data in a quantitative way in order to select an optimal sampling scenario. This methodology is also used to infer whether one of the houses located adjacent to affected houses has indoor air problems based on the measurements subject to the observation that the affected house is monitored and has problems and developers have liability if a problem occurs. In this part of the study, different sampling scenarios are set up in terms of permeability (1 – 80 boreholes) and soil gas concentration (2, 4 and 7 samples) and three metrics are defined and computed as a criterion for comparison. Financing brownfield redevelopment is often viewed as a major barrier to the development process mainly due to risks and liabilities associated with brownfields. The common way of managing the risk is to transfer it to insurers by purchasing insurance coverage. This work provides two different strategies to price the risk, which is equivalent to an insurance premium. It is intended to give an instructive insight into project planning and feasibility studies during the decision-making process of a brownfield project. The two strategies of risk capital valuation are an actuarial premium calculation principle and a martingale premium calculation principle accounting for the hydrogeological and financial uncertainties faced in a project. The data used for valuation are the posterior estimates of data assimilation obtained from the results of different sampling scenarios. The cost-benefit-risk analysis is employed as a basis to construct the objective function in order to find the least cost among sampling scenarios for the project. As a result, it shows that drilling seven boreholes to extract permeability data and taking soil gas samplings in four locations or seven locations alternatively give the minimum total cost. Sensitivity analysis of some influential parameters (the safety loading factors and the possible methods to calculate the probability of failure) is performed to determine their roles of importance in the risk capital valuation. This framework can be applied to provide guidance for other risk-based environmental projects.

Brownfields redevelopment has been encouraged by governments or the real estate market because of economic, social and environmental benefits. However, uncertainties in contaminated land redevelopment may cause massive investment risk and need to be managed so that contaminated land redevelopment is facilitated. This study was designed to address hydrogeological as well as economic uncertainty in a hypothetical contaminated land redevelopment project and manage the risk from these uncertainties through the integration of the hydrogeological and economic uncertainties. Hydrogeological uncertainty is derived from incomplete site information, including aquifer heterogeneity, and must be assessed with scientific expertise, given the short history of redevelopment projects and their unique hydrogeological characteristics. Hydrogeological uncertainty has not yet been incorporated in one framework with the economic uncertainty that has been relatively well observed in financial markets. Two cases of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) contamination were simulated using a physically-based hydrogeological model to address hydrogeological uncertainty: one concerns the effect of an ethanol spill on a light NAPL (LNAPL) contaminated area in the vadose zone, and the other is regarding the vapour phase intrusion of volatile organic compounds, in particular, Trichloroethylene (TCE), a dense NAPL (DNAPL), into indoor air through a variably saturated heterogeneous aquifer. The first simulation replicated experimental observations in the laboratory, such as the capillary fringe depressing and the NAPL pool remobilizing and collecting in a reduced area exhibiting higher saturations than observed prior to an ethanol injection. However, the data gap, in particular, on the chemical properties between the model and the experiment caused the uncertainty in the model simulation. The second NAPL simulation has been performed based on a hypothetical scenario where new dwellings in a redeveloped area have the potential risk of vapour phase intrusion from a subsurface source into indoor air because remediation or foundation design might fail. The simulation results indicated that the aquifer heterogeneity seemed the most significant factor controlling the indoor air exposure risk from a TCE source in the saturated zone. Then, the exposure risk was quantified using Monte Carlo simulations with 50 statistically equivalent heterogeneous aquifer permeability fields. The quantified risk (probability) represents the hydrogeological uncertainty in the scenario and gives the information on loss occurrence intensity of redevelopment failure. Probability of failure (or loss occurrence intensity) was integrated with cost of failure (or loss magnitude) to evaluate the risk capital in the hypothetical brownfields redevelopment project. The term “risk capital” is adopted from financial literature and is the capital you can lose from high risk investment. Cost of failure involves economic uncertainty and can be defined based on a developer’s financial agreement with new dwellers to prevent litigation in the case of certain events, such as an environmental event where indoor air concentrations of pollutants exceed regulatory limits during periodic inspections. The developer makes such a financial agreement with new dwellers because new dwellings have been constructed founded on flawed site information, and municipalities may require it if a land use planning approval is required. An agreement was presumed that the developer would repurchase the affected houses from new dwellers immediately, if indoor air contamination exceeded the regulatory limit. Furthermore, the developer would remediate any remaining contamination, demolish the affected houses and build new houses if they were worth investing in. With this financial plan assumed, the stochastic housing price, stochastic inflation rate and stochastic interest rate have been considered to cause the uncertainty in the cost of failure, and the information on these stochastic variables was obtained from the financial market due to its long history of observations. This research reviewed appropriate risk capital valuation methods for hydrogeologists to apply straightforwardly to their projects, with integrating probability of failure (hydrogeological uncertainty) and cost of failure (economic uncertainty). The risk capital is essentially the probability of failure times the cost of failure with safety loading added to compensate investors against hydrogeological and financial uncertainty. Fair market prices of risk capital have been valuated using financial mathematics and actuarial premium calculations, and each method has a specific safety loading term to reflect investors’ level of risk aversion. Risk capital results indicated that the price of the risk capital was much more sensitive to hydrogeological uncertainty than financial uncertainty. Developers can manage the risk capital by saving a contingency fee for future events or paying an insurance premium, given that the price of this risk capital is the price of a contingent claim, subsequent to failure in remediation or in foundation design, and equivalent to an environmental insurance premium if there is an insurance company to indemnify the liability for the developer. The optimal framework of investment strategy in brownfields redevelopment can be built by linkage of addressing and integrating uncertainties and valuating risk capital from the uncertainties. This framework involves balancing the costs associated with each step while maximizing a net profit from land redevelopment. The optimal investment strategy, such as if or when to remediate or redevelop and to what degree, is given when the future price of the land minus time and material costs as well as the contingency fee or insurance premium maximizes a net profit.

Brownfields redevelopment has been encouraged by governments or the real estate market because of economic, social and environmental benefits. However, uncertainties in contaminated land redevelopment may cause massive investment risk and need to be managed so that contaminated land redevelopment is facilitated. This study was designed to address hydrogeological as well as economic uncertainty in a hypothetical contaminated land redevelopment project and manage the risk from these uncertainties through the integration of the hydrogeological and economic uncertainties. Hydrogeological uncertainty is derived from incomplete site information, including aquifer heterogeneity, and must be assessed with scientific expertise, given the short history of redevelopment projects and their unique hydrogeological characteristics. Hydrogeological uncertainty has not yet been incorporated in one framework with the economic uncertainty that has been relatively well observed in financial markets. Two cases of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) contamination were simulated using a physically-based hydrogeological model to address hydrogeological uncertainty: one concerns the effect of an ethanol spill on a light NAPL (LNAPL) contaminated area in the vadose zone, and the other is regarding the vapour phase intrusion of volatile organic compounds, in particular, Trichloroethylene (TCE), a dense NAPL (DNAPL), into indoor air through a variably saturated heterogeneous aquifer. The first simulation replicated experimental observations in the laboratory, such as the capillary fringe depressing and the NAPL pool remobilizing and collecting in a reduced area exhibiting higher saturations than observed prior to an ethanol injection. However, the data gap, in particular, on the chemical properties between the model and the experiment caused the uncertainty in the model simulation. The second NAPL simulation has been performed based on a hypothetical scenario where new dwellings in a redeveloped area have the potential risk of vapour phase intrusion from a subsurface source into indoor air because remediation or foundation design might fail. The simulation results indicated that the aquifer heterogeneity seemed the most significant factor controlling the indoor air exposure risk from a TCE source in the saturated zone. Then, the exposure risk was quantified using Monte Carlo simulations with 50 statistically equivalent heterogeneous aquifer permeability fields. The quantified risk (probability) represents the hydrogeological uncertainty in the scenario and gives the information on loss occurrence intensity of redevelopment failure. Probability of failure (or loss occurrence intensity) was integrated with cost of failure (or loss magnitude) to evaluate the risk capital in the hypothetical brownfields redevelopment project. The term “risk capital” is adopted from financial literature and is the capital you can lose from high risk investment. Cost of failure involves economic uncertainty and can be defined based on a developer’s financial agreement with new dwellers to prevent litigation in the case of certain events, such as an environmental event where indoor air concentrations of pollutants exceed regulatory limits during periodic inspections. The developer makes such a financial agreement with new dwellers because new dwellings have been constructed founded on flawed site information, and municipalities may require it if a land use planning approval is required. An agreement was presumed that the developer would repurchase the affected houses from new dwellers immediately, if indoor air contamination exceeded the regulatory limit. Furthermore, the developer would remediate any remaining contamination, demolish the affected houses and build new houses if they were worth investing in. With this financial plan assumed, the stochastic housing price, stochastic inflation rate and stochastic interest rate have been considered to cause the uncertainty in the cost of failure, and the information on these stochastic variables was obtained from the financial market due to its long history of observations. This research reviewed appropriate risk capital valuation methods for hydrogeologists to apply straightforwardly to their projects, with integrating probability of failure (hydrogeological uncertainty) and cost of failure (economic uncertainty). The risk capital is essentially the probability of failure times the cost of failure with safety loading added to compensate investors against hydrogeological and financial uncertainty. Fair market prices of risk capital have been valuated using financial mathematics and actuarial premium calculations, and each method has a specific safety loading term to reflect investors’ level of risk aversion. Risk capital results indicated that the price of the risk capital was much more sensitive to hydrogeological uncertainty than financial uncertainty. Developers can manage the risk capital by saving a contingency fee for future events or paying an insurance premium, given that the price of this risk capital is the price of a contingent claim, subsequent to failure in remediation or in foundation design, and equivalent to an environmental insurance premium if there is an insurance company to indemnify the liability for the developer. The optimal framework of investment strategy in brownfields redevelopment can be built by linkage of addressing and integrating uncertainties and valuating risk capital from the uncertainties. This framework involves balancing the costs associated with each step while maximizing a net profit from land redevelopment. The optimal investment strategy, such as if or when to remediate or redevelop and to what degree, is given when the future price of the land minus time and material costs as well as the contingency fee or insurance premium maximizes a net profit.

Small and mid-size cities often struggle with the financial and social costs of brownfield redevelopment, even when they receive funding for environmental remediation from federal and state governments. This paper examines how cities can address the gap between administering technical funding for environmental remediation and creating local economic and social opportunities on redeveloped brownfields sites. Specific attention is paid to mid-size cities, and Rockford, Illinois will be used as an example of a city struggling to attract investors to its abandoned industrial brownfields. / text

Eighty percent of the Canadian population lives in urban centres, where typical land use patterns negatively impact urban ecosystems and decrease quality of life. Current municipal Community Improvement Plans target urban vacancies for intensification efforts, which can increase fragmentation and degradation of the urban ecosystem. This project examines the urban environment: its vacancies, ecological patterns and human impacts. A strategy was derived from ecological principles aiming to design more sustainable urban landscape patterns. Applied to the Two Rivers neighbourhood in Guelph, Ontario, the strategy identified 19.5 hectares of land capable of contributing to more sustainable ecological patterns of which 12.41 hectares were brownfields. Results revealed 4.3% more high-quality land cover, in 53% more patches, 45 m closer together, but with increasing edge contrast. An area-wide strategic integration of vacant lands may provide previously unconsidered opportunities to improve urban ecological patterns and create a more sustainable urban environment.