Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-10T19:19:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Felipe Reis Rodrigues.pdf: 1576034 bytes, checksum: f91efa30a06e540cab9e32f343fe64b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T19:19:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Felipe Reis Rodrigues.pdf: 1576034 bytes, checksum: f91efa30a06e540cab9e32f343fe64b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-20 / CAPES / In Brazil on December 23, 2003 the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance - ANVISA has published the resolution number 360 (360 RDC). The purpose of this resolution was to repeal the laws related to nutrition labeling of packaged foods ready for consumption (DRC 39 and 40). The legislation of 2003 had the requirement on the labeling of food content of trans fatty acids, as well as specific characteristics of the information contained therein. Currently, epidemiological studies have be associated the consumption of trans fats to the risk of developing cardiovascular and chronic degenerative diseases. In addition, health professionals report that the children have shown high rates of obesity, a situation directly related to excessive consumption of manufactured products. In order to ensure the maintenance and promotion of health, the accuracy of food labels sold in Brazil, mainly in relation to lipid content present in them should be more effectively monitor. This work aimed to make a critical analysis of the nutritional labeling of ?minibolos? sold in the city of Rio de Janeiro, relating lipid profile and content of trans fatty acids and their claim presented. The methodology used for derivatization of fatty acids is characterized by the extraction transesterification. It consists of an acidic or basic catalysis, where there is a double exchange of glycerides of esters of fatty acids. The method described by Huang (2006) for methylation of fatty acids was subjected to the validation process to ensure the accuracy of the results. The determination and quantification of fatty acids were performed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) using fused silica capillary column CP-Sil 88 (100 mx 0.25 mm), at the Analytical Laboratory of Food and Beverage - LAAB. We analyzed the products containing the information to be free of trans fatty acids to quantify the actual levels of these products in order to ascertain whether the labels were described in reliable information. From the results, the obligation to inform in the labels quantities of trans fatty acids was sufficient to make available to brazilian consumers which foods are free of trans fatty acids and which still have trans fatty acids in the food industry. There were no trans fatty acids in the composition of the samples, what means that is a real assertion to be exempt from the same type of fatty acid. / No Brasil no dia 23 de dezembro de 2003 a Agencia Nacional de Vigil?ncia Sanit?ria ? ANVISA publicou a resolu??o de n?mero 360 (RDC 360). O objetivo desta resolu??o era revogar as legisla??es relacionadas a rotulagem nutricional de alimentos embalados prontos para consumo (RDC 39 e 40). A legisla??o de 2003 teve como principal caracter?stica a exig?ncia de se constar no r?tulo dos alimentos o teor de ?cidos graxos trans, al?m de caracter?sticas especificas das informa??es contidas no mesmo. Atualmente, estudos epidemiol?gicos t?m associado o consumo de gorduras trans ao risco do desenvolvimento de doen?as cardiovasculares e cr?nico-degenerativas. Al?m disso, profissionais da ?rea de sa?de relatam que a popula??o infantil tem apresentado ?ndices elevados de obesidade, situa??o diretamente relacionada ao consumo excessivo de produtos industrializados. Com o intuito de zelar pela manuten??o e promo??o da sa?de da popula??o, deve-se fiscalizar de forma mais efetiva a veracidade dos r?tulos dos alimentos comercializados no Brasil, principalmente em rela??o aos teores lip?dicos presentes nos mesmos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos fazer uma an?lise cr?tica da rotulagem nutricional de minibolos comercializados em estabelecimentos varejistas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, relacionando o perfil lip?dico e o teor de ?cidos graxos trans e sua alega??o apresentada. A metodologia empregada para a derivatiza??o dos ?cidos graxos ? caracterizada pela transesterifica??o. Ela consiste em uma cat?lise ?cida ou b?sica, onde h? uma dupla troca de acilglicer?is em ?steres de ?cidos graxos. O m?todo descrito por Huang (2006) para metila??o dos ?cidos graxos foi submetido ao processo de valida??o para assegurar a veracidade dos resultados obtidos. A determina??o e quantifica??o dos ?cidos graxos foram realizadas por cromatografia gasosa (CG-FID), utilizando coluna capilar de s?lica fundida CP-Sil 88 (100 m x 0.25 mm), do Laborat?rio Anal?tico de Alimentos e Bebidas ? LAAB. Foram analisados os produtos que cont?m a informa??o de serem isentos de ?cidos graxos trans para quantificar os teores reais destes produtos, visando averiguar se o descrito nos r?tulos eram informa??es fidedignas. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se em que medida a obrigatoriedade de informar nos r?tulos as quantidades de AG trans foi suficiente para tornar dispon?veis aos consumidores brasileiros quais os alimentos que s?o livres de ?cidos graxos trans e quais ainda possuem ?cidos graxos trans na ind?stria aliment?cia no Brasil. N?o foram encontrados AG trans na composi??o das amostras analisadas, sendo real a alega??o das mesmas serem isentas desse tipo de ?cido graxo.

Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce manuscrit ont pour but de développer des procédés industriels pour la production de quatre ingrédients alimentaires infantiles ayant des propriétés hypoallergéniques et des teneurs réduites en phytoestrogènes. Les propriétés nutritionnelles des protéines de riz et de soja en font des sources intéressantes. Néanmoins, plusieurs problématiques liées aux caractéristiques des produits apparaissent aujourd’hui : la présence de phytoestrogènes (isoflavones) dans les isolats protéiques de soja ; la difficulté à solubiliser et isoler les protéines de riz et la forte allergénicité des protéines dans le cas du soja. Ces travaux présentent l’étude du fractionnement des protéines de soja et de riz pour le développement : d’isolat protéique à teneur réduite en isoflavones ; isolat protéique de riz ayant une teneur supérieure à 90% de protéines ; hydrolysats protéiques de soja et de riz dont le profil de poids moléculaire est maitrisé et potentiellement hypoallergénique. Afin d’y parvenir, la réduction de la taille des protéines par des processus enzymatiques puis le contrôle de leur poids moléculaire ont dû être étudiés. Concernant l’élimination des phytoestrogènes (isoflavones), deux méthodes ont permis d’atteindre de hauts rendements d’extractions. En premier lieu, l’étude de l’extraction par éthanol via une optimisation à petite échelle, suivie d’une mise à l’échelle industrielle ont permis de développer un premier produit à teneur résiduelle en isoflavones inférieure à 50 μg/g de produit sec représentant une réduction de près de 98% de la teneur en isoflavones. Le second procédé étudié a été la rétention des isoflavones sur résine d’adsorption à partir d’un hydrolysat protéique de soja préalablement mis au point, et ceci, par l’utilisation de solution aqueuse sans étape préalable d’extraction. Ce procédé a fait l’objet d’une mise à l’échelle industrielle et d’une étude du comportement chromatographique des isoflavones. L’extraction des isoflavones par eau subcritique et CO2 supercritique est aussi présentée dans cette thèse. Elle a permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de la polarité des différents composés et de la teneur en protéines des produits de soja utilisés. Ces travaux de thèse ont aussi permis de définir un nouveau procédé pour la production d’isolat protéique de riz par l’intermédiaire d’enzymes de types cellulolytiques et amylases, à partir de coproduits issus de l’industrie du sirop de glucose. Des études sur des matières moins transformées telles que le son de riz et la farine ont aussi été étudiées pour la concentration des protéines. L’étude de l’hydrolyse des protéines de soja et de riz a été possible par le suivi de différents indicateurs tels que le pH, la solubilité des protéines, le degré d’hydrolyse, le profil de poids moléculaire par électrophorèse et par chromatographie d’exclusion stérique. Ces procédés ont permis la production de quatre nouveaux ingrédients pouvant être testés pour leurs caractéristiques hypoallergéniques avant une éventuelle production industrielle / The objectives of these works were to develop industrial processes for the production of four infant food ingredients with hypoallergenic properties and reduced levels of phytoestrogens. For this purpose, the nutritional properties of the rice and soy protein are promising. However, due to the presence of phytoestrogens (isoflavones) the consumption of soy protein isolates is a big concern for infant food security because the high exposure to these compounds, known to be endocrine disruptors. Consequently, it was first intended to develop a soy protein isolate with reduced content of isoflavones below 50 μg/g following the recommendations of French and European health authorities. Rice protein isolates are either non-existent on the market, or extremely rare. Therefore, the development of rice protein isolate with a minimum content of 90 % protein was another objective. For the sensitive population, such as infants, the aim of this work was also to develop soy and rice protein hydrolysates conferring hypoallergenic properties. To achieve this goal, the reduction of the size of proteins and the control of their molecular weight was studied. Two methods were used to achieve high extractions yields. A study of ethanol extraction ranging from small-scale optimization to industrial scale was used for a final product with a residual content in isoflavones below 50 μg/g. The second method was to retain isoflavones on adsorption resin from a soy protein hydrolysate. This was possible without preliminary extraction step by solvent. This method was also tested in the industrial scale. The chromatographic behavior of different isoflavones was also studied. The extraction of isoflavones with subcritical water and supercritical CO2 is also presented in this thesis even though these methods were not retained. These pressurized extractions showed the influence of the polarity of isoflavones and the protein content of soy products onto the isoflavone extraction. These works also identified a novel process for the production of rice protein isolate by the hydrolysis of polysaccharides with cellulolytic enzymes and amylases from concentrated protein byproducts from the glucose syrup industry. Studies on less processed materials such as rice bran and flour were also studied for protein isolation. The study of the hydrolysis by proteases of soy and rice proteins were monitored by various indicators such as pH, protein solubility, the degree of hydrolysis, the molecular weight profile by electrophoresis, and size exclusion chromatography. These processes are enabled for the production of four new ingredients that will be tested for their hypoallergenic characteristics before a large scale production.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda que os bebês sejam amamentados de forma exclusiva, pelo menos, seis meses após o nascimento. Após este período, recomenda-se a introdução de alimentos complementares, a fim de atender as quantidades nutricionais, minerais e energéticas necessárias às crianças. Produtos alimentares destinados a lactentes formam uma parte importante da dieta de muitos bebês, por isso é muito importante que esses alimentos contenham quantidades suficientes de minerais. Alimentação complementar inadequada é uma das principais causas das altas taxas de desnutrição nos países em desenvolvimento. Neste estudo, níveis dos elementos essenciais: Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se e Zn e dos elementos tóxicos: As, Cd e Hg foram determinados em amostras de vinte e sete diferentes produtos alimentares por Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental (INAA) e Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica (AAS). Para a validação da metodologia foram analisados os materiais de referência: INCT MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs e NIST SRM 1577b Bovine Liver para INAA e NIST SRM 1548a Typical Diet e NIST SRM 1547 Peach Leaves para AAS. As vinte e sete amostras de alimentos para bebês foram adquiridas em supermercados e drogarias da cidade de São Paulo. Os elementos essenciais e tóxicos foram determinados e a maioria das concentrações obtidas dos elementos essenciais estava abaixo das recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, enquanto as concentrações dos elementos tóxicos foram inferiores ao limite superior tolerável. As concentrações baixas dos elementos essenciais obtidas nessas amostras indicam que as crianças não devem ser apenas alimentadas com esses alimentos comerciais. / The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be breastfed exclusively for at least six months after birth. After this period, it is recommended to start introducing complementary foods, in order to meet the child´s nutritional, mineral and energy needs. Commercial food products for infants form an important part of the diet for many babies. Thus, it is very important that such food contains sufficient amounts of minerals. Inadequate complementary feeding is a major cause of high rates of infant malnutrition in developing countries. In this study, essential elements: Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se and Zn and toxic elements: As, Cd, Hg levels were determined in twenty seven different commercial infant food product samples by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). In order to validate both methodologies the reference material: INCT MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs and NIST - SRM 1577b Bovine Liver by INAA and NIST - SRM 1548a Typical Diet and NIST - SRM 1547 Peach Leaves by AAS were analyzed. The twenty seven baby food samples were acquired from São Paulo city super markets and drugstores. Essential and toxic elements were determined. Most of the essential element concentrations obtained was lower than the World Health Organization requirements, while concentrations of toxic elements were below the tolerable upper limit. These low essential element concentrations in these samples indicate that infants should not be fed only with commercial complementary foods.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda que os bebês sejam amamentados de forma exclusiva, pelo menos, seis meses após o nascimento. Após este período, recomenda-se a introdução de alimentos complementares, a fim de atender as quantidades nutricionais, minerais e energéticas necessárias às crianças. Produtos alimentares destinados a lactentes formam uma parte importante da dieta de muitos bebês, por isso é muito importante que esses alimentos contenham quantidades suficientes de minerais. Alimentação complementar inadequada é uma das principais causas das altas taxas de desnutrição nos países em desenvolvimento. Neste estudo, níveis dos elementos essenciais: Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se e Zn e dos elementos tóxicos: As, Cd e Hg foram determinados em amostras de vinte e sete diferentes produtos alimentares por Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental (INAA) e Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica (AAS). Para a validação da metodologia foram analisados os materiais de referência: INCT MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs e NIST SRM 1577b Bovine Liver para INAA e NIST SRM 1548a Typical Diet e NIST SRM 1547 Peach Leaves para AAS. As vinte e sete amostras de alimentos para bebês foram adquiridas em supermercados e drogarias da cidade de São Paulo. Os elementos essenciais e tóxicos foram determinados e a maioria das concentrações obtidas dos elementos essenciais estava abaixo das recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, enquanto as concentrações dos elementos tóxicos foram inferiores ao limite superior tolerável. As concentrações baixas dos elementos essenciais obtidas nessas amostras indicam que as crianças não devem ser apenas alimentadas com esses alimentos comerciais. / The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be breastfed exclusively for at least six months after birth. After this period, it is recommended to start introducing complementary foods, in order to meet the child´s nutritional, mineral and energy needs. Commercial food products for infants form an important part of the diet for many babies. Thus, it is very important that such food contains sufficient amounts of minerals. Inadequate complementary feeding is a major cause of high rates of infant malnutrition in developing countries. In this study, essential elements: Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se and Zn and toxic elements: As, Cd, Hg levels were determined in twenty seven different commercial infant food product samples by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). In order to validate both methodologies the reference material: INCT MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs and NIST - SRM 1577b Bovine Liver by INAA and NIST - SRM 1548a Typical Diet and NIST - SRM 1547 Peach Leaves by AAS were analyzed. The twenty seven baby food samples were acquired from São Paulo city super markets and drugstores. Essential and toxic elements were determined. Most of the essential element concentrations obtained was lower than the World Health Organization requirements, while concentrations of toxic elements were below the tolerable upper limit. These low essential element concentrations in these samples indicate that infants should not be fed only with commercial complementary foods.

The health benefits of breastfeeding exceed well beyond the first few years of an infant's life. Breast milk is often referred to as liquid gold because of its extensive protective properties that promote child growth and development. Unfortunately, African American women have the lowest breastfeeding rates compared to any other racial group. Given that African American children are disproportionately affected by the current obesity epidemic in the United States, there may be a link between a mother's preference to breastfeed her infant and her influence over her child's eating behaviors and physical activity levels. Guided by social cognitive theory, the purpose of this quantitative longitudinal study was to explore the association between exclusive breastfeeding and maternal control over childhood nutrition and physical activity among African American women and children enrolled in the Women Infants and Children Nutritional Supplementation Program (WIC). Secondary data were used from the Infant Feeding Practices II Survey and its Year 6 Follow Up. Crosstabulations were performed to assess the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and maternal control over child health behaviors after 6 years. The null hypotheses were not rejected, as there was no relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and maternal control over physical activity or child eating behaviors. Findings revealed moderate to high levels of maternal control among WIC participants who breastfed for 3 months. This study may lead to positive social change by increasing the number of children who benefit from breast milk and improving childhood nutrition and physical activity, which will ultimately reduce child obesity disparities and promote maternal and child health altogether.

中國大陸目前為全世界人口數最多的國家，總人口數高達十三億五千萬人，根據中國國家統計局統計結果，中國出生率近十年來平均為1.21%，而零到六歲人口則約有九千萬人。此外，中國實施一胎化的政策之下，孩童一出生後，家長便開始針對孩童的成長所需，購買各種營養品。在這樣的人口以及政策條件下，中國孩童營養品市場非常蓬勃興盛，於全年中國婴幼兒奶粉市場報告（2012）中顯示，在婴幼兒奶粉2012全年銷售額部分，高達人民幣三百八十五億元。因此，本研究透過個案研究法，探討一家台資企業如何在中國這蓬勃的嬰幼兒食品市場進行銷售，研究該食品加工業的銷售方法與過程，並輔以策略行銷架構分析此個案公司在交易中產生的各項成本，而針對此食品加工業給予銷售管理上的探討與建議。 本研究在內容上，主要架構在於以八大銷售步驟為主軸，探討此食品加工業在針對個人(B2C)銷售，以及企業對企業(B2B)銷售方法上，分別會有哪些做法。同時，本論文加入邱志聖(2010)的策略行銷觀點，讓實務上的銷售技巧能有理論架構的支持，歸納出不同銷售模式下，所產生的四大交易成本的共通及相異之處。最後再次以策略行銷架構，在目前的公司條件以及產業現況下，給予個案公司在每個成本管理上，應該如何管理的策略建議。 研究結果發現，企業在針對B2C銷售上，於每一個銷售步驟中都會注意到與本身的品牌是否契合，包括：銷售商家的挑選、品牌代言人的建立、品牌活動的舉辦等，因此如何降低買者的搜尋成本及道德危機成本將是B2C的銷售關鍵。相對地，B2B的銷售來說，如何建立第一筆交易，進一步讓商家來轉介其他商家來與我們合作，將有效降低道德危機成本，將會是B2B銷售的關鍵。

The aim of diploma thesis is occurrence of toxic and essential elements in vegetables and fruit, especially in fruity baby food. The diploma thesis also dedicates processing of vegetables and fruit for production of baby food. Attention is direct to monitoring of baby food quality in the analytical aspects and also to legislative that is in this area. Samples for analysis are prepared using microwave mineralization and ICP-MS for detection. This is described in the experimental part of the diploma thesis.

The aim of presented diploma thesis was to determination of authenticity of fruit baby foods for early infant feeding using molecular methods. In the experimental part, isolation kit was used for isolation of plant DNA from fruits (strawberry, apricot, raspberry, apple) and from six commercial fruit products for children. Isolated DNA was characterized and verified using PCR methods with primers specific for plant rDNA (ITS2). Specific primer pairs were designed to amplify DNA for the detection of one fruit species. Primer specificity was assessed with four fruit species. A mixture of fruit puree from the two fruits was used to determine the sensitivity of the multiplex PCR assay. Six commercial fruit products were evaluated to verify the applicability of the multiplex PCR assay. The methodology of molecular detection of fruit DNA by qPCR and multiplex qPCR (duplex) includes approaches, which enable to detect two fruits (strawberry-raspberry, apricot-apple) in one reaction and thus reduces time and money requirements.