This work deals with the matter of powertrain vibration reduction, focusing on the transmission. These units, depending on the purpose of utilization, consist of a high number of dimensionally complex components. These need to possess features, selected already in the design phase, which would guarantee smooth and quiet operation. A properly designed tooth profile and the related specified accuracy of manufacturing are one of the most important features. The basic function and the purpose of transmissions application indicate a relatively wide range of operating speeds and transmitted loads. Moreover, combination of both loading with improperly designed string’s parameter can cause a number of various problems. The vibration initiation with related noise from gear mesh belong to the most significant sources of issues. There are multiple mechanisms of oscillation initiation. Even when using the latest trends in the development of teeth, when their shape is upgraded and developed to meet specifically given load range, the above mentioned irregularity of transferred torque cannot be completely eliminated. Therefore, it is necessary, already in the design phase, to eliminate the transmission paths by which are vibrations transmitting to other components. People perceive this action in the form of vibration, noise, or temperature change in the surroundings. With the increasing comfort levels and number of produced vehicles the reduction of vibration and noise of machinery parts becomes stricter, including gears. The experimental approach is primarily used to assess the accuracy of designed gearboxes, but it is a very expensive and a time consuming method. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a process that utilizes both numerical simulation and experimental approach but also combines the advantages of both, particularly time and cost savings and comparability of results. For this purpose, the experimental gearbox is designed and manufactured including the single-stage gear enabling variable configurations in terms of the ratio change. The gearbox is subjected to numerical simulation of different complexity levels, as well as technical experiment. Furthermore, the universal virtual prototype in Multi-Body System ADAMS is created, which reflects the impact of several key parameters for proper functionality, such as axial distance, backlash, gear mesh stiffness, shaft mounting stiffness (bearings) and modal properties of the shafts and gearbox housing. Last but not least, the impact of imbalance or irregularity of input shaft speed is incorporated. The last part focuses on a brief description of the application of the presented methodology – modelling of vibrations on the tractor gearbox.

Digital Repression: Backlash or Deterrence of Dissent? is a quantitative analysis of the MENA region between the years 2000 and 2020. By distinguishing, theoretically as well as empirically, between nonphysical and physical aspects of state repression, this study aims to fill an identified research gap and contribute to the literature on the repression-dissent puzzle. To answer the research question; how does digital repression affect dissent?, this study uses digital repression as the independent variable and looks into whether this nonphysical form of state repression has a positive or negative effect on dissent, aggregating between violent and nonviolent forms of the dependent variable. In connection to logistic regression, the main finding is that digital repression seems to have a positive (backlash) effect on dissent, no matter the type of dissident tactic.

Few issues in the contemporary American political and social environments are as salient and emotionally charged as the debate over immigration. The thesis tests several competing hypotheses concerning the determinants of public opinion – among white respondents – on immigration issues. These include: the contextual considerations of southern residence and proximity to large numbers of Hispanic immigrants, as well as the individual-level factors of economic insecurity, political knowledge, national identity, group pride, and racism. Using data from the 2004 American National Election Study, the thesis provides a critical test of the competing hypotheses using multivariate analysis. Furthermore, conditional relationships are posited, facilitating a more refined analysis of the structure of attitudes on immigration issues. The results indicate that racism, group pride, symbolic patriotism, ideology, and isolationism are the most consistent and significant predictors of immigration policy preferences. The use of four distinct dependent variable questions also highlights the inconsistency in public opinion regarding immigration and the division between public perception of documented and undocumented entries. Future research should focus on the interrelationship between variables that are used by the individual to define group associations, as well as the change in national and personal identity brought about by the events of September 11th, 2001.

This thesis focuses on different methods to analyze power transmission systems with computer software to aid in detection of faulty or damaged systems. It is split into three sections. The first section involves utilizing finite element software to analyze gear stiffness and stresses. A quasi-static and dynamic analysis are done on two sets of fixed axis spur gears and a planetary gear system using ABAQUS to analyze the stress, strain and gear mesh stiffness variation. In the second section, the vibrational patterns produced by a simple bevel gear system are investigated by an experiment and by dynamic modeling in ADAMS. Using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the dynamic contact forces, a comprehensive frequency-domain analysis will reveal unique vibration spectra at distinct frequencies around the gear mesh frequencies, their super- and sub- harmonics, and their side-band modulations. ADAMS simulation results are then compared with the experimental results. Constraints, bearing resistant torques, and other key parameters are applied as closely as possible to real operating conditions. The third section looks closely at the dynamic contact forces of a practical two-stage planetary gear. Using the same FFT approach in the second section, a frequency-domain analysis will reveal distinct frequencies around both the first-stage and the second-stage gear mesh frequencies, and their harmonics. In addition, joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA) will be applied to damaged and undamaged planetary gear systems with transient start-up conditions to observe how the frequency contents of the contact force evolve over time.

The global consensus is that the ongoing global warming is unsustainable and that human activity is responsible. The 2015 Paris Agreement aims to keep the Earth's average temperature below 2 degrees and ideally not more than 1.5 degrees. However, currently, we are losing this fight as greenhouse gas emissions and the Earth's average temperature continue to increase. Sweden has embraced its responsibility to lead the transition towards sustainability and has set the world's most ambitious climate goals. However, the new government in 2022 appears to have put Sweden's climate policy on the back burner, causing concern among environmentalists and the general public as Sweden's ambitious climate goals are at risk of not being met. This essay examines the reasons for the climate skepticism of right-wing populism in Sweden, a country known for its leadership in environmental issues. The conclusion is that the reasons for the climate skepticism of the right-wing populist party in Sweden (SD) are primarily based on ideological values. This conclusion is based on the analysis of how SD frames and argues about the climate issue, which is a consequence of their ideology. This essay discusses the political and societal challenges in achieving Sweden's climate goals and the potential consequences of not meeting these targets, particularly in the context of right-wing populism.

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist motiviert durch die breite Anwendung von Schwenkantrieben in vielfältigen konventionellen und neuen Technologiefeldern: In Windenergieanlagen führen Schwenkantriebe die Gondel samt Rotor der momentanen Windrichtung nach. Bei Radioteleskopen erlauben sie die hochpräzise azimutale Ausrichtung der Parabolantenne. Und im Sektor der Baumaschinen kommen sie zum Schwenken der Ausleger von Kranen und fördertechnischen Großgeräten zum Einsatz. Trotz des zunächst einfach erscheinenden Aufbaus der Schwenkantriebssysteme erweisen sich sowohl ihre mechanische Dimensionierung als auch ihre sichere Betriebsführung als herausfordernd. So belegen Messdaten und Betriebserfahrungen die Neigung der Antriebsstränge zu niederfrequenten Drehschwingungen. Außerdem treten große Spitzenlasten während der Schwenkrichtungsumkehr in den Getriebestufen auf. In diesem Forschungsbeitrag werden Methoden vorgestellt, mit denen elektromechanische Schwenkantriebssysteme modelliert, dynamisch analysiert und regelungstechnisch optimiert werden können. Dazu wird der schwingungsfähige mechanische Antriebsstrang eines Beispielschwenkwerks als detailliertes Mehrkörpersystem-Simulationsmodell abgebildet. Um auch Wechselwirkungen mit den elastischen Umgebungsstrukturen, der Antriebsregelung und den Betriebslasten zu erfassen, wird ein domänenübergreifendes Modellierungsvorgehen verfolgt. Es erfolgt eine messtechnische Validierung des mechatronischen Gesamtsystemmodells. Mit dem Vorliegen treffsicherer Systemmodelle eröffnet sich die Möglichkeit, ein modellbasiertes Mehrgrößenregelverfahren (LQG) auszulegen und simulativ zu erproben. Im Vergleich zur bisherigen proportional-integralen (PI) Antriebsregelung verspricht dies die aktive Dämpfung von Triebstrangschwingungen bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung der Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit. Um für beliebige elastische Antriebssysteme das Optimierungspotenzial abschätzen zu können, erfolgt ein systematischer Vergleich der beiden Regelstrategien. Anschließend wird ein praxisnahes Vorgehen zur Regelungsauslegung vorgestellt. Besonderer Fokus liegt neben der Robustheit auch auf der begrenzten Anzahl verfügbarer Sensoren bei industriellen Antrieben. Zudem wird auch das oftmals beträchtliche Getriebespiel als signifikante Nichtlinearität der Regelstrecke berücksichtigt. Um eine Reduktion der Spitzenlasten während der Drehrichtungsumkehr des Schwenkantriebes zu erreichen, wird abschließend ein Konzept zur zeit- und belastungsoptimierten Durchquerung des Getriebespiels erarbeitet. Da die konventionelle Drehzahlregelung des Schwenkantriebs hierbei nur um ein Zusatzmodul erweitert wird, bietet sich das Vorgehen insbesondere zur Ertüchtigung bestehender Antriebe an.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Konkretisierte Problemstellung 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Grundlagen und Forschungsstand 2.1 Modellbildung und Simulation von Antriebssystemen 2.1.1 Mehrkörpersystem-Simulation von Antriebssystemen 2.1.2 Modellbildung von Schwenkwerken 2.2 Anwendungsbereiche von Schwenkantrieben 2.2.1 Turmdrehkrane 2.2.2 Windenergieanlagen 2.2.3 Radioteleskope 2.2.4 Baumaschinen 2.3 Untersuchtes Beispielschwenkwerk 2.3.1 Antriebstechnik 2.3.2 Bisherige Untersuchungen an Schaufelradbaggern 3 Modellbildung und Simulation von Schwenkwerken 3.1 Mechanische Komponenten 3.1.1 Schwenkantriebe 3.1.2 Elastische Tragstrukturen am Getriebeausgang 3.1.3 Weitere Antriebsstränge des Gesamtsystems 3.2 Elektrische und informationsverarbeitende Domäne 3.2.1 Aktorik – Elektrische Antriebsmaschine 3.2.2 Informationsverarbeitung – Antriebsregelung 3.2.3 Informationserfassung – Winkelmesssysteme 3.3 Betriebslasten 3.3.1 Quasistatische Lasten 3.3.2 Simulation der bodenmechanischen Interaktion bei Schaufelradbaggern 3.4 Messdatengestützte Validierung der Systemmodelle 3.4.1 Beschreibung des Messaufbaus 3.4.2 Betriebsschwingungsanalyse 3.4.3 Validierung Schwenkwerk – Reversiervorgang 3.4.4 Validierung Gesamtsystem – Grab-Schwenk-Prozess 3.5 Ableitung eines mechanischen Minimalmodells 3.6 Zwischenfazit 4 Drehzahlregelung elastischer Antriebssysteme 4.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen 4.1.1 Führungs- und Störungsverhalten 4.1.2 Stabilität und Performanz 4.1.3 Singulärwertzerlegung von Frequenzgangmatrizen 4.2 Motor mit elastisch gekoppeltem Abtrieb 4.2.1 Proportional-Integrale Eingrößenregelung 4.2.2 Zustandsregelung 4.2.3 Generalisierter Vergleich der Regelungskonzepte 4.3 Erweiterung auf Mehrmotorenantriebe 4.4 Konzeption und Umsetzung einer Zustandsregelung 4.4.1 Auslegung eines optimalen Zustandsreglers 4.4.2 Rekonstruktion des Zustandsvektors bei Antrieben mit Verzahnungsspiel 4.4.3 Analyse des Gesamtkonzeptes 4.5 Zwischenfazit 5 Verzahnungsspiel in elastischen Antriebssträngen 5.1 Ursachen 5.2 Modellbildung 5.2.1 Klassische Modellierung als Totzone 5.2.2 Erweitertes Spielmodell nach Nordin 5.2.3 Hysterese 5.3 Auswirkungen 5.3.1 Antriebsstrangbelastung 5.3.2 Folgen auf Gesamtsystemebene 5.3.3 Zwischenfazit 5.4 Regelstrategien für spielbehaftete Antriebe 5.4.1 Lineare Eingrößenregelung 5.4.2 Mehrgrößenregelung – Zustandsraummethoden 5.4.3 Umschaltende lineare Regler 5.4.4 Modellprädiktive Regelung 5.4.5 Invertierung der Nichtlinearität 5.4.6 Zwischenfazit 5.5 Konzeption und Umsetzung einer Strategie zum lastminimierten Spieldurchlauf 5.5.1 Optimaltrajektorie zur Spieldurchquerung 5.5.2 Realisierung der Spieldurchquerung 5.5.3 Simulative Verifizierung 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / The present work is motivated by the wide application of slewing drives and yaw drives in a variety of conventional and emerging fields of technology: In wind turbines, yaw drives track the nacelle and rotor according to the current wind direction. In radio telescopes, they enable high-precision azimuthal alignment of the parabolic antenna. And in the construction machinery sector, they are used to rotate the booms of cranes and bucket wheel excavators. At first glance the design of slewing drive systems seems to be simple, but their mechanical dimensioning as well as their reliable operation turn out to be challenging. Measurement data and operating experience show that the drive trains are prone to low-frequency torsional vibrations. In addition, large peak loads occur during reversals of the slewing direction. In this thesis, methods are presented for the modeling, dynamical analysis and control optimization of electromechanical slewing drive systems. Therefore, the mechanical drive train of an exemplary slewing gearbox unit is represented as a detailed multibody system simulation model. A cross-domain modeling approach is pursued in order to capture interactions with the surrounding flexible structures, the drive control and the operating loads as well. The resulting overall mechatronic system model is validated by measurement. The development of accurate system models enables a model-based multivariable control method (LQG) to be designed and tested by simulation. Compared to conventional proportional integral (PI) drive control, this promises active damping of drive train vibrations while simultaneously increasing the operating speed. To estimate the optimization potential for arbitrary elastic drive systems, a systematic comparison of both control strategies is performed. Subsequently, a practical procedure for designing the control system is presented. In addition to robustness, special focus is placed on the limited number of available sensors in industrial drives. Furthermore, the considerable gear backlash is also accounted for as a significant nonlinearity of the controlled system. To reduce peak loads during the reversal of the rotational direction, a novel approach for time- and load-optimized traversing of the gearbox backlash is developed. Since the conventional speed control algorithm is only extended by an additional module, the method is particularly suitable for retrofitting existing drives.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Konkretisierte Problemstellung 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Grundlagen und Forschungsstand 2.1 Modellbildung und Simulation von Antriebssystemen 2.1.1 Mehrkörpersystem-Simulation von Antriebssystemen 2.1.2 Modellbildung von Schwenkwerken 2.2 Anwendungsbereiche von Schwenkantrieben 2.2.1 Turmdrehkrane 2.2.2 Windenergieanlagen 2.2.3 Radioteleskope 2.2.4 Baumaschinen 2.3 Untersuchtes Beispielschwenkwerk 2.3.1 Antriebstechnik 2.3.2 Bisherige Untersuchungen an Schaufelradbaggern 3 Modellbildung und Simulation von Schwenkwerken 3.1 Mechanische Komponenten 3.1.1 Schwenkantriebe 3.1.2 Elastische Tragstrukturen am Getriebeausgang 3.1.3 Weitere Antriebsstränge des Gesamtsystems 3.2 Elektrische und informationsverarbeitende Domäne 3.2.1 Aktorik – Elektrische Antriebsmaschine 3.2.2 Informationsverarbeitung – Antriebsregelung 3.2.3 Informationserfassung – Winkelmesssysteme 3.3 Betriebslasten 3.3.1 Quasistatische Lasten 3.3.2 Simulation der bodenmechanischen Interaktion bei Schaufelradbaggern 3.4 Messdatengestützte Validierung der Systemmodelle 3.4.1 Beschreibung des Messaufbaus 3.4.2 Betriebsschwingungsanalyse 3.4.3 Validierung Schwenkwerk – Reversiervorgang 3.4.4 Validierung Gesamtsystem – Grab-Schwenk-Prozess 3.5 Ableitung eines mechanischen Minimalmodells 3.6 Zwischenfazit 4 Drehzahlregelung elastischer Antriebssysteme 4.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen 4.1.1 Führungs- und Störungsverhalten 4.1.2 Stabilität und Performanz 4.1.3 Singulärwertzerlegung von Frequenzgangmatrizen 4.2 Motor mit elastisch gekoppeltem Abtrieb 4.2.1 Proportional-Integrale Eingrößenregelung 4.2.2 Zustandsregelung 4.2.3 Generalisierter Vergleich der Regelungskonzepte 4.3 Erweiterung auf Mehrmotorenantriebe 4.4 Konzeption und Umsetzung einer Zustandsregelung 4.4.1 Auslegung eines optimalen Zustandsreglers 4.4.2 Rekonstruktion des Zustandsvektors bei Antrieben mit Verzahnungsspiel 4.4.3 Analyse des Gesamtkonzeptes 4.5 Zwischenfazit 5 Verzahnungsspiel in elastischen Antriebssträngen 5.1 Ursachen 5.2 Modellbildung 5.2.1 Klassische Modellierung als Totzone 5.2.2 Erweitertes Spielmodell nach Nordin 5.2.3 Hysterese 5.3 Auswirkungen 5.3.1 Antriebsstrangbelastung 5.3.2 Folgen auf Gesamtsystemebene 5.3.3 Zwischenfazit 5.4 Regelstrategien für spielbehaftete Antriebe 5.4.1 Lineare Eingrößenregelung 5.4.2 Mehrgrößenregelung – Zustandsraummethoden 5.4.3 Umschaltende lineare Regler 5.4.4 Modellprädiktive Regelung 5.4.5 Invertierung der Nichtlinearität 5.4.6 Zwischenfazit 5.5 Konzeption und Umsetzung einer Strategie zum lastminimierten Spieldurchlauf 5.5.1 Optimaltrajektorie zur Spieldurchquerung 5.5.2 Realisierung der Spieldurchquerung 5.5.3 Simulative Verifizierung 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

<p>Syftena med denna uppsats har varit flera. Dels att genomföra en undersökande genrediskussion av svensk chick-lit i stort där det som uppfattats som den huvudsakliga kritiken av genren omformulerats till frågeställningar. Huvudfrågan har därmed varit att ta reda på om svensk chick-lit är intressant, men också om den har några litterära kvaliteter och om den är en feministisk backlash. I uppsatsen arbetas även en definition av svensk chick-lit fram, samt empiriskt grundad teori ur materialet. Avsikten är att detta arbete ska kunna verka som förebild för andra utredningar av nya och marginaliserade genrer. En undersökning av vilka principer biblioteken, här representerade av Umeåregionens bibliotek, utgår från vid inköp av skönlitteratur i stort och chick-lit i synnerhet har också genomförts.</p> / <p>The aims of this paper have been more than one. One aim is to conduct an investigative genre discussion of Swedish chick lit as a whole, where what is conceived as the main critique of the genre is reformulated into questions. The main questions here are if Swedish chick lit is of interest, if it possesses any literary qualities and if it constitutes a feminist backlash. This paper also draws up a definition of Swedish chick lit and empirically grounded theory from the material. The intent is for this paper to serve as a model for other analyses of new and marginalized genres. A study of the principles adopted by libraries, here represented by libraries in the Umeå district, in fiction purchases as a whole and purchases of chick lit in particular, has also been carried out.</p>

Syftena med denna uppsats har varit flera. Dels att genomföra en undersökande genrediskussion av svensk chick-lit i stort där det som uppfattats som den huvudsakliga kritiken av genren omformulerats till frågeställningar. Huvudfrågan har därmed varit att ta reda på om svensk chick-lit är intressant, men också om den har några litterära kvaliteter och om den är en feministisk backlash. I uppsatsen arbetas även en definition av svensk chick-lit fram, samt empiriskt grundad teori ur materialet. Avsikten är att detta arbete ska kunna verka som förebild för andra utredningar av nya och marginaliserade genrer. En undersökning av vilka principer biblioteken, här representerade av Umeåregionens bibliotek, utgår från vid inköp av skönlitteratur i stort och chick-lit i synnerhet har också genomförts. / The aims of this paper have been more than one. One aim is to conduct an investigative genre discussion of Swedish chick lit as a whole, where what is conceived as the main critique of the genre is reformulated into questions. The main questions here are if Swedish chick lit is of interest, if it possesses any literary qualities and if it constitutes a feminist backlash. This paper also draws up a definition of Swedish chick lit and empirically grounded theory from the material. The intent is for this paper to serve as a model for other analyses of new and marginalized genres. A study of the principles adopted by libraries, here represented by libraries in the Umeå district, in fiction purchases as a whole and purchases of chick lit in particular, has also been carried out.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AuciomarCTC_DISSERT.pdf: 1704122 bytes, checksum: fe303bbcf110f6668682831da2f3480d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-16 / The oscillations presents in control loops can cause damages in petrochemical industry. Canceling, or even preventing such oscillations, would save up to large amount of dollars. Studies have identified that one of the causes of these oscillations are the nonlinearities present on industrial process actuators. This study has the objective to develop a methodology for removal of the harmful effects of nonlinearities. Will be proposed an parameter estimation method to Hammerstein model, whose nonlinearity is represented by dead-zone or backlash. The estimated parameters will be used to construct inverse models of compensation. A simulated level system was used as a test platform. The valve that controls inflow has a nonlinearity. Results and describing function analysis show an improvement on system response / As oscila??es presentes nas malhas de controle podem causar preju?zos ? ind?stria petroqu?mica. Anular, ou at? mesmo amenizar tais oscila??es, acarretaria em uma grande economia. Estudos identificaram que um dos causadores destas oscila??es s?o as n?o linearidades presentes nos atuadores dos processos industriais. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para cancelamento dos efeitos nocivos destas n?o linearidades. Ser? proposto um m?todo de estima??o de par?metros para o modelo de Hammerstein, cuja n?o linearidade ? representada pela zona-morta ou pela folga. Os par?metros estimados ser?o usados na constru??o de modelos inversos de compensa??o. Utilizou-se um sistema de n?vel simulado como plataforma de testes, o qual possui uma v?lvula de controle de fluxo da vaz?o de entrada com uma n?o linearidade associada. Resultados e a an?lise por fun??o descritiva mostram a melhoria do comportamento da sa?da do processo

The objective of this thesis is to develop vibration-based fault detection strategies for on-line condition monitoring of gear transmission systems. The study divides the thesis into three sections. First of all, the local stresses created by a root fatigue crack on a pinion spur gear are analyzed using a quasi-static finite element model and non-linear contact mechanics simulation. Backlash between gear teeth which is essential to provide better lubrication on tooth surfaces and to eliminate interference is included as a defect and a necessary part of transmission design. The second section is dedicated to fixed axis power trains. Torsional vibration is shown to cause teeth separation and double-sided impacts in unloaded and lightly loaded gearing drives. The transient and steady-state dynamic loading on teeth within a two stage crank-slider mechanism arising from backlash and geometric manufacturing errors is investigated by utilizing a non-linear multi-body dynamics software model. The multi-body model drastically reduces the computation time required by finite element methods to simulate realistic operation. The gears are considered rigid with elastic contact surfaces defined by a penalty based non-linear contact formulation. The third section examines a practical differential planetary transmission which combines two inputs and one output. Planetary gears with only backlash errors are compared to those containing both backlash and tooth defects under different kinematic and loading conditions. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis shows the appearance of side band modulations and harmonics of the gear mesh frequency. A joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA) during start-up reveals the unique vibration patterns for fixed axis gear train and differential planetary gear, respectively, when the contact forces increase during acceleration.