Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_jam_dr_jabo.pdf: 4083420 bytes, checksum: cb86ca179e1196f514509e27854de1c3 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O nitrogênio é o nutriente requerido em maior quantidade para a cultura da soja. Avanços nas pesquisas de melhoramento genético vegetal e microbiologia do solo permitiram expandir o uso de inoculantes comerciais contendo estirpes de Bradyrhizobium japonicum e Bradyrhizobium elkanii. Estas bactérias infectam as raízes da planta e induzem a formação de nódulos, que abrigam a forma bacterióide, diferenciada da bactéria, responsável pela fixação simbiótica do nitrogênio. Informações sobre processos bioquímicos envolvidos no metabolismo da relação simbiótica podem ser adquiridas através de análises globais de expressão gênica. Para esta finalidade, destaca-se a tecnologia de microarranjo de DNA para detecção de genes diferencialmente expressos em larga escala. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi identificar genes diferencialmente expressos, por meio de microarranjos de DNA, em Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 587 cultivada em diferentes meios de cultura, RDM (Rhizobia Defined Medium), TY (Triptone-Yeast Medium) e YMB (Yeast-Mannitol Medium), e em bacterióides isolados de nódulos de soja em diferentes períodos de desenvolvimento, 13, 28 e 48 dias após inoculação. Para esta finalidade, a partir do seqüenciamento de DNA genômico de B. elkanii, um microarranjo (Be587) foi gerado contendo 2654 genes. Em meio RDM, a bactéria confrontou-se com a necessidade de se adaptar e sintetizar suas subunidades formadoras de macromoléculas a partir de uma única fonte de carbono, refletindo em um metabolismo mais ativo nas fases lag e log. Por outro lado, em meio TY, as células cultivadas na presença de uma boa fonte de carbono e energia cresceram rapidamente esgotando os recursos disponíveis no meio, 8 o que pode ter causado uma situação de estresse que se refletiu na identificação... / Nitrogen is the most required nutrient by soybean culture. Advanced researches in genetic plant breeding and soil microbiology allowed the expansion in commercial inoculants applications containing strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii. These bacteria infect plant roots and induce nodule formation which home the differentiated bacteria, named bacteroid. The bacteroid in turn is responsible for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Biochemical knowledge about processes of symbiotic regulation can be acquired by global analysis of gene expression. To achieve such information, the DNA microarray technology, used for detection of differentially expressed genes in large scale, was used. The purpose of this work was identificate differentially expressed genes of Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 587, grown under different media conditions, such as RDM (Rhizobia Defined Medium), TY (Triptone- Yeast Medium) and YMB (Yeast-Mannitol Medium), and in bacteroids from soybean nodules at different developmental stages, 13, 28 e 49 days after inoculation. For this purpose, the DNA microarray Be587 with 2654 genes was generated from B. elkanii genomic DNA. In RDM medium the bacterium was confronted with the need of adaptation and building of macromolecules subunits from a single carbon source, what was reflected in a more active metabolism in lag and log phases. In turn, in TY medium with good carbon and energy sources the cells grew fastly and exhaust the medium sources available. Such condition can submitted the bacterial cells to a stress condition that reflected in the identification of higher number differentially expressed genes. At different bacteroids stages, the analysis detected genes related to nodulation and 10 nitrogen fixation regulation more than structural genes. Inasmuch, an organic nitrogen recycle might be involved... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Les légumineuses sont capables de développer des organes symbiotiques, les nodules, qui hébergent des bactéries du sol appelées rhizobia. Au sein des nodules les rhizobia intracellulaires se différencient en bactéroïdes capables de réduire l'azote atmosphérique en ammonium au bénéfice de la plante. En contrepartie, la plante alimente la bactérie en sources de carbone. Des études récentes sur le modèle symbiotique Medicago/Sinorhizobium ont montré dans les nodules la forte présence d'une grande diversité de peptides appelés NCR qui sont similaires aux peptides antimicrobiens (AMP) impliqués dans l'immunité innée. Ces NCR sont responsables du maintien de l'homéostasie entre les cellules hôtes et la forte population bactérienne qu'elles contiennent. Bien que certains NCR sont de vrais AMP, capable de tuer des bactéries in vitro, dans les nodules ils induisent plutôt une différenciation terminale caractérisée par une élongation cellulaire, une amplification du génome, une perméabilité membranaire et une perte des capacités de division de la bactérie. Néanmoins le mode d'action des NCR reste à élucider. Au cours de ma thèse j'ai participé à la caractérisation des processus de différenciation dans le modèle Aeschynomene, une légumineuse tropicale, Bradyrhizobium.Dans un premier temps, une nouvelle classe de NCR a été identifiée chez différentes espèces d'Aeschynomene. Ces NCR sont responsables de la différenciation des Bradyrhizobium via un processus similaire à celui décrit chez Medicago. Ces résultats suggèrent une évolution convergente des processus de différenciation chez les Dalbergioïdes (Aeschynomene) et le clade des IRLC (Medicago).Ensuite, pour identifier les fonctions bactériennes requises lors de la différenciation, j'ai criblé 53 mutants Tn5 d'Aeschynomene indica fix- . Huit gènes bactériens dont la mutation inhibe ou affecte le processus de différenciation ont été identifiés. Parmi eux, je me suis focalisé sur la DD-CPase une enzyme de modification du peptidoglycane et sur 2 gènes impliqués dans l'homéostasie du phosphate.La caractérisation du gène DD-CPase1 a permis de démontrer que le remodelage du peptidoglycane est requis pour une différenciation correcte des bactéroïdes chez les plantes hôtes qui produisent des NCR, en général, et chez Aeschynomene en particulier. Ces résultats suggèrent une interaction possible entre DD-CPase1 et des NCR conduisant à l'endoréplication des bactéroïdes.Enfin, j'ai étudié les propriétés physiologiques et symbiotiques des mutants pstC et pstB. Les mutants Tn5 des gènes pstC et pstB de la souche ORS285 de Bradyrhizobium sont sévèrement affectés par la carence en phosphate en culture pure et leurs propriétés symbiotiques (différenciation, réduction de l'azote) sont fortement réduites. Des analyses fonctionnelles plus approfondies de l'opéron Pst devraient permettre une meilleure compréhension du lien entre l'homéostasie du phosphate et l'efficience symbiotique dans l'interaction Aeschynomene-Bradyrhizobium.Mes travaux ont permis d'élargir nos connaissances sur l'évolution de la symbiose en montrant que le modus operandi impliquant des peptides dérivés de l'immunité innée utilisée par certaines légumineuses pour maintenir leur population bactérienne intracellulaire sous contrôle est plus répandue et ancienne qu'on ne le pensait et a été utilisée par l'évolution à plusieurs reprises. De plus différentes cibles bactériennes pouvant participer au processus de différenciation ont également été identifiées. / The legume species are able to form symbiotic organs, the nodules, that house soil bacteria called rhizobia. Within these nodules intracellular rhizobia differentiate into bacteroids, which are able to reduce atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonium for the benefit of the plants. In counterpart, the plants provide carbon sources to the bacteria. Recent studies on symbiotic model Medicago-Sinorhizobium showed that the nodules of M. truncatula produce a massive diversity of peptides called NCRs, which are similar to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of innate immune systems. These NCRs are responsible in maintaining the homeostasis between the host cells in the nodules and the large bacterial population they contain. Although many NCRs are genuine AMPs, which kill microbes in vitro, in nodule cells they do not kill the bacteria but induce them into the terminally differentiated bacteroids characterized by cell elongation, genome amplification, membrane permeability and loss of cell division capacity. However, the action mode of NCRs is still an open question. During my PhD thesis I focused on the identification of plant and bacterial functions required for bacteroid differentiation in the Aeschynomene-Bradyrhizobium model.Firstly, a new class of cysteine rich peptides (NCR-like) was identified in tropical aquatic legumes of the Aeschynomene genus, which belong to the Dalbergioid clade. These peptides govern terminal bacteroid differentiation of photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium spp. This mechanism is similar to the one previously described in Medicago suggesting that the endosymbiont differentiation in Dalbergioid and ILRC legumes is convergently evolved.Secondly, in order to identify the bacterial functions involved in bacteroid differentiation, I screened 53 fix- Tn5 mutants of the ORS278 strain on Aeschynomene indica. This screening allowed identify 8 bacterial genes, which inhibit or disorder the bacteroid differentiation. Among these identified genes, I focused on DD-CPase encoding a peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme and two genes pstC and pstB belonging to Pst-system.The characterization of DD-CPase gene demonstrated that the remodeling peptidoglycan enzyme, DD-CPase1, of Bradyrhizobium is required for normal bacteroid differentiation in host legumes that produce NCRs, in general, and in Aeschynomene spp., in particular. This prompts a possibility of direct interaction of DD-CPase1 with NCRs leading to endoreduplication of the bacteroids.Finally, I have investigated the physiological and symbiotic properties of different mutants of pstC and pstB genes. The Tn5 mutants of pstC and pstB genes of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain ORS278 severely affected symbiosis on A. indica and A. evenia. Further functional studies on pst-operon will provide deeper understanding the correlation between phosphate homeostasis and nitrogen fixation efficiency in Aeschynomene-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis.This study broadens our knowledge on the evolution of symbiosis by showing that the modus operandi involving peptides derived from innate immunity used by some legumes to keep their intracellular bacterial population under control is more widespread and ancient than previously thought and has been invented by evolution several times.

Orientador: Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos / Banca: Maria José Valarini / Banca: Norma Gouvêa Rumjanek / Banca: Lúcia Maria Carareto Alves / Banca: Fátima Maria de Souza Moreira / Resumo: O nitrogênio é o nutriente requerido em maior quantidade para a cultura da soja. Avanços nas pesquisas de melhoramento genético vegetal e microbiologia do solo permitiram expandir o uso de inoculantes comerciais contendo estirpes de Bradyrhizobium japonicum e Bradyrhizobium elkanii. Estas bactérias infectam as raízes da planta e induzem a formação de nódulos, que abrigam a forma bacterióide, diferenciada da bactéria, responsável pela fixação simbiótica do nitrogênio. Informações sobre processos bioquímicos envolvidos no metabolismo da relação simbiótica podem ser adquiridas através de análises globais de expressão gênica. Para esta finalidade, destaca-se a tecnologia de microarranjo de DNA para detecção de genes diferencialmente expressos em larga escala. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi identificar genes diferencialmente expressos, por meio de microarranjos de DNA, em Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 587 cultivada em diferentes meios de cultura, RDM (Rhizobia Defined Medium), TY (Triptone-Yeast Medium) e YMB (Yeast-Mannitol Medium), e em bacterióides isolados de nódulos de soja em diferentes períodos de desenvolvimento, 13, 28 e 48 dias após inoculação. Para esta finalidade, a partir do seqüenciamento de DNA genômico de B. elkanii, um microarranjo (Be587) foi gerado contendo 2654 genes. Em meio RDM, a bactéria confrontou-se com a necessidade de se adaptar e sintetizar suas subunidades formadoras de macromoléculas a partir de uma única fonte de carbono, refletindo em um metabolismo mais ativo nas fases lag e log. Por outro lado, em meio TY, as células cultivadas na presença de uma boa fonte de carbono e energia cresceram rapidamente esgotando os recursos disponíveis no meio, 8 o que pode ter causado uma situação de estresse que se refletiu na identificação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Nitrogen is the most required nutrient by soybean culture. Advanced researches in genetic plant breeding and soil microbiology allowed the expansion in commercial inoculants applications containing strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii. These bacteria infect plant roots and induce nodule formation which home the differentiated bacteria, named bacteroid. The bacteroid in turn is responsible for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Biochemical knowledge about processes of symbiotic regulation can be acquired by global analysis of gene expression. To achieve such information, the DNA microarray technology, used for detection of differentially expressed genes in large scale, was used. The purpose of this work was identificate differentially expressed genes of Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 587, grown under different media conditions, such as RDM (Rhizobia Defined Medium), TY (Triptone- Yeast Medium) and YMB (Yeast-Mannitol Medium), and in bacteroids from soybean nodules at different developmental stages, 13, 28 e 49 days after inoculation. For this purpose, the DNA microarray Be587 with 2654 genes was generated from B. elkanii genomic DNA. In RDM medium the bacterium was confronted with the need of adaptation and building of macromolecules subunits from a single carbon source, what was reflected in a more active metabolism in lag and log phases. In turn, in TY medium with good carbon and energy sources the cells grew fastly and exhaust the medium sources available. Such condition can submitted the bacterial cells to a stress condition that reflected in the identification of higher number differentially expressed genes. At different bacteroids stages, the analysis detected genes related to nodulation and 10 nitrogen fixation regulation more than structural genes. Inasmuch, an organic nitrogen recycle might be involved... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

Les plantes de la famille des légumineuses ont acquis la capacité d’accueillir au sein d’organes symbiotiques, les nodosités, des bactéries fixatrices d’azote appelées bactéroïdes. Cette symbiose permet aux plantes hôtes de satisfaire leurs besoins en azote. Certaines légumineuses produisent au sein des nodosités une grande famille de peptides antimicrobiens particuliers, les NCR (Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich). Ils permettent à l’hôte de contrôler la population bactérienne intracellulaire via leurs activités antimicrobiennes, mais aussi d’imposer aux rhizobia une différenciation terminale des bactéroïdes. Durant ma thèse, j’ai participé à l’identification et à la caractérisation de la protéine bactérienne BclA. Ce transporteur ABC est nécessaire pour la formation de bactéroïdes différenciés lors de la symbiose Aeschynomene-Bradyrhizobium. Pour mieux comprendre sa fonction symbiotique, j’ai étudié la relation entre BclA et une enzyme de modification du peptidoglycane, la DD-carboxypeptidase 1. J’ai pu montrer que ces deux facteurs agissent de manière indépendante dans la mise en place de bactéroïdes différenciés. Une analyse fonctionnelle de BclA et une expérience d’évolution expérimentale avec le mutant bacA de Sinorhizobium, un orthologue de bclA, apportent une meilleure compréhension du rôle de ces transporteurs in vivo. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus pendant ma thèse suggère que BclA et BacA assurent la résistance bactérienne face aux NCR in planta, comme un prérequis pour la suite du processus, mais ne sont pas nécessaires à la différenciation per se. De plus, leurs activités d’import des NCR ne semblent pas être le mécanisme sous-jacent du processus de résistance. / Plants of the legume family have acquired the ability to host in specific symbiotic organs, the roots nodules, nitrogen fixing bacteria, called bacteroids. This symbiosis allows plants to fulfill all their nitrogen requirements. Some legume plants produce in their nodules a large family of antimicrobials peptides called the NCRs (Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich). Their antimicrobial activities allow the host plant to control the intracellular bacterial population. NCRs peptides also govern terminal differentiation of the bacteroids. During my PhD work, I participated in the identification and characterization of BclA. This bacterial ABC transporter is involved in bacteroid differentiation during the Aeschynomene- Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. In order to better understand its symbiotic function, I studied the link between BclA and a peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme, the DD-carboxypeptidase 1. I was able to show that these two factors act in an independent manner in the establishment of bacteroid differentiation. A functional analysis of BclA and an experimental evolution on Sinorhizobium bacA mutant, an orthologue of bclA, conferred a better understanding of the in vivo role of these transporters. The results obtained during my thesis suggest that the BclA and BacA function is to ensure bacterial resistance to NCRs, as a prerequisite for the bacterial differentiation process, but is not needed for differentiation per se. Furthermore, their NCR uptake activities do not seem to be the mechanism underlying the resistance.

Les Légumineuses ont développé une interaction symbiotique avec des bactéries du sol, les rhizobia, qui fixent l’azote atmosphérique et le transfèrent à la plante sous forme assimilable.Cette interaction a lieu, au sein des nodosités, des organes racinaires où les bactéries intracellulaires se différencient en bactéroïdes. Chez Medicago truncatula, ces bactéroïdes correspondent à un stade de différentiation terminale corrélée à une endoréplication de leur génome, une augmentation de la taille des cellules, une modification des membranes et une faible capacité à se propager. Cette différentiation est induite par des facteurs de la plante appelés NCR (Nodule-specific Cysteine Rich). Les peptides NCRs ressemblent à des défensines, des peptides antimicrobiens ayant une activité antimicrobienne in vitro, tuant des bactéries. Ainsi, un élément clef dans la différenciation des bactéroïdes est la protéine bactérienne BacA, un transporteur membranaire qui confère une résistance contre l’activité antimicrobienne des peptides. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, j’ai montré que l'expression des NCR est soumise à une régulation stricte et qu’ils sont activés dans trois vagues dans les cellules symbiotiques polyploïdes.Les mécanismes de contrôle par la plante sur les rhizobia intracellulaires demeurent à ce jourpeu connus et le seul modèle étudié, au début de ce travail de thèse, restait l'interaction entre M. truncatula et S. meliloti. Je me suis donc intéressée à la symbiose de certaines Légumineuses tropicales du genre Aeschynomene appartenant au clade des Dalbergoïdes où jemontre qu’ils utilisent une classe différente de peptides riches en cystéine (NCR-like) pour induire la différenciation des bactéroïdes. Ce mécanisme est analogue à celui décrit précédemment chez Medicago qui était jusqu'à présent supposé être limitée aux légumineuses appartenant au clade des IRLC. J’ai également montré que Bradyrhizobium, symbionte d’Aeschynomene possèdent un transporteur de type ABC homologues à BacA de Sinorhizobium nommé BclA. Ce gène permet l'importation d'une variété de peptides comprenant des peptides NCR. En l'absence de ce transporteur, les rhizobiums sont incapables de se différencier et de fixer l'azote.Cette étude a permis d'élargir nos connaissances sur l'évolution de la symbiose en montrant qu’au cours de l’évolution, deux clades de Légumineuses relativement éloignés (IRLC et Dalbergoïdes) aient convergé vers l’utilisation de peptides de l’immunité innée afin de contrôler leur symbionte bactérien et d’en tirer un bénéfice maximal au cours de l’interaction symbiotique. / The ability of legumes to acquire sufficient nitrogen from the symbiosis with Rhizobium relies on the intimate contact between the endosymbiotic, intracellular rhizobia, called bacteroids, and their host cells, the symbiotic nodule cells. A well-studied example is the symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, which nodulates the legume Medicago truncatula. Nodules of M. truncatula produce an enormous diversity of peptides called NCRs which are similar to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of innate immune systems. These NCRs are involved in maintaining the homeostasis between the host cells in the nodules and the large bacterial population they contain. Although many NCRs are genuine AMPs which kill microbes in vitro, in nodule cells they do not kill the bacteria but induce them into the terminally differentiated bacteroid state involving cell elongation, genome amplification, membrane fragilization and loss of cell division capacity. Protection against the antimicrobial action of NCRs by the bacterial BacA protein is critical for bacteroid survival in the symbiotic cells and thus for symbiosis. As a part of my PhD thesis, I have shown that the differentiation of the symbiotic cells in M. truncatula is associated with a tremendous transcriptional reprogramming involving hundreds of genes, mainly NCR genes, which are only expressed in these cells. Although the extensive work on the model M. truncatula/S. meliloti, little is known how the plant controls its intracellular population and imposes its differentiation into a functional form, the bacteroids in other symbiotic systems.In my PhD work, I provide several independent pieces of evidence to show that tropical legumes of the Aeschynomene genus which belong to the Dalbergoid legume clade use a different class of cysteine rich peptides (NCR-like) to govern bacteroid differentiation. This mechanism is similar to the one previously described in Medicago which was up to now assumed to be restricted to the advanced IRLC legume clade, to which it belongs. I have also shown that the Bradyrhizobium symbionts of Aeschynomene legumes possess a multidrug transporter, named BclA, which mediates the import of a diversity of peptides including NCR peptides. In the absence of this transporter, the rhizobia do not differentiate and do not fix nitrogen. BclA has a transmembrane domain of the same family as the transmembrane domain of the BacA transporter of Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium species which is known to be required in these rhizobia to respond to the NCR peptides of IRLC legumes. Again this is a mechanism which is analogous to the one described in S. meliloti the symbiont of Medicago.This study broaden our knowledge on the evolution of symbiosis by showing that the modus operandi involving peptides derived from innate immunity used by some legumes to keep their intracellular bacterial population under control is more widespread and ancient than previously thought and has been invented by evolution several times.