Duisburg, Essen, University, Diss., 2007.

Zugl.: Duisburg, Essen, Univ., Diss., 2007

Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2000.

No description available.

No description available.

Os meios confinados restringirem o grau de liberdade dos reagentes e podem afetar significativamente seus estados energéticos e perfis de coordenada de reação. Macrociclos são muito utilizados nessa perspectiva graças a capacidade de hospedar moléculas em suas cavidades e modificar o momento de dipolo das mesmas. Isso permite que estes cavitandos sejam usados como catalisadores, sensores ou simples carreadores, por exemplo. A bambus[6]urila (BU[6]), sintetizada recentemente, ganhou atenção graças à sua capacidade de formar caviplexos estáveis com ânions. Os reagentes de partida são glioxal e ureia, compostos relativamente baratos e comuns, mas a rota síntetica descrita na literatura, no entanto, não contém uma série de informações importantes, o que dificulta a síntese da BU[6]. Muitos estudos computacionais foram realizados para prever e entender as interações deste macrociclo com outras moléculas. No entanto, informações relevantes sobre a BU[6] como a estabilidade térmica, capacidade de complexar cátions ou solubilidade em soluções salinas e solventes comuns, ainda não foram publicados. Nesse trabalho foram determinadas as propriedades fundamentais (densidade, condutividade elétrica e pH de solução saturada, ponto de fusão) da BU[6] vazia e de seu caviplexo BU[6]HCl, bem como a estabilidade térmica das mesmas por meio de análises termogravimétricas. Além disso, tentamos reduzir o tempo de síntese BU[6]HCl utilizando ultrassom e os produtos obtidos foram analisados por técnicas espectrométricas e espectroscópicas. A solubilidade da BU[6]HCl foi estudada utilizando diversos solventes, soluções salinas de metais alcalinos e alcalino-terrosos e meios com diferente acidez. Titulações condutimétricas de soluções de BU[6]HCl com soluções salinas de metais alcalinos e alcalino-terrosos foram realizadas para avaliar a interação entre a BU[6] e os cátions. Por fim, foram realizados experimentos para avaliar a interação dos gases bromo e iodo com as BU[6] vazia e BU[6]HCl, em estado sólido, e os produtos obtidos submetidos à analises espectroscópicas e espectrométricas. / Confined media restrain degrees of freedom and can affect considerably their energetic states and reaction coordinate profiles. Macrocycles are widely used for such purpose thanks to their capacity to include molecules in their cavities, changing their eletric dipole moments. This is why they can be used as calalyst, sensors or simple carriers for example. Bambus[6]uril (BU[6]), recently synthesized, has drawn attention due to its ability to form stable caviplexs with anions. The starting reagents are glyoxal and urea, two afordable and common compounds, but the synthetic route described in the literature however, lacks many important information make it difficult to prepare BU[6]. Many computer calculations were done to preview and understand the interactions between this macrocycle and other molecules. However, relevantly informations about BU[6], such as thermal stability, its ability to complex cations or its solubility in salt solutions and common solvents were not published yet. In this work the fundamental properties (density, pH and conduvity of saturated solution, melting point) of empty BU[6] and BU[6]HCl has been determined, as well the thermal behaviour of the compounds by thermogravimetric analysis. Beyond that, we have attempted to reduce BU[6]HCl synthesis time using ultrasound and the obtained products were analyzed by spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques. The solubility of BU[6]HCl has been studied with diversal solvents, alkaline and alkaline earth metals saline solutions and different acidity media. Condutimetric titrations of BU[6]HCl with alkaline and alkaline earth metals saline solutions were realized to evaluate the interaction of BU[6] and cations. Lastly, experiments to evaluate the interaction between the gases bromine and iodine with empty BU[6] and BU[6]HCl, in solid state, were realized and the obtained products submitted to spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis.

Os meios confinados restringirem o grau de liberdade dos reagentes e podem afetar significativamente seus estados energéticos e perfis de coordenada de reação. Macrociclos são muito utilizados nessa perspectiva graças a capacidade de hospedar moléculas em suas cavidades e modificar o momento de dipolo das mesmas. Isso permite que estes cavitandos sejam usados como catalisadores, sensores ou simples carreadores, por exemplo. A bambus[6]urila (BU[6]), sintetizada recentemente, ganhou atenção graças à sua capacidade de formar caviplexos estáveis com ânions. Os reagentes de partida são glioxal e ureia, compostos relativamente baratos e comuns, mas a rota síntetica descrita na literatura, no entanto, não contém uma série de informações importantes, o que dificulta a síntese da BU[6]. Muitos estudos computacionais foram realizados para prever e entender as interações deste macrociclo com outras moléculas. No entanto, informações relevantes sobre a BU[6] como a estabilidade térmica, capacidade de complexar cátions ou solubilidade em soluções salinas e solventes comuns, ainda não foram publicados. Nesse trabalho foram determinadas as propriedades fundamentais (densidade, condutividade elétrica e pH de solução saturada, ponto de fusão) da BU[6] vazia e de seu caviplexo BU[6]HCl, bem como a estabilidade térmica das mesmas por meio de análises termogravimétricas. Além disso, tentamos reduzir o tempo de síntese BU[6]HCl utilizando ultrassom e os produtos obtidos foram analisados por técnicas espectrométricas e espectroscópicas. A solubilidade da BU[6]HCl foi estudada utilizando diversos solventes, soluções salinas de metais alcalinos e alcalino-terrosos e meios com diferente acidez. Titulações condutimétricas de soluções de BU[6]HCl com soluções salinas de metais alcalinos e alcalino-terrosos foram realizadas para avaliar a interação entre a BU[6] e os cátions. Por fim, foram realizados experimentos para avaliar a interação dos gases bromo e iodo com as BU[6] vazia e BU[6]HCl, em estado sólido, e os produtos obtidos submetidos à analises espectroscópicas e espectrométricas. / Confined media restrain degrees of freedom and can affect considerably their energetic states and reaction coordinate profiles. Macrocycles are widely used for such purpose thanks to their capacity to include molecules in their cavities, changing their eletric dipole moments. This is why they can be used as calalyst, sensors or simple carriers for example. Bambus[6]uril (BU[6]), recently synthesized, has drawn attention due to its ability to form stable caviplexs with anions. The starting reagents are glyoxal and urea, two afordable and common compounds, but the synthetic route described in the literature however, lacks many important information make it difficult to prepare BU[6]. Many computer calculations were done to preview and understand the interactions between this macrocycle and other molecules. However, relevantly informations about BU[6], such as thermal stability, its ability to complex cations or its solubility in salt solutions and common solvents were not published yet. In this work the fundamental properties (density, pH and conduvity of saturated solution, melting point) of empty BU[6] and BU[6]HCl has been determined, as well the thermal behaviour of the compounds by thermogravimetric analysis. Beyond that, we have attempted to reduce BU[6]HCl synthesis time using ultrasound and the obtained products were analyzed by spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques. The solubility of BU[6]HCl has been studied with diversal solvents, alkaline and alkaline earth metals saline solutions and different acidity media. Condutimetric titrations of BU[6]HCl with alkaline and alkaline earth metals saline solutions were realized to evaluate the interaction of BU[6] and cations. Lastly, experiments to evaluate the interaction between the gases bromine and iodine with empty BU[6] and BU[6]HCl, in solid state, were realized and the obtained products submitted to spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis.

Master thesis is elaborated on the theme Realization of recreational facility of bamboo and it is focused on using alternative material construction of garden and recreational facility on the small ground dimensions intended solely for summer use. The work is based on the knowledge gained in the formation of the bachelor thesis. The theoretical part focuses primarily on supplement the information concerning the foundations, walls, floors and construction openings and their restorations. The practical part is elaborated Drawing documentation of bamboo garden house. Furthermore is created a detailed statement of material, which is used as input data for calculating the economic cost of the project. Overall results are compared with an equivalent wooden house of spruce and prefabricated garden house.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore factors, actors and processes which condition innovative commercialization of bamboo in Ethiopia. The thesis particularly focuses on how traditional technologies and entrepreneurial innovations can be a source of knowledge and foundation for bamboo commercialization in Ethiopia. In tandem with technology development, it also attempts to shed light on how variations in value chains and market availability result in differential levels of commercialization. The research is designed based on the system of innovation and value chain approaches as main theoretical lenses. Data is collected from three districts and cities. The main data collection method was surveys of key value chain actors, complemented by expert interviews, case studies, group discussions and analysis of secondary data sources. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques including inferential statistics are used for analysis. The results demonstrate that traditional knowledge and technical skills are key sources of innovation for bamboo commercialization. These technical skills are gradually transferred from rural to urban and from traditional to semi-modern via recreational houses and furniture production. The research found that the major factors which significantly explain the differences in technical skills are bamboo income, use knowledge, market distance and management regimes. The study further reveals that there are diversity of enterprises which have a major role both in generation of innovation and production of value added products. Innovation performance is influenced by level of technology, financial access and business experience while economic performance is influenced by the age of the enterprise owner, their innovativeness, level of technology and location (urban functions). Institutional actors play an intermediary role at the production and processing levels in promoting bamboo sector development through training provision, policy development and linking actors along the value chain. Similarly, consumers are also key actors in the value chain and are the major drivers of bamboo commercialization. Rates of commercialization are found different among regions where areas with a better access to consumer markets reportedly engage more in commercial extraction and earn a correspondingly higher income from bamboo than regions far from centers of consumption. In summary, the empirical analysis depicts that innovative commercialization is the result of a combination of technological capability, entrepreneurial competency and market accessibility. Thus, future policy for bamboo resource commercialization and development should be geared towards establishing and nurturing a bamboo sector innovation system which in turn supports the development of technology-led resource commercialization and facilitates entry into the global value chain. / Diese Dissertation hat zum Ziel, Faktoren, Akteure und Prozesse zu erforschen, welche die innovative Kommerzialisierung von Bambus in Äthiopien bedingen. Insbesondere wird in dieser Arbeit darauf eingegangen, inwiefern traditionelle Technologien und unternehmerische Innovationen eine Wissensquelle und ein Fundament für die Bambuskommerzialisierung in Äthiopien sein können. Zusammen mit der Technologieentwicklung wird auch dargestellt, wie Variationen in der Wertekette und der Marktverfügbarkeit zu unterschiedlichen Graden der Kommerzialisierung führen. Die Forschung basiert auf dem System von Innovations- und Wertekettenverfahren als grundlegende theoretische Aspekte. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte in drei Distrikten und Städten. Die Haupterfassungsmethode war die Befragung von Schlüsselakteuren in den Werteketten, ergänzt durch Experteninterviews, Fallstudien, Gruppendiskussionen sowie Analysen von sekundären Datenquellen. Sowohl qualitative als auch quantitative Verfahren einschließlich der Interferenzstatistik dienen der Analyse. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass traditionelles Wissen und technische Fertigkeiten Schlüsselquellen für Innovationen in der Bambuskommerzialisierung sind. Diese technischen Fertigkeiten werden nach und nach vom Ländlichen zum Städtischen sowie vom Traditionellen zur Semimoderne überführt, was sich hauptsächlich durch den Erholungssektor sowie durch die Möbelherstellung zeigt. Die Forschung fand heraus, dass die Hauptfaktoren der Unterschiede in den technischen Fertigkeiten das durch Bambus erzielte Einkommen, das Wissen über dessen Verwendung, die Distanz zum Markt sowie Managementregime sind. Ferner zeigten die Untersuchungen, dass es eine Vielfalt von Betrieben gibt, welche eine Hauptrolle sowohl bei Innovationen als auch bei der Herstellung höherwertiger Produkte spielen. Die Innovationsleistung wird beeinflusst durch den Stand der Technik, durch finanziellen Zugang sowie Businesserfahrungen, während die ökonomische Leistung beeinflusst wird durch das Alter der Betriebsbesitzer, deren Innovation, den Stand der Technik, sowie durch die Lage (urbane Funktionen). Institutionelle Akteure spielen eine Zwischenrolle auf Produktions- und Verarbeitungsebene bei der Förderung der Entwicklung des Bambussektors durch Bereitstellung von Ausbildung, der Entwicklung von Methoden und verbindenden Akteuren entlang der Wertekette. Ähnlich sind auch die Konsumenten Schlüsselfaktoren in der Wertekette sowie Hauptantrieb für die Bambuskommerzialisierung. Die Kommerzialisierungsraten in den einzelnen Regionen sind unterschiedlich, wobei Gebiete mit besserem Marktzugang eine größere Kommerzialisierung bewirken und ein besseres Bambus-basiertes Einkommen erzeugen als Regionen, die sich fernab von den Zentren der Konsumption befinden. Zusammenfassend kann ausgeführt werden, dass die empirische Analyse zu dem Schluss kommt, dass innovative Kommerzialisierung das Ergebnis einer Kombination technischer Fähigkeit, unternehmerischer Kompetenz sowie der Marktzugänglichkeit ist. Folglich ist die zukunftsorientierte bambusbasierte Kommerzialisierung und Entwicklung so zu lenken, dass das Innovationssystem auf dem Bambussektor etabliert und gestärkt wird, wodurch auch die Entwicklung technologiegeführter Ressourcenkommerzialisierung gefördert sowie der Zugang zur globalen Wertekette begünstigt wird.

The bamboo sector significantly contributes to environmental protection, employment opportunities, and poverty reduction in rural and mountainous areas. This assertion holds true for Vietnam. Bamboo processing enterprises play increasingly important roles in value chain upgrading, despite growing overexploitation and mismanagement. This significantly affects small bamboo enterprises (SBEs) upgrading. In effect, SBEs are constrained by several factors, including the application of outdated technology, the lack of product innovation, limited capital, unstable labour resources, and poor market access. In addition, these enterprises do not only face stiff competition from large scales enterprise, but they are also confronted with international competitors (e.g. bamboo and rattan manufacturers from China). As current policies are yet to address these issues, SBEs remain exposed to shocks that may cause them to disappear. The consequences may include rising unemployment and poverty levels within rural communities in Vietnam. In the face of multi-faceted structural deterrents to the survival of SBEs, a few SBEs in the study region have grown successfully, and have established themselves in international markets over the last years. The conditions under which such SBEs thrived remain relatively less understood. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the key determining factors for the upgrading of SBEs is lacking. To address this gap, this thesis presents evidence of both successful and unsuccessful cases of SBEs upgrading in Vietnam. / Der Bambussektor trägt wesentlich zum Umweltschutz, zu Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten und zur Armutsbekämpfung in ländlichen und bergigen Gebieten bei. Dies trifft auch auf Vietnam zu. Bambus verarbeitende Unternehmen spielen eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle in der Wertschöpfungskette, trotz des wachsenden Raubbaus und Missmanagements. Dies hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung kleiner Bambusbetriebe (small bamboo enterprises - SBEs). Tatsächlich werden SBEs durch mehrere Faktoren eingeschränkt, darunter die Anwendung veralteter Technologie, der Mangel an Produktinnovationen, begrenztes Kapital, instabile Arbeitsressourcen und schlechter Marktzugang. Darüber hinaus stehen diese Unternehmen nicht nur im harten Wettbewerb mit nationalen Unternehmen, sondern auch mit internationalen Marktteilnehmern (z.B. Bambus- und Rattanverarbeiter aus China). Da die derzeitige Politik sich diesen Problemen noch nicht gewidmet hat, sind die SBEs weiterhin Schocks ausgesetzt, die zu ihrem Verschwinden führen können. Die Folgen können steigende Arbeitslosigkeit und Armut in den ländlichen Gemeinden Vietnams sein. Trotz der vielschichtigen strukturellen Hindernisse für das Überleben von SBEs sind einige wenige von ihnen in der Studienregion erfolgreich gewachsen und haben sich in den letzten Jahren auf internationalen Märkten etabliert. Die Bedingungen, unter denen solche SBEs gediehen sind, sind noch wenig bekannt. Zudem fehlt bislang eine umfassende Analyse der wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren für die Weiterentwicklung von SBEs. Um diese Wissenslücke zu schließen, werden in dieser Arbeit sowohl erfolgreiche als auch erfolglose Fälle von SBEs in Vietnam vorgestellt.