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Bangladesh contains one of the richest and largest inland fisheries in South Asia and the third highest inland capture fisheries in the world and has a long history, which continues to the present, of conflict and cooperation between fishers and other diverse fishing interests over access to a range of fishing environments managed under a variety of leasing and tenurial arrangements. Several fishing communities are of ancient origin and over a long period of time have developed and adapted their indigenous fishing knowledge, including technologies, fishing practices and knowledge of diverse fishing environments to manage fisheries in a variety of environmental and ecological conditions. This thesis provides a detailed ethnographic account of one such community, the Koibortta fishers of Krishnapur village in the northeast flood plain region of Bangladesh, focusing on their management practices and indigenous fishing knowledge in selected inland common property fisheries. It examines, using documentary and oral historical sources, the ways in which they have adapted aspects of their indigenous fishing knowledge to changing economic and environmental circumstances over the past 50 years. It also examines, using case studies of three water bodies, how they were able to gain short-term and insecure access to selected water bodies, partly by drawing on traditional social networks at village and multivillage levels to mobilise fishers in negotiations with leaseholders. / The thesis argues that these social networks and fishers’ capacity to adapt aspects of their fishing knowledge to new circumstances were insufficient to gain long term, secure and direct access to productive water bodies as fishers lacked strong government commitment to their long term security. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the capacity of Krishnapur fishers to manage fish resources equitably and sustainably.

After gaining independence from Pakistan in 1971, the Bangladesh state moved from a mainly state-managed sector to a privatised one based on export-oriented industrialisation. Under this policy, the production of garments for export emerged in the mid-1970s to later become the most lucrative export earner for Bangladesh, underlining the fact that it has become an important world exporter of garments. In developing into the only multi-billion- dollar manufacturing export in the country, this industry has created employment for more than a million workers most of whom are young females from the impoverished rural areas of Bangladesh. This is socially significant because, for the first time, it marked the entry of Bangladeshi women into formal manufacturing employment. This thesis attempts to examine the origins and development of this export garments industry, with specific reference to the role of women workers in this process. In so it endeavours to contextualise these issues by arguing that the changes that it endeavours can be best explained according to a Marxist class analysis and by reference to a colonial history characterised by ongoing exploitation in an emerging manufacturing sector and by ongoing resistance to such exploitation by an emerging industrial workforce. Additionally, in examining the development of this industry, the thesis also sets out to show how the industry is the product of a conjuncture of forces, including an emerging capitalist class, a weak state, foreign capital and international state formations such as GATT and the ILO. / Finally, by testing some of the prevailing hypotheses in the literature that deals with third world women workers, the thesis examines the impact of this industrial development on the place of women in Bangladeshi society. More specifically, it attempts to demonstrate that, contrary to the dominant view, such workers are not necessarily passive; nor are they reluctant to engage in trade union activity. Instead, it endeavours to show that, in the case of the export garments industry in Bangladesh, the young women workers have over time learned to exercise their rights and to participate in industrial activity, largely, and ironically because the centralisation necessary for labour and quality standards has also created the conditions for the proletarianisation of the women workers.

Farming systems in Bangladesh are characterised by a mixed culture of crop, livestock, poultry, fish and agro forestry sub systems of agricultural enterprise. Low productivity and inefficient resource use are the main constraints to farming in Bangladesh. It is necessary to improve the performance of all enterprises in existing farming systems which depends on the proper utilisation of the existing level of resources. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the alternative farming systems in terms of income and gender participation. To achieve the objectives, a study was conducted in four villages of Kaliakair Upazilla in the Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Thirty sample farmers were selected randomly from four dominant farming systems.Gender roles in farming systems were assessed in consideration to time spent in agricultural activities.In addition, time spent in household activities was also calculated. The conclusion is that there is no one right choice of selecting farming systems. / Master of Science (Hons.)

This thesis investigates managers’ use of power and its relationship to employees’ organisational commitment and job satisfaction and any other potential factors influencing the relationship in Nationalised Commercial Banks (NCBs) in Bangladesh. Earlier research focused only on employees’ perceptions of managers’ use of power in NCBs, and findings indicated a positive relationship between managers’ use of power and employees’ perceptions. The present research differs from the previous studies by linking managers' use of power with employees' organisational outcomes. The objective was to gain insights into ways in which the management of NCBs might use their power to enhance the levels of employees’ commitment and job satisfaction. Data were collected from several sources. Likert-type questionnaires were distributed to 600 employees in three NCBs and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 branch managers and four experts on banking. Complete questionnaires (in total 321) were included for data analysis using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and stepwise regression analysis. Both the bank managers and experts on banking interview transcripts were coded according to the interview schedule questions. The findings indicated a relationship between managers’ use of power and procedural justice, and employees’ organisational commitment and job satisfaction in NCBs. In the quantitative findings no significant relationships were found between gender, age, and education level, and power, procedural justice, commitment, and job satisfaction. The qualitative findings, however, suggested that employees’ age and education level were related to criterion variables; but the findings indicated there was no relationship between gender and criterion variables. The results of this study provide insight into how the management of NCBs can enhance the level of their employees’ commitment and job satisfaction. To improve managers’ use of power and its relationships with employees’ commitment and job satisfaction in NCBs in Bangladesh, there have to be changes at the individual and organisational levels. At the individual level improving managers’ power bases would involve basic education and specific job-related training. Managers should also be encouraged to enhance their skills through continuous self-learning. At organisational level top management should provide appropriate reinforcements for managers in learning about and improving their power bases.

The thesis looks at the macroeconomic impact of foreign aid. It is specially concerned with aid's impact on the public sector of less developed countries < LDCs> . Since the overwhelming majority of aid is directed to the public sector of LDCs, one can only understand the broader macroeconomic impact of aid if one first understands its impact on this sector. To this end, the thesis econometrically estimates " fiscal response" models of aid. These models, in essence, attempt to shed light on public sector fiscal behaviour in the presence of aid inflows, being specially concerned with the way aid is used to finance various categories of expenditures. The underlaying concern is to extent to which aid is " fungible" -that is, whether it finances consumption expenditure and reductions in taxation revenue in LDCs. A number of alternative models are derived from a utility maximisation framework. These alternatives reflect different assumptions regarding the behaviour of LDC public sectors and relate to the endogeniety <as opposed to exogeniety> of aid, whether or not recurrent expenditure is financed from domestic borrowing and the determination of domestic borrowing. The original frameworks of earlier studies are extended in a number of ways, including the use of a public sector utility function which is fully consistent with expected maximising behaviour. Estimates of these models' parameters are obtained using both time-series and cross-section data, dating from the 1960s, for Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and the Philippines. Both structural and reduced-form equations are estimated. Results suggest that foreign aid <defined as all foreign inflows to the official sector> is indeed fungible, albeit at different levels. Moreover, the overall impact of aid <both loans and grants> on public sector investment, consumption, domestic borrowing and taxation varies between countries. Generally speaking, aid leads to increases in investment and consumption expenditure, but reduces taxation and domestic borrowing. Comparative analysis does, however, show that these results are highly sensitive to alternative behavioural assumptions and, therefore, model specification.

<p><p>The aim of this thesis is to investigate how some Proshika-teachers describe their mathematic teaching. Proshika is a non government organisation in Bangladesh. One of Proshika’s areas is to provide school attendance for children of poor households on the countryside. We chose to do a qualitative study, and interviewed teachers at six different Proshika-schools. We also made five observations in order to formulate relevant interview questions.</p><p>The result from the interviews shows that the teaching looks similar in the schools. The mathematic book has a dominating position in the teaching. The students calculate the same task at the same time and they calculate every task in the book. Group work exists and concrete materials are used as equipment in the teaching. To get better conditions in the teaching, the respondents want further education and cooperate with other teachers to improve their knowledge about different work methods and to develop their teaching. They also want more materials and breaks during the school day. Some of the teachers can think of having longer school days. Later in the thesis we reflect on how it is to collect data in another culture, how the researcher affects the result and how our theoretical framework can be relevant in this study.</p></p>

<p>Syftet med den kvalitativa studien har varit att undersöka vad som kännetecknar en god pedagog.</p><p>Vid litteraturgenomgången har författaren sökt finna gemensamma kännetecken på en god pedagog från en mängd</p><p>författare som arbetar som pedagoger eller med forskning inom pedagogik.</p><p>Kvalitativa intervjuer har gjorts med fem pedagoger från Sverige och Bangladesh.</p><p>Analysen av intervjusvaren har resulterat i sex rubriker: Relationen mellan lärare och elev, utbildning och</p><p>fortbildning, ett kall, motivation och engagemang, att tycka om sitt arbete samt erfarenhet.</p><p>Vid diskussionen betonas betydelsen av relationen mellan pedagogen och eleverna.</p>

<p>Naturally occurring arsenic in ground water is currently threatening millions of people’s lives in Bangladesh and has emerged as one of the world’s largest water pollution and environmental disasters. Various studies have been conducted in order to find a solution to the problem and several mitigation projects have been conducted with various results. In many cases the mitigation options provided have failed in terms of sustainability, why there is an impatient drive to find the solution that can solve the problem permanently. Since technical solutions appear to be hard to transform into practical implementation many professionals are advocating the use of public participation in sustainable project planning and implementation in order to make the project successful. This Minor Field Study focuses on how an environmental problem can be managed through social processes. The main aim of this study is to investigate peoples’ experiences of public participation and project planning from two rural pipeline water supply projects and discuss how these experiences relate to how ideas about public participation might be used for sustainable project planning. To do this I have studied three key groups of actors: national development professionals, project professionals and local project beneficiaries. The aim is also to get a deeper understanding of how public participation within water supply management can be used and further developed for project sustainability. The results show that the implementing organisation has used a project implementation plan with a vision that public participation motivated by sustainability and cost-efficiency will lead to a process towards collective action. The objective is that the users, through joint ownership, takes full responsibility for the project and its future planning. To enable this, learning is a prerequisite given that without understanding and knowledge of how to operate the water supply system, the project and the system will fall short. A learning platform has also been found as a prerequisite for maintaining of public participation, and for interest and motivation of being involved at all. The theory argues for the importance of involvement of all for a sustainable project process, nevertheless is this not made possible in reality. Due to socio-cultural traditions where women are not accepted to attend public meetings or be involved in decision-making, the empowering process that public participation might facilitate, have been neglected. Further have those who are incapable of paying regularly for access to fresh drinking water been excluded from the projects. To attain the efficient bottom-up action wanted to achieve project sustainability, empowerment in combination with public participation is necessary. An improved methodology of how public participation can be integrated in project planning is compulsory, why more practical experience and continuous project evaluations is needed.</p>

<p>Given the question of how to further decrease childhood mortality and attain the fourth MDG in Bangladesh, the determinants of childhood mortality and successful health intervention programmes in a rural area of Bangladesh are examined in this paper. The binominal logit regression analysis, on Matlab HDSS data from 2001 to 2005, indicates that the child’s birth order, outcome of mother’s previous pregnancy, mother’s age, mother’s education, economic condition of the household, immunization, and place of delivery are important determining factors of childhood mortality. Interview discussions show that the delivery of health services is a determining factor for successful health intervention programmes. It is worth to note that childhood mortality levels are no longer significantly lower in the treatment area of Matlab. Furthermore, the intervention programmes in the area require continuous reform, especially in the fields of birth assistance and injury prevention.</p>