Os depositantes, ao aplicarem seus recursos nos bancos, delegam a estes a função de monitoramento dos tomadores de empréstimos e, com isso, podem concentrar seus esforços em monitorar a instituição bancária. A disciplina de mercado ex-post é exercida na eventualidade de os bancos assumirem riscos excessivos, e de os depositantes, ao serem informados de tal fato, serem capazes de agir no sentido de disciplinar os bancos, seja pela requisição de taxas de juros mais elevadas, seja pelo saque de seus depósitos. A disciplina de mercado ex-ante é exercida sobre os gestores dos bancos que, conhecedores das conseqüências de assumirem riscos excessivos para suas instituições, preferem não tomar essa atitude. Um dos veículos de informação para o exercício do monitoramento, e subsídio para as ações de disciplinamento, são os demonstrativos contábeis divulgados periodicamente. A aplicação dos princípios contábeis faculta ao gestor o exercício da discricionariedade na apuração das acumulações contábeis, accruals. Essa possibilidade permite que a discricionariedade seja exercida de forma oportunística, prática conhecida genericamente na literatura contábil como manipulação contábil / gerenciamento de resultados, com o propósito de iludir o usuário da informação contábil e levar à obtenção de benefícios tanto para os bancos como pessoalmente para seus gestores. O objetivo desta tese foi verificar a existência de evidências empíricas de que as acumulações contábeis discricionárias influenciam o exercício da disciplina de mercado exercida pelos depositantes dos bancos brasileiros. O estudo efetuou a separação das acumulações contábeis não-discricionárias e discricionárias por meio da utilização das variáveis de despesas e saldo de provisão para créditos de liquidação duvidosa, saldo e sua variação das operações de crédito, saldo e sua variação das operações em atraso, operações registradas como prejuízo e, além disso, inova com a consideração do risco das operações de crédito por meio da utilização, como proxy do risco, da taxa de juros das operações de crédito. Utiliza modelos econométricos para avaliar a influência das acumulações contábeis discricionárias na disciplina de mercado, por meio da utilização das variáveis de taxa de juros e variação dos volumes de depósitos, índice de alavancagem, despesas de provisão para créditos de liquidação duvidosa, despesas de pessoal, razão das receitas de prestação de serviço e outras despesas administrativas, retorno dos ativos e seu desvio da média amostral e liquidez, além de variáveis de controle. Quanto à formulação teórica, recorreu-se, sob o aspecto econômico, à teoria do monitoramento delegado; sob o aspecto contábil, à abordagem positiva da contabilidade; e, por fim, sob o aspecto econométrico, ao método generalizado dos momentos sistêmico (GMM-sis). Obtiveram-se dados públicos e próprios do Banco Central do Brasil, relativos a 102 bancos, os quais foram tratados para contemplar os efeitos de escala das instituições por meio de normalizações pelos ativos totais e créditos totais, onde aplicável e, também, os efeitos inflacionários, por meio do deflacionamento pelo IPCA. Nos resultados obtidos, foram encontrados indícios da existência da prática de disciplina de mercado por parte dos depositantes, conforme estudos já realizados no Brasil. Também foram encontrados indícios de que a prática de manipulação contábil efetuada por meio das acumulações contábeis discricionárias tem influência no exercício da disciplina de mercado, no sentido de reduzir as taxas de juros negociadas entre os bancos e os depositantes, ocasionando transferência de renda dos depositantes para os bancos. Isso significa que os gestores dos bancos logram êxito ao manipularem os resultados contábeis, por meio da utilização das acumulações contábeis discricionárias, e iludem os depositantes ao obterem taxas de juros inferiores às que deveriam ser pagas. Isto sugere que o mercado não é eficiente para tratar as informações contábeis publicadas pelos bancos. / When the depositors invest their money in the banks they delegate the monitoring function of the borrowers to the bank and can concentrate their efforts in monitoring the banks. The market discipline ex-post occurs in the event of the bank taking excessive risks and, knowing that, the depositors can act in the sense of disciplining the banks by requiring greater interest rates or withdrawing their deposits. The market discipline ex-ante occurs when the bank managers, knowing the consequences of assuming excessive risks, decide not take them. One of the vehicles of information to exercise such monitoring, and subside the actions to discipline the banks, are the accounting reports periodically published. The use of the accounting principles allows the managers to calculate the accruals discretionary. This possibility facilitates the use of the discretionarity in an opportunistic way, known in the literature as accounting manipulation / earnings management, with the objective to mislead the user of accounting information and obtain benefits to the bank or to its managers. The objective of this study is to verify the existence of empirical evidence that the discretionary accruals influence the exercise of the market discipline practiced by the depositors of Brazilian banks. The study separates the accounting accruals non-discretionary and discretionary using the variables of allowance and provision for loan losses, outstanding loans and its changes, non-performing credits and its changes, and credit write-offs. Also, it innovates by considering the risks of credit operations through the use of the loans interest rate as credits risk proxy. It utilizes econometric models to evaluate the influence of the discretionary accruals in the market discipline, by using variables of the deposits interest rates and volume changes, leverage index, provision for loan losses, payroll expenses, the ratio services revenue and other administrative expenses, return on assets and its deviation from sample average and other control variables. The theoretical approach utilizes the theory of delegate monitoring in the economics aspects, the positive accounting approach in the accounting aspects, and the systemic generalized method of moments (GMM-sis) in the econometric aspects. Banco Central do Brasils public and private data on 102 banks was used and processed to contemplate institutions scale effects, which were normalized by dividing them by total assets or by total loans where applicable and, to contemplate the inflations aspects, by deflating the data by consumer price index, IPCA. And in fact it were found evidence in the results obtained that there is a depositors market discipline practice, confirming studies done in Brazil, and that the accounting manipulation, through discretionary accruals, influence the market discipline in the sense of lowering the interest rates negotiated between the banks and the depositors, and thus allowing a transfer of wealth between them. This means that the banks managers are successful in manipulating the accounting results through discretionary accruals and mislead the depositors, which get interest rates lower than should be paid. This suggests that the market is not efficient to process the banks published accounting information.

Data governance frameworks are critical to reducing operational costs and risks in the financial industry. Corporate data managers face challenges when implementing data governance frameworks. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies that successful corporate data managers in some banks in the United States used to implement data governance frameworks to reduce operational costs and risks. The participants were 7 corporate data managers from 3 banks in North Carolina and New York. Servant leadership theory provided the conceptual framework for the study. Methodological triangulation involved assessment of nonconfidential bank documentation on the data governance framework, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's standard 239 compliance documents, and semistructured interview transcripts. Data were analyzed using Yin's 5-step thematic data analysis technique. Five major themes emerged: leadership role in data governance frameworks to reduce risk and cost, data governance strategies and procedures, accuracy and security of data, establishment of a data office, and leadership commitment at the organizational level. The results of the study may lead to positive social change by supporting approaches to help banks maintain reliable and accurate data as well as reduce data breaches and misuse of consumer data. The availability of accurate data may enable corporate bank managers to make informed lending decisions to benefit consumers.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-113). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Os depositantes, ao aplicarem seus recursos nos bancos, delegam a estes a função de monitoramento dos tomadores de empréstimos e, com isso, podem concentrar seus esforços em monitorar a instituição bancária. A disciplina de mercado ex-post é exercida na eventualidade de os bancos assumirem riscos excessivos, e de os depositantes, ao serem informados de tal fato, serem capazes de agir no sentido de disciplinar os bancos, seja pela requisição de taxas de juros mais elevadas, seja pelo saque de seus depósitos. A disciplina de mercado ex-ante é exercida sobre os gestores dos bancos que, conhecedores das conseqüências de assumirem riscos excessivos para suas instituições, preferem não tomar essa atitude. Um dos veículos de informação para o exercício do monitoramento, e subsídio para as ações de disciplinamento, são os demonstrativos contábeis divulgados periodicamente. A aplicação dos princípios contábeis faculta ao gestor o exercício da discricionariedade na apuração das acumulações contábeis, accruals. Essa possibilidade permite que a discricionariedade seja exercida de forma oportunística, prática conhecida genericamente na literatura contábil como manipulação contábil / gerenciamento de resultados, com o propósito de iludir o usuário da informação contábil e levar à obtenção de benefícios tanto para os bancos como pessoalmente para seus gestores. O objetivo desta tese foi verificar a existência de evidências empíricas de que as acumulações contábeis discricionárias influenciam o exercício da disciplina de mercado exercida pelos depositantes dos bancos brasileiros. O estudo efetuou a separação das acumulações contábeis não-discricionárias e discricionárias por meio da utilização das variáveis de despesas e saldo de provisão para créditos de liquidação duvidosa, saldo e sua variação das operações de crédito, saldo e sua variação das operações em atraso, operações registradas como prejuízo e, além disso, inova com a consideração do risco das operações de crédito por meio da utilização, como proxy do risco, da taxa de juros das operações de crédito. Utiliza modelos econométricos para avaliar a influência das acumulações contábeis discricionárias na disciplina de mercado, por meio da utilização das variáveis de taxa de juros e variação dos volumes de depósitos, índice de alavancagem, despesas de provisão para créditos de liquidação duvidosa, despesas de pessoal, razão das receitas de prestação de serviço e outras despesas administrativas, retorno dos ativos e seu desvio da média amostral e liquidez, além de variáveis de controle. Quanto à formulação teórica, recorreu-se, sob o aspecto econômico, à teoria do monitoramento delegado; sob o aspecto contábil, à abordagem positiva da contabilidade; e, por fim, sob o aspecto econométrico, ao método generalizado dos momentos sistêmico (GMM-sis). Obtiveram-se dados públicos e próprios do Banco Central do Brasil, relativos a 102 bancos, os quais foram tratados para contemplar os efeitos de escala das instituições por meio de normalizações pelos ativos totais e créditos totais, onde aplicável e, também, os efeitos inflacionários, por meio do deflacionamento pelo IPCA. Nos resultados obtidos, foram encontrados indícios da existência da prática de disciplina de mercado por parte dos depositantes, conforme estudos já realizados no Brasil. Também foram encontrados indícios de que a prática de manipulação contábil efetuada por meio das acumulações contábeis discricionárias tem influência no exercício da disciplina de mercado, no sentido de reduzir as taxas de juros negociadas entre os bancos e os depositantes, ocasionando transferência de renda dos depositantes para os bancos. Isso significa que os gestores dos bancos logram êxito ao manipularem os resultados contábeis, por meio da utilização das acumulações contábeis discricionárias, e iludem os depositantes ao obterem taxas de juros inferiores às que deveriam ser pagas. Isto sugere que o mercado não é eficiente para tratar as informações contábeis publicadas pelos bancos. / When the depositors invest their money in the banks they delegate the monitoring function of the borrowers to the bank and can concentrate their efforts in monitoring the banks. The market discipline ex-post occurs in the event of the bank taking excessive risks and, knowing that, the depositors can act in the sense of disciplining the banks by requiring greater interest rates or withdrawing their deposits. The market discipline ex-ante occurs when the bank managers, knowing the consequences of assuming excessive risks, decide not take them. One of the vehicles of information to exercise such monitoring, and subside the actions to discipline the banks, are the accounting reports periodically published. The use of the accounting principles allows the managers to calculate the accruals discretionary. This possibility facilitates the use of the discretionarity in an opportunistic way, known in the literature as accounting manipulation / earnings management, with the objective to mislead the user of accounting information and obtain benefits to the bank or to its managers. The objective of this study is to verify the existence of empirical evidence that the discretionary accruals influence the exercise of the market discipline practiced by the depositors of Brazilian banks. The study separates the accounting accruals non-discretionary and discretionary using the variables of allowance and provision for loan losses, outstanding loans and its changes, non-performing credits and its changes, and credit write-offs. Also, it innovates by considering the risks of credit operations through the use of the loans interest rate as credits risk proxy. It utilizes econometric models to evaluate the influence of the discretionary accruals in the market discipline, by using variables of the deposits interest rates and volume changes, leverage index, provision for loan losses, payroll expenses, the ratio services revenue and other administrative expenses, return on assets and its deviation from sample average and other control variables. The theoretical approach utilizes the theory of delegate monitoring in the economics aspects, the positive accounting approach in the accounting aspects, and the systemic generalized method of moments (GMM-sis) in the econometric aspects. Banco Central do Brasils public and private data on 102 banks was used and processed to contemplate institutions scale effects, which were normalized by dividing them by total assets or by total loans where applicable and, to contemplate the inflations aspects, by deflating the data by consumer price index, IPCA. And in fact it were found evidence in the results obtained that there is a depositors market discipline practice, confirming studies done in Brazil, and that the accounting manipulation, through discretionary accruals, influence the market discipline in the sense of lowering the interest rates negotiated between the banks and the depositors, and thus allowing a transfer of wealth between them. This means that the banks managers are successful in manipulating the accounting results through discretionary accruals and mislead the depositors, which get interest rates lower than should be paid. This suggests that the market is not efficient to process the banks published accounting information.

The thesis reflects current issue of banking M&A in Europe and its consequences in the regulatory and supervisory area. The thesis sets a general topic of M&A into context of the banking industry. It drops the typology of consolidation entities, methods and reasons for consolidation. It examines the regulatory framework with accent on contemporary trends, namely the financial crisis and its impact into the regulatory and supervisory framework.

This dissertation presents a liquidity stress-testing model for evaluating liquidity and systemic risk in banks from developed and emerging economies respectively. The model further relies on simulations to generate liquidity buffer losses for both a non-crisis and crisis period as well. The emerging economy is represented by South Africa (SA) and the developed economy by the United Kingdom (henceforth UK). The Liquidity Stress Tester model (LST) has been successfully applied to both the Dutch and UK markets in previous research. The model's flexibility and adaptability allows it to assess different banking systems and different reactions (buffer restoration and leverage targeting) of participants within these milieus. The LST considers feedback effects arising from bank reactions and allows for the assessment of severely stressed haircuts and systemic risk increases caused by reputation degradation and increased contagion from other banks. Losses stemming from the second round effects of a liquidity event are explored through the reactions conducted by banks in the banking system. The study conducts a review of liquidity risk models utilised in previous research. Characteristics of these models and the data they used are highlighted, shedding light on the advantages and shortcomings of these models. Possible restrictions in liquidity risk management are also explored. The study discusses the relevance of the South African/UK economies' comparison, as well as the selected periods chosen for investigation. To assist further research with the LST, the study illustrates and discusses how it is modelled and developed in Microsoft Office Excel. The results obtained illustrate the potential severity of second round feedback effects of a liquidity event on liquidity positions in banks. The effects of mitigating actions conducted by banking institutions reacting to initial liquidity stress shocks are explored, as well as the way these actions could potentially affect second round effects on banks. The analysis and discussion of simulated results attempts to isolate and identify characteristics of economies and periods used that may have contributed to specific liquidity events. The study concludes with a summary of the research and suggestions for possible future work and development using the LST. / MCom (Risk Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

This dissertation presents a liquidity stress-testing model for evaluating liquidity and systemic risk in banks from developed and emerging economies respectively. The model further relies on simulations to generate liquidity buffer losses for both a non-crisis and crisis period as well. The emerging economy is represented by South Africa (SA) and the developed economy by the United Kingdom (henceforth UK). The Liquidity Stress Tester model (LST) has been successfully applied to both the Dutch and UK markets in previous research. The model's flexibility and adaptability allows it to assess different banking systems and different reactions (buffer restoration and leverage targeting) of participants within these milieus. The LST considers feedback effects arising from bank reactions and allows for the assessment of severely stressed haircuts and systemic risk increases caused by reputation degradation and increased contagion from other banks. Losses stemming from the second round effects of a liquidity event are explored through the reactions conducted by banks in the banking system. The study conducts a review of liquidity risk models utilised in previous research. Characteristics of these models and the data they used are highlighted, shedding light on the advantages and shortcomings of these models. Possible restrictions in liquidity risk management are also explored. The study discusses the relevance of the South African/UK economies' comparison, as well as the selected periods chosen for investigation. To assist further research with the LST, the study illustrates and discusses how it is modelled and developed in Microsoft Office Excel. The results obtained illustrate the potential severity of second round feedback effects of a liquidity event on liquidity positions in banks. The effects of mitigating actions conducted by banking institutions reacting to initial liquidity stress shocks are explored, as well as the way these actions could potentially affect second round effects on banks. The analysis and discussion of simulated results attempts to isolate and identify characteristics of economies and periods used that may have contributed to specific liquidity events. The study concludes with a summary of the research and suggestions for possible future work and development using the LST. / MCom (Risk Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The new Basel Capital Accord is intended to align capital adequacy of banks more closely with the key components of banking risk and to provide incentives for banks to improve their risk measurement and management capabilities. This has important implications for banks, particularly in the area of credit risk management. The purpose of this study is to take an in-depth look at the implications for banks in the area of credit risk management and the choice of approach (i.e. standardised versus internal ratings based approach) to be adopted. These changes in approach to credit risk will have broader economic implications and the study will in its final analysis explore these in the context of South Africa, as an emerging market. The study is split into three sections: Section A • Introduction and background to the New Basel Capital Accord; • Detailed overview on the New Basel Capital Accord with a particular emphasis on the internal ratings based approach to calculating minimum capital. Section B An in-depth discussion of credit risk management and the practical implications of moving towards an internal ratings based approach, which will eventually allow banks to take on a full portfolio approach to credit risk management. This will enable banks to manage credit risk across sub-portfolios and set economic capital based on the portfolio loss distribution of the banks entire lending book. This is an extremely important development in credit risk management and as a consequence is covered in some detail. The adoption of an internal ratings based approach offers significant rewards in the form of lower statutory capital. A profile of the current capitalisation of SA banks is provided followed by the likely effect of the standardised versus the internal ratings based approach to credit risk management, on the minimum level of statutory capital of banks. Section C The final section covers the envisaged macro effects of the New Accord on emerging markets (procyclical trends, lending concentrations, foreign capital flows and bank failures) with specific comment provided on the implications for the SA banking environment and economy. In conclusion, South African banks should as a priority move towards an internal ratings based approach to credit risk management in order to benefit from the lower statutory requirements, which accrue in the advanced phase. While the accord is likely to impact significantly on emerging markets, South Africa fortunately has a sophisticated banking system by international standards, making the adoption of an internal ratings based approach by the larger SA banks inevitable. The benefits for smaller banks are questionable and at this stage they are unlikely to move beyond the standardised approach, unless compelled to do so. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die "New Basel Capital Accord" het ten doel om die kapitaal vereistes neergelê vir banke meer in lyn te bring met die risiko komponent gekoppel bankwese. Dit hou 'n belangrike implikasie vir banke in en verskaf voorts ook 'n dryfveer vir banke om die bestuur van krediet risiko en algehele bestuursvaardighede te verbeter. In hierdie studie word 'n indiepte ondersoek onderneem aangaande die implikasie op banke van krediet risiko-bestuur en die keuse van die benadering wat gevolg word. Hierdie veranderings in die benadering (dws.standard teenoor interne-graderings benadering) tot krediet risiko hou breër ekonomiese implikasies vir banke in. Hierdie ekonomiese implikasies op SA as 'n ontwikkelende mark word in die finale analise ondersoek. Die studie kan in drie afdelings verdeel word: Afdeling A: • Inleiding en agtergrond tot die "New Basel Capital Accord" en • 'n Gedetaileerde oorsig van die "New Basel Capital Accord" met spesifieke verwysing na die interne-graderings benadering om die minimum vereiste kapitaal te bepaal. Afdeling B: Hierdie afdeling ondersoek krediet risiko bestuur en die praktiese implikasies van die aanvaarding/instelling van 'n interne graderings benadering, en die effek wat dit sal hê op 'n totale portefeulje benadering tot krediet risiko. Die gevolg is dat banke krediet risiko oor sub-portefeuljes sal kan bestuur en kapitaal vlakke vasstel gebaseer op verwagte portefeulje verliese. Hierdie is 'n belangrike ontwikkeling in krediet risiko bestuur en word vervolgens in diepte behandel. Die aanvaarding van 'n interne-graderings benadering tot gradering hou voordele in vir banke in die vorm van laer statutêre kapitaal vereistes. 'n Profiel van die kapitalisasie van SA banke word verskaf, gevolg deur die verskil in die effek van die standaard benadering tot die interne graderings benadering op krediet risiko bestuur en die vereiste minimum statutêre kapitaal. Afdeling C: Die finale afdeling ondersoek die beoogde makro ekonomiese effek van die "New basel capital Accord" op ontwikkelende marke (pro-sikliese neiging, lenings konsentrasies en bank mislukkings) met spesifieke verwysing na die implikasies op SA bankwese en ekonomie. Ter afsluiting moet SA banke so spoedig moontlik die interne-graderings benadering tot krediet risiko aanvaar om voordeel te trek uit die laer kapitaal vereistes wat "ophoop in die gevorderde stadium." Daar word verwag dat die "New Basel Capital Accord" 'n wesenlike invloed op die ontwikkelende mark sal hê. SA het egter 'n gesofistikeerde en gevestigde bankstelsel wat goed vergelyk met internasionale standaarde. Die aanvaarding van 'n interne-graderings benadering deur die die groter SA banke is onafwendbaar. Die voordele wat dit vir kleiner banke inhou kan bevraagteken word en is op hierdie stadium onwaarskynlik dat so 'n benadering deur hulle geïmplimenteer sal word.

The aim of submitted thesis Supervision in banking is to define the nature and the importance of banking supervision, to justify its existence and to analyze the applicable mechanisms while the system of banking regulation and supervision in this thesis is primarily examined in the European context, with a focus on the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into five main chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the financial system and the importance of banks in this system, it defines the characteristics of banking systems, provides the definition of the term bank and describes the banking system and the banking environment in the Czech Republic. The second chapter focuses on general aspects of banking regulation and supervision, it defines and distinguishes these concepts; furthermore, it specifies its objectives and deals with the arguments against banking regulation and supervision. The third chapter analyzes the various instruments of banking regulation, in particular the banking license, and other particular requirements, including but not limited to capital adequacy requirement. The chapter also deals with the compulsory deposits insurance and the position of the central bank as a lender of last resort. The fourth chapter focuses on banking supervision, which involves mainly the examination...

This thesis deals with the regulatory rules issued by the so-called. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. It is an informal organization without legal personality, which operates at the Bank for International Settlements, and her published documents lack legally binding. This work has focused on two areas of activity of the Basel Committee - capital adequacy and corporate governance in the banking sector. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is a leading authority in the field of banking regulation, which dates back to the mid-70s of the 20th century. The Basel Committee is composed of the governors of the central banks of the member states and organizations and currently represents a major authority in the banking, because the content of the documents of the Basel Committee incorporated into their legal systems for more than 100 countries worldwide. Basel Committee began issuing complex documents capital adequacy in July 1988, when the first document was posted under the abbreviated name of Basel I. Although it was a very imperfect adjustment and largely based on compromises rather than deeper analysis, Basel I meant the first major step towards supranational control of the capital adequacy of banks in order to eliminate the risks arising from their activities. Although, as with other...