Dysregulation of the autonomic cardiovascular control is a complication of diseases including diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and aging. A common factor in these conditions is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neural, cardiac, and endothelial tissues. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is an intracellular anti-oxidant enzyme that catalyzes dismutation of the superoxide anion (O2.-) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Expression and function of this enzyme are diminished in pathologies that impair cardiovascular autonomic control. This study employed mice overexpressing a transgene for human SOD1 (hSOD1) to determine if its overexpression would alter autonomic regulation of BP, HR, and BRS in healthy animals, and if this animal line (C57B6SJL-Tg (SOD1)2 Gur/J) could be used in future studies to determine if hSOD1 overexpression can preserve cardiac autonomic function in disease models. To accomplish this aim, using anesthetized SOD1 and C57 (control) mice, we recorded HR, and aortic depressor nerve (ADN) activity changes in response to pharmacologically-induced BP changes in order to measure baroreflex and baroreceptor sensitivity, respectively. In order to identify any alterations in central, efferent, and cardiac components of the baroreflex arc, we electrically stimulated the left ADN and left cervical vagus and compared the reductions in BP and HR between the C57 and SOD1 mice. Time- and frequency-domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) was performed using pulse pressure recordings prior to pharmacologic or surgical procedures. We found that hSOD1 overexpression in the SOD1 mouse line, in comparison to C57 controls did not significantly affect resting HR (C57: 558 ± 8 vs. SOD1:553 ± 13 beats-per-minute) or blood pressure (C57: 88.8 ± 2.9 vs.SOD1: 85.8 ± 2.1 mmHg). hSOD1 overexpression did not affect the decrease in average mean arterial pressure (MAP) following injection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (C57: 38.7 ± 1.4 vs. SOD1: 39.5 ± 1.3 mmHg) or increase in average MAP (C57: 135.8 ± 3.1 vs. SOD1: 136.6 ± 3.5 mmHg) following injection of phenylephrine (PE). BRS, as measured by the averaged regression lines for ΔHR/ΔMAP for the SNP-induced tachycardic baroreflex (C57: 0.57 ± 0.06 bpm/mmHg, SOD1: 0.61 ± 0.08 bpm/mmHg)) and the PE-induced bradycardic baroreflex (C57: -2.9 ± 0.57 bmp/mmHg, SOD1: -4.3 ± 0.84 bpm/mmHg) are not significantly different between C57 and SOD1. Baroreceptor activation showed a significant increase in gain (C57: 5.4 ± 0.3 vs. SOD1: 7.4 ± 0.5 %/mmHg, P < 0.01) in the SOD1 transgenic mice. Heart rate depression in response to electrical stimulation of the left ADN and cervical vagus was comparable between C57 and SOD1, though MAP reduction in response to ADN stimulation is slightly, but significantly increased at 50 Hz in SOD1 animals. Time- domain analysis of HRV did not reveal any significant difference in beat-to-beat variability between SOD1 and C57 (SDNN: C57: 2.78 ± 0.20, SOD1: 2.89 ± 0.27), although frequency-domain analysis uncovered a significant reduction in the low-frequency power component of the HRV power spectral distribution (C57: 1.19 ± 0.11, SOD1: 0.35 ± 0.06, P < 0.001). This study shows that although hSOD1 overexpression does not affect overall baroreflex function, it does potentiate baroreceptor sensitivity and brain stem control of arterial pressure, and reduces low-frequency beat-to-beat variations in HR, without affecting total HRV.

Abrupt decreases and increases in systolic arterial blood pressure produce baroreflex mediated shortening and lengthening, respectively, of the R-R interval. This phenomenon, otherwise known as the cardivagal baroreflex, is best described by the sigmoid relationship between R-R interval length and systolic blood pressure. The linear portion of this relationship is used to derive the slope or gain of the cardiovagal baroreflex. Importantly, lower levels of cardiovagal baroreflex have been associated with poor orthostatic tolerance and an increased cardiovascular disease-related mortality. The most commonly used and accepted technique to assess cardiovagal barorelex gain is the modified Oxford techinique. Bolus injections of sodium nitroprusside followed by phenylephrine HCL are used to decrease and raise blood pressure ~15 mmHg, respectively. The baroreflex control of the cardiac vagal outflow can then be assessed by the relation of the R-R interval to systolic blood pressure. However, the modified Oxford technique does not always reveal the nonlinear nature of baroreflex relations. The reasons for this has been unclear. Thus, analysis of baroreflex gain when nonlinearities are not revealed is problematic. Five classifications of baroreflex trials have been identified: acceptable, threshold-heavy, saturation-heavy, linear-heavy, and random trials. A new method of gain estimation was developed that combines the strengths of the current methods of gain estimation with the knowledge of the classifications of baroreflex trials. Using this method, cardiovagal baroreflex gain assessment can be maximized if threshold-heavy, saturation-heavy, and random trials are filtered out of the analysis and the manual method is used to estimate gain on the remaining trials. In addition, a link seems to exist between the variability of delta and the variability in baroreflex gain between different subjects. / Master of Science

Hintergrund: Die chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung (COPD) ist eine der Haupttodesursachen weltweit. Eine gesteigerte Aktivität des sympathischen Nervensystems wird als wesentlicher pathophysiologischer Aspekt vermutet. Grundsätze: Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte die muskelsympathische Nervenaktivität (MSNA) und die Baroreflex-Sensitivität bei COPD-Patienten und gesunden Probanden in Ruhe sowie unter moderater körperlicher Belastung. Ergebnisse: COPD-Patienten zeigten in Ruhe eine signifikant gesteigerte MSNA sowie eine signifikant verminderte Baroreflex-Sensitivität. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die Resultate vorausgegangener Publikationen der Arbeitsgruppe. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte erstmals ein signifikanter Anstieg der MSNA unter moderater statischer Belastung bei COPD-Patienten nachgewiesen werden. Fazit: In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte erstmals eine Korrelation zwischen sympatho-vagaler Imbalance und verminderter körperlicher Leistungsfähigkeit bei COPD-Patienten nachgewiesen werden. Eine Modifikation der neuro-humoralen Aktivität bei COPD-Patienten könnte in Zukunft eine Rolle in der Behandlung der COPD spielen und sollte in größeren, randomisierten Studien untersucht werden.

This Master's thesis deals with the influence of breathe to baroreceptor reflex. The first chapter is focused on measuring of blood pressure, in reference to later used method. In the second part is detailed analysis and explanation of term baroreflex, relationship between frequency spectra of systolic blood pressure, heart rate and breathing, mechanisms of regulation of blood pressure and heart rate variability. Third chapter deals with possible ways, how to analyze data, which are needed for estimation of baroreflex sensitivity, analyze of heart rate variability and estimation of power spectral density. Next parts of this thesis is paid attention to technical equipment and methods of acqusition of data, using this equipmnent. Part of this work is also software application, which makes possible from the recorded data estimate baroreflex sensitivity.

L’insomnie, une condition fréquemment retrouvée dans la population, se caractérise d’abord par une difficulté à initier ou à maintenir le sommeil et/ou par des éveils précoces le matin ou encore par un sommeil non-réparateur. Lorsqu’elle n’est pas accompagnée par des troubles psychiatriques ou médicaux ou un autre trouble de sommeil et qu’elle perdure plus de 6 mois on parle alors d’insomnie primaire chronique. Selon certains, cette condition serait associée à un état d’hyperéveil caractérisé par une augmentation de l’activité autonome sympathique durant le sommeil et l’éveil. Le baroréflexe est un important mécanisme de contrôle à court terme des fluctuations de la tension artérielle (TA) et de la fréquence cardiaque agissant sur le cœur et les vaisseaux sanguins par l’entremise du système nerveux autonome. On appelle sensibilité baroréceptive (SBR) la capacité du baroréflexe de réagir et de contrôler les fluctuations de TA en modulant le rythme cardiaque. De manière générale, la SBR serait augmentée durant la nuit par rapport à la journée. Aussi, il semblerait que le baroréflexe soit impliqué dans le phénomène de baisse physiologique de la TA pendant la nuit. Or, des données de notre laboratoire ont démontré une augmentation de la TA systolique au cours de la nuit ainsi qu’une atténuation de la baisse nocturne de TA systolique chez des sujets avec insomnie primaire chronique comparé à des témoins bons dormeurs. De plus, il a été démontré que le baroréflexe était altéré de façon précoce dans plusieurs troubles cardiovasculaires et dans l’hypertension artérielle. Or, il semblerait que l’insomnie soit accompagnée d’un risque accru de développement de l’hypertension artérielle. Ces études semblent aller dans le sens d’une altération des mécanismes de régulation de la TA dans l’insomnie. Par ailleurs, une réduction de la SBR serait aussi impliquée dans des états associés à une augmentation de l’activité autonome sympathique. Ainsi, nous nous sommes demandé si le baroréflexe pouvait constituer un des mécanismes de contrôle de la TA qui serait altéré dans l’insomnie et pourrait être impliqué dans l’augmentation de l’activité sympathique qui semble accompagner l’insomnie. Jusqu’à présent, le baroréflexe reste inexploré dans l’insomnie. L’objectif principal de ce mémoire était d’évaluer de façon non-invasive la SBR à l’éveil et en sommeil chez 11 sujets atteints d’insomnie primaire chronique comparé à 11 témoins bons dormeurs. L’évaluation du baroréflexe a été effectuée de façon spontanée par la méthode de l’analyse en séquence et par le calcul du coefficient alpha obtenu par l’analyse spectrale croisée de l’intervalle RR et de la TA systolique. De façon concomitante, les paramètres de la variabilité de l’intervalle RR en sommeil et à l’éveil ont aussi été comparés chez ces mêmes sujets. Aucune différence significative n’a été notée au niveau des index de la SBR entre le groupe d’insomniaques et celui des bons dormeurs, à l’éveil ou en sommeil. Cependant, on observe des valeurs légèrement plus faibles de la SBR chez les insomniaques ayant mal dormi (efficacité de sommeil (ES) < 85%) comparés aux insomniaques ayant bien dormi (ES≥ 85%) à la nuit expérimentale durant l’éveil et en sommeil. Par ailleurs, aucune différence n’a été notée entre le groupe d’insomniaques et celui des bons dormeurs au niveau des paramètres de la variabilité RR considérés (intervalle RR, PNN50, LF et HF en valeurs normalisées). En effet, les insomniaques tout comme les bons dormeurs semblent présenter une variation normale de l’activité autonome en sommeil, telle que représentée par les paramètres de la variabilité RR. Ces résultats préliminaires semblent suggérer que les mécanismes du baroréflexe sont préservés chez les sujets atteints d’insomnie primaire chronique tels que diagnostiqués de manière subjective. Cependant, il est possible qu’une altération des mécanismes du baroréflexe ne se révèle chez les insomniaques que lorsque les critères objectifs d’une mauvaise nuit de sommeil sont présents. / Insomnia, one of the most common sleep complaint in the general population, is characterised firstly by a difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and/or early awakenings or non-restorative sleep. Insomnia is defined as primary when not principally due to another medical or psychiatric condition or other sleep disorder, whereas a minimum of 6 months duration is required to define chronic insomnia. Some authors have hypothesized that insomnia is associated with a state of hyperarousal characterized by increased sympathetic activity during sleep and wakefulness. The arterial baroreflex is an important mechanism providing continuous short term regulation of heart rate and blood pressure (BP) by means of the autonomic nervous system influences over the pacemaker and the peripheral circulation. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the baroreflex’s capacity to react and control BP changes by adjusting the heart rate. BRS is known to be heightened during the night compared to daytime. Also, it seems that the baroreflex could be involved in the physiological day-to-night BP fall. Previous data from our laboratory demonstrated in subjects with chronic primary insomnia, higher night-time systolic BP and a significant attenuation of the physiologic day-to-night systolic BP fall compared to good sleepers. Besides, the baroreflex has been shown to be altered early in several cardiovascular diseases and to precede hypertension. Subjects with insomnia have been shown to have a higher likelihood to develop daytime hypertension. All of these findings point in the direction of altered BP regulatory mechanisms in insomnia. Furthermore, a reduction of BRS could be implicated in states where higher sympathetic autonomic activity is observed. We hypothesised that the baroreflex could be one of the BP control mechanisms which are altered in insomnia and could be involved in the heightened sympathetic activity observed in insomnia. To our knowledge, the baroreflex has never been investigated previously in insomnia. The primary goal of this study was to investigate non-invasively BRS during wakefulness and sleep in 11 subjects with chronic primary insomnia compared to 11 good sleepers. Baroreflex was investigated spontaneously by the sequence method and by the calculation of the alpha coefficient obtained by cross spectral analysis of RR interval and systolic BP. Simultaneously, RR interval variability components were also compared during wakefulness and sleep between the two groups. No significant differences were found for indices of BRS between insomniacs and good sleepers during wakefulness and sleep. However, slightly lower values of BRS during wakefulness and sleep were noted in insomniacs with poor sleep (sleep efficiency (SE) <85%) versus those with good sleep (SE≥ 85%) at the experimental night. As a secondary finding, no differences were found between the insomniacs and the good sleepers for any of the RR variability components considered (RR interval, PNN50, LF and HF in their normalized units). Indeed, insomniacs like good sleepers exhibited normal variation of autonomic activity during sleep as depicted by the RR variability components. Our preliminary results suggest that baroreflex mechanisms are preserved in subjects with a subjective complaint of chronic primary insomnia. Nevertheless, certain impairment may occur in insomniacs as a function of objective measures of poor sleep.

Prolonged exposure to microgravity is known to invoke physiological changes which predispose individuals to orthostatic intolerance upon readaptation to the earth's gravitational field. Attenuated baroreflex responsiveness has been implicated in contributing to this inability to withstand orthostatic stress. To test this hypothesis, eight individuals were exposed to 15 days of simulated microgravity exposure using the 6° head-down bed rest model. Prior to, and after the simulated microgravity exposure, the following were assessed: a) aortic baroreflex function; b) carotid baroreflex function; c) cardiopulmonary baroreflex function; and d) the degree of interaction between the cardiopulmonary and carotid baroreflexes.

Reductions in baroreflex responsiveness have been thought to increase the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in endurance trained athletes. To test this hypothesis, cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress, cardiopulmonary and carotid baroreflex responsiveness, and the effect of cardiopulmonary receptor deactivation on carotid baroreflex responses were examined in 24 men categorized by maximal aerobic power (V02max) into one of three groups: high fit (HF, V0-2max=67.0±1.9 ml•kg^-1•min^-1), moderately fit (MF, V0-2max=50.9±1.4 ml•kg^-1•min^-1), and low fit (LF, V0-2max=38.9±1.5 ml•kg^-1•min^-1). Orthostatic stress was induced using lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at -5, -10, -15, -20, -35, and -50 torr. Cardiopulmonary baroreflex responsiveness was assessed as the slope of the relationship between forearm vascular resistance (FVR, strain gauge plethysmography) and central venous pressure (CVP, dependent arm technigue) during LBNP<-35 torr. Carotid baroreflex responsiveness was assessed as the change in heart rate (HR, electrocardiography) or mean arterial pressure (MAP, radial artery catheter) elicited by 600 msec pulses of neck pressure and neck suction (NP/NS) from +40 to -70 torr. Pressures were applied using a lead collar wrapped about the subjects' necks during held expiration. Stimulus response data were fit to a logistic model and the parameters describing the curve were compared using two-factor ANOVA. The reductions CVP, mean (MAP), systolic, and pulse pressures during LBNP were similar between groups (P<0.05). However, diastolic blood pressure increased during LBNP m all but the HF group. (P<0.05). The slope of the FVR/CVP relationship did not differ between groups, nor did the form of the carotid-cardiac baroreflex stimulus response curve change during LBNP. changes in HR elicited with NP/NS were not different between groups (£>0.05). The range of the MAP stimulus response curve, however, was significantly less in the HP group compared to either the MP or LF group (£<0.05). These data imply that carotid baroreflex control of HR is unaltered by endurance exercise training, but carotid baroreflex control of blood pressure is impaired significantly, predisposing athletes to faintness.

Introdução: A Síndrome Metabólica (SM) é uma condição clínica caracterizada pela agregação de fatores de risco cardiovascular em um mesmo indivíduo. No entanto, a definição da SM é heterogênea e baseada em opiniões de especialistas de diferentes Organizações Médicas. Além disto, não está claro o papel relativo de cada componente da SM ou se existe um componente de maior importância. A maior parte da literatura tem focado no papel da gordura abdominal como eixo principal da SM. No entanto, o potencial papel de um outro componente da SM - o aumento da pressão arterial (PA) - ainda é pouco estudado. O aumento da PA está frequentemente associado com um aumento da atividade simpática que por sua vez pode contribuir para a alterações cardiovasculares na SM. Avaliamos essa hipótese estudando indivíduos com SM de acordo com a presença (MS+PA) ou ausência (MS-PA) do critério de aumento da PA. Métodos: Estudamos 75 pacientes consecutivos com diagnóstico recente de SM (critérios da ATPIII). Foram excluídos pacientes com obesidade mórbida, hipertensão arterial grave, formas secundárias de hipertensão arterial, diabetes em tratamento, fumantes, doença crônica e uso regular de medicamentos (inclusive para hipertensão arterial e diabetes). Dividimos em 2 grupos de acordo com critério do aumento da PA. Exames de sangue em jejum foram colhidos para testes bioquímicos e para níveis de citocinas. Parâmetros antropométricos, avaliação hemodinâmica não invasiva (volume sistólico, debito cardíaco, resistência vascular sistêmica e distensibilidade das artérias) pelo Hypertension Diagnostics Incorporation (HDI), análise espectral derivada da medida da PA batimento-batimento (Finometer) e sensibilidade barorreflexa (BRS) foram medidas em todos os indivíduos. Resultados: Pacientes com SM+PA (N=30) tenderam a ser mais velhos (38±11 vs 45±9 anos; p=0.061) do que os com SM-PA (N=45). Não houve diferenças em relação ao sexo, raça e dados antropométricos inclusive índice de massa corpórea, medida da cintura e relação cintura quadril. Em relação aos pacientes com SM-PA, os pacientes com SM+PA tiveram níveis mais elevados de glicose (97±8 vs. 102±7 mg/dL, p=0,013), insulina (10±4 vs. 21±20.0 U/mL, p=0.007), índice de HOMAir (2,5±1.0 vs. 5,4±5,2, p=0.006), colesterol total (194±33 vs. 221±43mg/dL, p=0.001), LDL-c (119±27 vs. 145±39 mg/dL, p=0.002), triglicérides (130±51 vs. 176±65 mg/dL, p=0.005), acido úrico (4,6±1,2 vs. 5,6±1,3 mg/dL, p=0.001), HDL-c nas mulheres (51±10,6 vs. 43±7,6 mg/dL, p=0,002). Os indivíduos com SM+PA também tiveram os níveis mais elevados de RBP 4, PAI-1, interleucina 6, MCP-1 e os níveis de adiponectina foram mais baixos do que pacientes com SM-PA. Além disto, pacientes com SM+PA apresentaram maior resistência vascular, aumento da rigidez de grandes e pequenas artérias, aumento da atividade simpática e diminuição da sensibilidade barorreflexa do que aqueles com SM-PA. Vários destes parâmetros permaneceram independentemente associados com a presença de SM+PA na análise de regressão logística. Conclusões: Pacientes com SM+PA tiveram piores alterações metabólicas, pró-inflamatórias, pró-trombóticas, vasculares, hemodinâmicas e o controle autonômico quando comparados aos pacientes com SM-PA. Estes achados não foram influenciados por diferenças na composição corporal e reforçam não só a heterogeneidade da SM mas a importância relativa do aumento da PA neste contexto / Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical condition characterized by the aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors in the same individual. However, the definition of MS is heterogeneous and based on expert opinions from different Medical Organizations. Furthermore, it is unclear the relative role of each component of the SM or if there is a component of most importance. Most of the literature has focused on the role of abdominal fat as the main component of the MS. However, the potential role of another component of MS - increased blood pressure (BP) - is still poorly studied. The increase in BP is often associated with increased sympathetic activity which in turn may contribute to cardiovascular changes in MS. Evaluate this hypothesis by studying subjects with MS in according with the presence ( MS+ BP) or absence (MS-BP) of increased blood pressure criteria. Methods: We studied 75 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed MS (ATPIII criteria). Patients with morbid obesity, severe hypertension, secondary forms of hypertension, under diabetes treatment, smoking, chronic disease, regular use of medications (including hypertension and diabetes) were excluded. We divided into 2 groups according to criteria of increased BP. Fasting blood examinations were collected for biochemical tests and cytokine levels. Anthropometric, hemodynamic variables (stroke volume, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and elasticity of the arteries) by Hypertension Diagnostics Incorporation (HDI), analysis of BP (Finometer) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were measured in all subjects. Results: Patients with MS - BP (N = 30) tended to be older (38 ± 11 vs 45 ± 9 years; p = 0.061) than those with MS-BP (N = 45). There were no differences with regard to sex, race, and anthropometric data including body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. Compared to patients with SM-PA, patients with MS + BP had higher glucose levels (97 ± 8 vs. 102 ± 7 mg / dL, p = 0.013), insulin (10 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 20.0 U / ml, p = 0.007), homair index (2.5 ± 1.0 vs. 5.4 ± 5.2, p = 0.006), total cholesterol (194 ± 33 vs. 221 ± 43 mg / dl, p = 0.001) , LDL-c (119 ± 27 vs. 145 ± 39 mg / dl, p = 0.002), triglycerides (130 ± 51 vs. 176 ± 65 mg / dl, p = 0.005), urc acid (4.6 ± 1 2 vs. 5.6 ± 1.3 mg / dL, p = 0.001) and HDL-c in females (51 ± 43 vs. 10.6 ± 7.6 mg / dl, p = 0.002). Individuals with MS + BP also had the highest levels of RBP 4, PAI-1, interleukin-6, MCP-1 and adiponectin levels were lower than patients with MS-BP. Furthermore, patients with MS + BP had higher vascular resistance, increased stiffness of large and small asrteries, increased sympathetic activity and decreased baroreflex sensitivity than those with MS-BP. Several of these parameters remained independently associated with the presence of MS + BP in logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: Patients with MS + BP had worse metabolic, inflammatory pro, pro-thrombotic, vascular, hemodynamic and autonomic control compared with patients with MS-BP. These findings were not influenced by differences in body composition and reinforce not only the heterogeneity of MS but the relative importance of increased BP in this context

Estudo comparativo entre o tratamento farmacológico, o treinamento físico moderado e o treinamento postural passivo em pacientes portadores de síncope neurocardiogênica. A síncope neurocardiogênica é uma disfunção autonômica que leva a hipotensão e perda de consciência. Setenta pacientes foram randomizados em 4 grupos: controle, treinamento físico, treinamento postural e tratamento farmacológico. Avaliou-se recorrência clínica, índices de ansiedade e a sensibilidade barorreflexa para a freqüência cardíaca e atividade nervosa simpática muscular. Ocorreu diminuição da recorrência nos 4 grupos. Diminuição da ansiedade foi observada em 3 grupos, exceto no grupo controle. O treinamento físico melhorou a sensibilidade barorreflexa / Neurocardiogenic syncope is an autonomic disfunction that leads to hypotension and loss of conciousness. Seventy patients were randomized in 4 groups: control, physical training, tilt training and pharmacological treatment. Clinical outcome, anxiety levels and baroreflex sensitivity for heart rate and muscle sympathetic nervous activity were evaluated. Lower recurrence rates were obtained in all groups. Anxiety levels decrease was achieved in 3 groups, except controls. Physical training improved baroreflex sensitivity

INTRODUÇÃO: Alterações neurovasculares presentes na hipertensão arterial são minimizadas pelo treinamento físico em hipertensos previamente sedentários. Entretanto, é desconhecido se atletas hipertensos apresentam alterações neurovasculares ou se o treinamento físico previne tais danos. Este estudo avaliou o controle neurovascular de corredores hipertensos, durante o treinamento competitivo, assim como o efeito de 4 meses de treinamento de intensidade moderada nesta população. MÉTODOS: 37 corredores, homens (20 normotensos, 43 +-1 anos e 17 hipertensos, 42+-1 anos), foram avaliados no treinamento competitivo e posteriormente divididos em 4 subgrupos: normotensos que mantiveram treinamento competitivo (n=10); normotensos que realizaram treinamento de intensidade moderada (n=10); hipertensos que mantiveram treinamento competitivo (n=8); hipertensos que realizaram treinamento de intensidade moderada (n=8). Após 4 meses de intervenção, todos os corredores foram novamente avaliados. Atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM) (microneurografia), propriedades arteriais (velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) e sistema echo-tracking de alta resolução), controle barorreflexo da frequência cardíaca (FC) e da ANSM (infusão de drogas vasoativas) foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Corredores hipertensos apresentaram maior pressão arterial sistólica (P < 0,001), diastólica (PAD) (P < 0,001) e média (PAM) (P < 0,001) que corredores normotensos. A ANSM foi maior no grupo hipertenso (disparos/min.; P=0,02 e disparos/100 batimentos; P=0,004) em relação ao grupo normotenso. Não houve diferença na VOP (P=0,71) e nas variáveis da carótida: espessura intima-média (P=0,18), diâmetro (P=0,09) e distensão (P=0,79) entre os grupos. A equação sigmoidal para controle barorreflexo da FC, mostrou menor ganho barorreflexo nos corredores hipertensos em relação aos normotensos (resetting) (P=0,002). O controle barorreflexo da FC, avaliado pela análise de regressão linear, não foi diferente entre os grupos, para aumento (slope P=0,41; intercepto P=0,31) e queda (slope P=0,16; intercepto P=0,73) da PAM. Similarmente, o controle barorreflexo da ANSM foi semelhante entre corredores normotensos e hipertensos, para aumento (slope P=0,65; intercepto P=0,51) e queda (slope P=0,91; intercepto P=0,80) da PAM. Após 4 meses, os dois subgrupos de corredores hipertensos apresentaram maior delta de queda da PAD (P < 0,02) e PAM (P < 0,02), quando comparados com os dois subgrupos de corredores normotensos. O treinamento de intensidade moderada ocasionou diminuição no delta da ANSM (P=0,015) no subgrupo de corredores hipertensos, assim como melhorou o controle barorreflexo da ANSM para aumento da PAM (slope P=0,03) nos subgrupos de normotensos e hipertensos, quando comparados com os subgrupos que mantiveram o treinamento competitivo. A manutenção do treinamento competitivo, em ambos os subgrupos de normotensos e hipertensos, ocasionou mudança no delta do intercepto do controle barorreflexo da FC, para aumento da PAM (P=0,04), quando avaliado pela regressão linear. Em relação às propriedades arteriais, ambos os treinamentos não ocasionaram modificações (P > 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Corredores hipertensos apresentam ANSM elevada, mas manutenção das propriedades elásticas arteriais e do controle barorreflexo da FC e da ANSM, sugerindo um efeito positivo parcial do treinamento físico competitivo. Por outro lado, o treinamento de intensidade moderada é capaz de diminuir a ANSM dos corredores hipertensos e de melhorar o controle barorreflexo da ANSM, tanto em corredores hipertensos, quanto em corredores normotensos / INTRODUCTION: Neurovascular alterations presented in hypertension are minimized by physical training in previously sedentary hypertensive. However it is unknown if hypertensive athletes present neurovascular alterations or if physical training prevents these damages. This study evaluated the neurovascular control of hypertensive runners during competitive training as well as the effect of 4 months of moderate intensity training in this population. METHODS: 37 runners, male (20 normotensive, 43+-1 years old and 17 hypertensive, 42+-1 years old), were evaluated during competitive training and after that were divided in 4 subgroups: normotensive who maintained competitive training (n=10); normotensive who performed moderate intensity training (n=10); hypertensive who maintained competitive training (n=8); hypertensive who performed moderate intensity training (n=8). After 4 months of intervention, all the runners were evaluated again. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) (microneurography), arterial properties (pulse wave velocity (PWV) and high-resolution echo-tracking system), baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) and MSNA (infusion of vasoactive drugs) were evaluated. RESULTS: Hypertensive runners had higher systolic (P < 0.001), diastolic (DAP) (P < 0.001) and mean (MAP) (P < 0.001) arterial pressure than normotensive runners. MSNA was higher in hypertensive group (bursts/min.; P=0.02 and bursts/100 heart beats; P=0.004) than in normotensive group. There was no difference in PWV (P=0.71) and carotid variables: intima-media thickness (P=0.18), diameter (P=0.09) and distension (P=0.79) between groups. The gain of baroreflex control of HR, evaluated by sigmoidal logistic equation was lower in hypertensive runners than normotensive runners (resetting) (P=0.002). Baroreflex controf of HR, evaluated by linear equation analysis, was not different between groups during increase (slope P=0.41; intercept P=0.31) and decrease (slope P=0.16; intercept P=0.73) of MAP. Similarly, there was no difference between normotensive and hypertensive runners for baroreflex control of MSNA during increase (slope P=0.65; intercept P=0.51) and decrease (slope P=0.91; intercept P=0.80) of MAP. After 4 months, both hypertensive subgroups presented higher delta of decrease in DAP (P < 0.02) and MAP (P < 0.02), when compared to both normotensive subgroups. Moderate intensity training decreased MSNA (P=0.015) in hypertensive subgroup and improved baroreflex control of MSNA (slope P=0.03) in both normotensive and hypertensive subgroups when compared to competitive training subgroups. The intercept delta for baroreflex control of HR, in both normotensive and hypertensive competitive training subgroups, was changed during increase of MAP (P=0.04), when evaluated by linear equation. Arterial properties were not modified by competitive or moderate intensity training (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertensive runners show high MSNA but preserved arterial elastic properties and baroreflex control of HR and MSNA, suggesting a positive partial effect of competitive physical training. On the other hand, the moderate intensity training is able to decrease MSNA in hypertensive runners and improves baroreflex control of MSNA in hypertensive as well in normotensive runners