Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas žemės naudojimas Utenos apskrityje, atliekant fondo kitimo 2002 – 2012 metais tyrimą. Buvo analizuojami literatūros šaltiniai, norminiai bei teritorijų planavimo dokumentai, statistiniai duomenys, kuriuos apdorojant prognozuojamas teritorijos ploto kitimas iki 2020m. GIS programa sudaryti žemėlapiai, kuriuose numatoma viena iš žemės naudojimo alternatyvų- miško plėtra. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, jog analizuojamu laikotarpiu žemės ūkio paskirties žemė sudarė didžiausią teritorijos dalį, tačiau turėjo tendenciją mažėti. Žemės naudmenų kaitą lėmė intensyvus miškų didėjimas žemės ūkio naudmenų ir kitos žemės plotų sąskaita. Miškingumo rodiklis didėjo dėl vyraujančių nederlingų žemių, kadangi vidutinis našumo balas Utenos apskrityje tesiekia 32,9. Dabartinis apskrities teritorijos miškingumas yra 33 proc. Apskrities teritorijoje žemės ūkio naudmenų įvertintų 32 ir mažiau žemės našumo balų bei pažeistų žemių, kuriose galėtų augti miškas yra daugiau nei 150 tūkst. ha. Prognozuojamos galimybės padidinti apskrities miškingumą apie 20 proc. Utenos apskrities teritorijos miškingumas būtų didesnis nei 50 proc., tai turėtų teigiamą poveikį aplinkai ir didžiausią miškingumo rodiklį Respublikoje. / Master's thesis analyzes the use of land in Utena county variation in fund 2002 - 2012, a survey. Were analyzed references, regulations, and planning documents, statistical data, the processing of the projected surface area change up to the year 2020. GIS program create maps, which provide one of the land-use alternatives to forest development. The study showed that over the period of agricultural land accounted for the largest part of the territory, but had a tendency to decrease. Land use change due to heavy forest growth of agricultural land and other land expense. Forested treritorijoje had trendsetting increase of barren lands, because the average productivity score Utena County is only 32.9. Current county forest cover is 33 percent. County area of farmland assessed 32 and less land productivity scores of damaged lands, where they can grow in the forest is more than 150 thousand. hectares. Projected potential to increase the county's forest cover of about 20 percent. Utena forest cover of more than 50 percent., This would have a positive impact on the environment and the highest rate of forest Republic.

No description available.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O estudo foi desenvolvido em um trecho de 50 km do Rio Salgado, objetivando propor uma metodologia capaz de determinar o padrÃo de emissÃo de poluentes adequado à capacidade de autodepuraÃÃo de um rio em regiÃo semi-Ãrida. Foram realizadas as etapas: (i) reconhecimento da Ãrea a partir do mapeamento do rio Salgado e seus afluentes; (ii) diagnÃstico da qualidade de Ãgua (Fase I, 1300 anÃlises): entre marÃo e setembro de 2005, tendo-se selecionado oito seÃÃes do rio para a coleta e anÃlise de amostras, observando-se 27 parÃmetros em seis campanhas de monitoramento; (iii) diagnÃstico da qualidade de Ãgua (Fase II, 1500 anÃlises): entre fevereiro de 2006 e janeiro de 2007, feito atravÃs de doze campanhas de monitoramento em 14 seÃÃes com os parÃmetros OD, DBO, Coliformes termotolerantes, coliformes totais, pH, turbidez, condutividade elÃtrica, temperatura da Ãgua e do ar; (iv) experimento social, processo participativo envolvendo CSBH-Salgado e demais atores sociais da bacia de estudo, fomentando-se a discussÃo sobre o enquadramento das Ãguas; (v) modelagem da qualidade da Ãgua usando QUAL2E, calibrando-se dois de seus parÃmetros: coeficiente de decaimento de DBO e coeficiente de decaimento de coliformes. A validaÃÃo do modelo QUAL2E foi feita utilizando doze campanhas entre fevereiro de 2006 e janeiro de 2007, distinguindo os perÃodos Ãmido e seco. A simulaÃÃo de cenÃrios foi feita para o padrÃo de emissÃo de DBO com concentraÃÃes de 5 a 100 mg/L, e para o padrÃo de coliformes com as concentraÃÃes de 103 a 107 NMP/100mL. Este trabalho de tese conclui que o Rio Salgado, no trecho em estudo, encontra-se poluÃdo. Foi comprovado que pelo menos cinco parÃmetros se encontram em desacordo com os padrÃes de qualidade, inclusive da classe IV: oxigÃnio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquÃmica de oxigÃnio (DBO), coliformes termotolerantes (CTT), nitrogÃnio amoniacal e fÃsforo total. O modelo provou ser vÃlido para simulaÃÃo de OD, DBO e CTT para o perÃodo Ãmido com coeficientes de Nash e Sutcliffe (NSE) entre 0,61 e 0,96. Para o perÃodo seco, o modelo mostrou-se aceitÃvel para OD e DBO (NSE entre 0,33 e 0,49) e vÃlido para CTT (NSE 0,83). Os atores sociais identificaram os âpadrÃes de emissÃo â como instrumento essencial para a sustentabilidade ambiental da bacia. A proposta desta pesquisa de se admitir uma âtolerÃnciaâ aos parÃmetros de qualidade de Ãgua foi aceita pelos membros do comità como ferramenta vÃlida. Os membros do comità indicaram, para o trecho em estudo, Classe II com tolerÃncia de aproximadamente 10%. A simulaÃÃo de cenÃrios usando o modelo QUAL-2E mostrou valores do padrÃo de emissÃo de DBO, para a Classe II nos perÃodos Ãmido e seco, de 6 mg/L. Caso o rio seja enquadrado na Classe III, os valores seriam de 20 e 17 mg/L para os perÃodos Ãmido e seco, respectivamente. Apesar de a Classe II ser a desejada para o enquadramento do rio pelo comitÃ, verificou-se que os valores dos padrÃes de emissÃes seriam muito baixos para DBO, tornando inviÃvel a sua adoÃÃo, pois as atividades poluidoras sÃo incapazes de alcanÃar tal eficiÃncia no estado atual. Jà para o padrÃo de emissÃo de coliformes termotolerantes, o padrÃo de emissÃo seria de 103 NMP/100mL (perÃodo seco) e 104 NMP/100mL (perÃodo Ãmido) para que o rio seja de Classe II, enquanto que, para a Classe III, o padrÃo de emissÃo seria da ordem de 105 NMP/100mL, tanto para o perÃodo Ãmido quanto para o perÃodo seco. De acordo com a anÃlise feita nesta tese, o enquadramento mais adequado para o trecho do rio Salgado entre a Fonte da Batateira e a Cachoeira de MissÃo Velha, nas condiÃÃes atuais à a Classe III com tolerÃncia de 10% / This study was carried out on a 50 km length of the Salgado River, aiming to propose a methodology to determine an adequate pattern of pollutants emission, compatible with the natural recovery capacity of a river in a semi-arid region. The following steps were taken: (i) characterization of the study area based on the map of Salgado river and its tributaries; (ii) water quality diagnostic (Phase I, 1300 analysis): from March to September, 2005, in which eight river sections were selected for sampling, and 27 parameters were analysed in six monitoring campaigns; (iii) water quality diagnostic (Phase II, 1500 analysis): from February 2006 to January 2007, composed of twelve monitoring campaigns in 14 river sections with the parameters DO, BOD, faecal coliforms, total coliforms, pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, water and air temperature; (iv) social experiment, a participatory process involving CSBH-Salgado (Salgado Watershed Committee) and other social actors of the study watershed, promoting the discussion on water quality classification; (v) water quality modelling with the QUAL-2E model, calibrating two parameters: BOD and coliforms decay coefficients. Model validation was carried out using twelve campaigns from February 2006 to January 2007, distinguishing wet and dry periods. Scenarios simulation was performed for the BOD emission pattern with concentrations varying from 5 to 100 mg/L, and for the coliforms pattern with concentrations from 103 to 107 PN/100mL. This thesis concludes that the Salgado River, on the study reach, is polluted. It was identified that at least five parameters are in disagreement with the quality standards, inclusive for the Class IV: dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), faecal coliforms (FC), ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. The model was valid for the DO, BOD and FC simulations for the wet period, with Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) from 0.61 to 0.96. For the dry period, the model was acceptable for DO and BOD (NSE) from 0.33 to 0.49) and valid for FC (NSE 0.83). The social actors identified the âemission patternsâ as an essential instrument for the watershed environmental sustainability. The proposal of this research in admitting a âtoleranceâ to the water quality parameters was accepted by the committee members as a valid tool. The committee members indicated, for the study reach, Class II with tolerance of approximately 10%. The scenarios simulation using the QUAL-2E model indicated values of emission pattern for BOD, for the Class II in the wet and dry periods, of 6 mg/L. In the case the river is classified in the Class III, the values would be 20 and 17 mg/L for the wet and dry period, respectively. Although Class II is desired for the river classification by the committee, it was observed that the emission patterns would be too low for BOD, making its adoption impracticable, since the polluting activities are not capable of reaching such efficiency on their current stage. For the faecal coliforms, the emission pattern would be 103 MPN/100mL (dry period) and 104 MPN/100mL (wet period) in the case the river is classified in the Class II, whereas for the Class III, the emission pattern would be of the order of 105 MPN/100mL, for both wet and dry periods. According to the analysis performed in this thesis, the most adequate water quality classification for the Salgado River on the reach between the Batateira Fountain and the MissÃo Velha Waterfall, on the current conditions, is the Class III with tolerance of 10%

No description available.

Northern peatlands have acted as persistent sinks of CO2 throughout the Holocene largely owing to their ability to maintain shallow water table depths that limit decomposition rates and supports the growth of keystone vegetation including Sphagnum mosses. There is concern, however, that the future success and ecosystem function of these northern peat deposits may be at risk to climate change, where temperatures and evaporation rates are predicted to increase substantially in the next century. While numerous studies have examined the hydrology and carbon dynamics in large expansive peatland systems where a water table (WT) is ever-present, relatively little research has been done on small scale peat-accumulating systems where their vulnerability remains unknown. One region where a broad spectrum in the scale of peat accumulation is present is in the bedrock depressions of Canadian Shield rock barrens, which are of special importance as many peat deposits here provide habitat to species at risk including the Blanding’s Turtle and the Massassauga Rattlesnake. This study examines the controls that govern water storage dynamics and moss water availability in 18 different peat-accumulating depressions that vary in size, catchment area, and sediment composition. The magnitude of WT variability was often several times greater in shallower bedrock depressions (<50 cm deep) as compared to deeper ‘bogs’ (>60 cm deep). The magnitude of depression WT variability appeared to be closely linked to the WT depth (WTD), the relative proportions of different sediment types within the depression, and the depth dependant specific yield (Sy) of each sediment type. Sites which contained large fractions of Polytrichum moss or mineral soil – which were more common in shallow depressions ¬¬– had the greatest WT variability due to the lower porosity and Sy of this sediment as compared to Sphagnum peat. Sphagnum dominated ‘vernal pools’ (30-50 cm deep) had a WT variability two to three times greater than Sphagnum dominated bogs at WTDs > 20-25 cm, which may be related to exceptionally high ash concentrations near the base of vernal pools which reduced peat porosity and Sy as compared to more organic-rich peat. As compared to bogs, pits (<15 cm deep) and vernal pools had greater rates of WT decline during drying intervals, deeper average WTDs when a WT was present, and extended periods of WT absence during the summer months. As such, moss growing in pits and vernal pools generally had lower near-surface water availability as compared to bogs, though the importance of depression depth in determining the timing of moss stress is also dependant on the hydrophysical properties (Kunsat and moisture retention) of the moss species in question. WT dynamics and moss water availability were generally weakly correlated to depression catchment size, although during wetter periods of the year the rate of WT recession was moderated in pits and vernal pools which had an upslope depression that could provide sustained water inputs for multiple days after rainfall. The results of this study suggest that depression depth may be a first order control in determining peatland vulnerability to future regime shifts induced by external forcings or disturbances. Furthermore, this study suggests that systematic differences may exist between the hydrophysical properties of peat in shallow vs. large bedrock depressions, potentially resulting from contrasts in fire frequency/severity, and/or the degree of humification/compression among geological settings. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Canada is home to one of the largest reservoirs of organic carbon stored on land in the world, in unique ecosystems called peatlands. Peatlands are formed in wetland environments where a thick layer of organic matter has accumulated over time due to the average rate of vegetation growth on the surface of peatlands exceeding the rate of decomposition of the underlying organic matter. This net accumulation of organic matter over time has caused peatlands to act as a long term sink of carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas that is a primary driver of global warming. The ability of peatlands to have slow decomposition rates and support the growth of key peatland vegetation, most notably various species of ‘peat moss’, is highly dependent upon their ability to keep their water table (i.e. the surface below which pore spaces in the organic matter are saturated with water) close to their growing surface. There is concern, however, that a warmer and dryer climate in the future could cause deeper water table positions in peatlands, thereby increasing decomposition rates, decreasing the growth rate of peat moss, and potentially turning peatlands into a net source of carbon dioxide. Most peatland studies to date, however, have focused on water storage/movement and carbon exchange in large, deep peatland systems, whereas relatively little research has been conducted on smaller peatlands. As such, the vulnerability of these smaller peatlands to future climate change remains uncertain. One region where peatlands exist over a wide range of different sizes and landscape positions is in bedrock depressions of the Canadian Shield, which are of special interest as they also provide habitat for species at risk including the Blanding’s Turtle and the Massassauga Rattlesnake. This study looked at how the water table positions and water availability to different species of peat moss compared over the growing season between 18 peatlands of different sizes and landscape position (i.e. peatlands with a relatively ‘small’ and ‘large’ area upslope of them). This study finds that deeper peatlands (with organic matter layers > 60 cm deep) usually had a shallower water table over the summer months than shallower peatlands (< 50 cm deep), primarily due to differences in the properties of the organic matter underlying their growing surfaces. Furthermore, each of the 12 studied peatlands < 50 cm deep lost their water table for a considerable amount of time during the summer (when their water table position dropped below the underlying bedrock of the depression), whereas each of the six peatlands > 60 cm deep had a water table present for the entire growing season. Surprisingly, a peatland’s position on the landscape seemed to have a relatively minor effect on determining the depth/presence of its water table. As deeper peatlands usually had a water table that was closer to the growing surface and was always present, more moisture was available to the peat moss growing at their surface than for peat moss in shallower depressions, though this moisture availability also depended upon the growth form of the different species of peat moss (some species of peat moss were better at accessing subsurface water than others). Through its impact on water table positions and moisture availability for peat moss, peatland depth is likely a primary control governing peatland vulnerability climate change, with shallower peatlands being more vulnerable to warmer and dryer conditions in the future.

It is often left unquestioned that women in the Hebrew Bible desired children. Though this is highly probable, many scholars make the assumption that all women necessarily wanted children. Universalizing the desire for children reduces complex characters to stand-ins for a supposed motif. This also essentializes the role of a female character to that of child-bearer, when actually these women have many different roles. Furthermore, many scholars make the claim that having children is the only way for a woman to improve her status in ancient Near Eastern societies. Yet women did not always receive a change in status because of childbirth. Therefore, the reasons why women desire children are quite varied. / Religion

<p>When breeding wild species in captivity, the animals may gradually become more adapted to captivity and therefore less suited for reintroduction which is the ultimate goal for some species. This study measured the activity budget of European bison (<em>Bison bonasus</em>) in six enclosures in Sweden with the aim to find out how the characteristics of the enclosures – with and without pasture - influenced the activity budget. The results show that there were significant differences in the activity budget, i.e. the activity was higher in the enclosures with pasture than in enclosures with barren ground. However, since barren enclosures were smaller than naturalistic, it was not possible to exclude the effect of size. Judged from observations of bison in the wild, there seems to be a direct correlation between food availability and ranging, indicating that enclosure characteristics affect activity more than size. The bison foraged differently in the two enclosure categories, but the total amount of time spent on feeding did not differ. A feeding enrichment experiment showed to have more positive effects in the barren enclosures than in the naturalistic ones, as the amount of time of inactivity decreased in the former. Since the genetic characteristics of all Swedish bison are very similar, the differences between the two enclosure groups indicate that the animals still have the ability to respond appropriately to improved environmental quality. Hence the next step in the assessment of the suitability of these bison for release would be to study them during an acclimatisation program.</p>

When breeding wild species in captivity, the animals may gradually become more adapted to captivity and therefore less suited for reintroduction which is the ultimate goal for some species. This study measured the activity budget of European bison (Bison bonasus) in six enclosures in Sweden with the aim to find out how the characteristics of the enclosures – with and without pasture - influenced the activity budget. The results show that there were significant differences in the activity budget, i.e. the activity was higher in the enclosures with pasture than in enclosures with barren ground. However, since barren enclosures were smaller than naturalistic, it was not possible to exclude the effect of size. Judged from observations of bison in the wild, there seems to be a direct correlation between food availability and ranging, indicating that enclosure characteristics affect activity more than size. The bison foraged differently in the two enclosure categories, but the total amount of time spent on feeding did not differ. A feeding enrichment experiment showed to have more positive effects in the barren enclosures than in the naturalistic ones, as the amount of time of inactivity decreased in the former. Since the genetic characteristics of all Swedish bison are very similar, the differences between the two enclosure groups indicate that the animals still have the ability to respond appropriately to improved environmental quality. Hence the next step in the assessment of the suitability of these bison for release would be to study them during an acclimatisation program.

Groundwater sensitivity (Ray and O'dell 1993 a) refers to the inherent ease with which groundwater can be contaminated based on hydrogeologic characteristics. We have developed digital methods for identifying areas of varying groundwater sensitivity for a ten county area of south-central Kentucky relevant to a scale of 1: 24,000. The study area includes extensive limestone karst sinkhole plains, with groundwater that is generally extremely sensitive to contamination. Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangles (DVGQs) were combined with elevation data to both identify hydrogeologic groundwater sensitivity regions and to identify zones of "high risk runoff where contaminants could be transported in runoff from less sensitive to higher sensitivity (particularly karst) areas. This analysis was limited to existing, available digital data sources. While future work will fine-tune these maps with additional layers of data (soils for example) as digital data become available, using DVGQs this method is allowing a relatively rapid assessment of groundwater sensitivity for Kentucky at a larger scale than previously available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS15DA030.pdf: 2083078 bytes, checksum: 528b429a722bc87e38f8d6cc54d5dbbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Catarinense Carboniferous Basin exploration of coal left deep marks degradation of the local ecosystem, restricting future use of areas affected by the activity. The process of mining and the improper disposal and uncontrolled waste (waste-pyritic and sterile) practiced in the past, led to the formation of any significance deposits in the open modifying the landscape. These tailings contain high concentrations of pyrite (FeS2), in the presence of air and water, it oxidizes, promoting the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD), a leading environmental impacts of the mining sector. The DAM is an aqueous solution, strongly acidic and rich in sulfate and iron, and other trace elements associated, which prevents water resources and soil extinct fauna and flora, causing social and economic impact. Thus, the study aimed to provide information about the chemical and the total content of trace elements (Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn) in waste and barren of 23 deposits of Carboniferous Basin Santa Catarina and to survey the species of ferns and lycophytes naturally occurring in these deposits, assessing its possible potential for colonization of areas degraded by mining coal. The study was conducted in 23 deposits of tailings and sterile in six municipalities, Criciuma, Forquilhinha, Lauro Müller, Siderópolis, Treviso and Urussanga. Tailings samples were collected and sterile and species of ferns and lycophytes at each location. It performed a characterization of chemical properties, pH in water and pH in KCl, Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Mn, Fe, Al, clay and OM content and the determination of total content of trace elements Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn in the waste and barren. The collection of ferns and lycophytes was performed by means of traversal along the length of the deposits, being cataloged and incorporated them in the Herbarium LUSC UDESC / CAV and herbal CRI of UNESC. The mining tailings and sterile are chemically poor, probably due to the DAM process. The total concentration of trace elements Cd, Ni and Zn were below the values of prevention established by Resolution CONAMA 420/2006 and the total contents of Pb were above the value of prevention in deposits A7, A9, A18 and A2. 16 species of ferns and 1 kind of licófita, belonging to 14 genera and 11 botanical families were found. The preference for environments the predominant form was open spot. For the biological forms, hemicryptophytes ferns were more frequent while heliophytic stood out on environmental adaptations. The species of ferns and licófita, found in deposits of tailings and sterile demonstrate resistance to degraded environments, being an alternative to restoration projects and environmental monitoring in areas impacted by coal mining in the open / Na Bacia Carbonífera Catarinense a exploração do carvão mineral deixou marcas profundas de degradação no ecossistema local, restringindo o uso futuro das áreas atingidas pela atividade. O processo de mineração e a disposição inadequada e sem controle dos resíduos (rejeito-piritoso e estéreis) praticados no passado, culminou na formação de vultuosos depósitos a céu aberto modificando a paisagem. Esses rejeitos contém alta concentração de pirita (FeS2), que na presença de ar e água, oxida-se, promovendo a formação da drenagem ácida de mina (DAM), um dos maiores impactos ambientais do setor mineral. A DAM é uma solução aquosa, fortemente ácida e rica em sulfato e ferro, além de outros elementos-traço associados, que inviabiliza os recursos hídricos e o solo extinguindo a fauna e a flora, ocasionando impacto social e econômico. Diante disso, o trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer informações a respeito da caracterização química e do teor total de elementos traços (Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn) no rejeito e estéreis de 23 depósitos da Bacia Carbonífera Catarinense e realizar um levantamento das espécies de samambaias e licófitas que ocorrem naturalmente nesses depósitos, avaliando seu possível potencial na colonização das áreas degradadas pela mineração de carvão. O trabalho foi realizado em 23 depósitos de rejeito e estéreis distribuídos em seis municípios, Criciúma, Forquilhinha, Lauro Müller, Siderópolis, Treviso e Urussanga. Foram coletadas amostras de rejeito e estéril e das espécies de samambaias e licófitas existentes em cada local. Realizou-se uma caracterização dos atributos químicos, pH em água e pH em KCl, teores de Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Mn, Fe, Al, argila e teores de M.O e a determinação dos teores totais dos elementos-traço Cd, Pb, Ni e Zn, no rejeito e estéreis. A coleta das samambaias e licófitas foi realizada por meio de caminhamento por toda a extensão dos depósitos, sendo as mesmas catalogadas e incorporadas no Herbário LUSC da UDESC/CAV e no herbário CRI da UNESC. O rejeito e os estéreis da mineração são pobres quimicamente, provavelmente devido ao processo de DAM. Os teores totais dos elementos-traço Cd, Ni e Zn ficaram abaixo dos valores de prevenção estabelecidos pela resolução do CONAMA 420/2006 e os teores totais de Pb ficaram acima do valor de prevenção nos depósitos A7, A9, A2 e A18. Foram encontradas 16 espécies de samambaias e 1 espécie de licófita, pertencentes a 14 gêneros e 11 famílias botânicas. Na preferência por ambientes a forma predominante foi local aberto. Para às formas biológicas, as samambaias hemicriptófitas foram mais frequentes enquanto as heliófitas sobressaíram-se quanto às adaptações ambientais. As espécies de samambaias e licófita, encontradas nos depósitos de rejeito e estéreis demostram resistência a ambientes degradados, sendo uma alternativa para projetos de recuperação e monitoramento ambiental, em áreas impactadas pela mineração de carvão a céu aberto